User:Tyre123/Phoenicia: Difference between revisions
MotoMoto1952 (talk | contribs) m I added a section after shipbuilding about some of the shipwrecks found and what the boats looked like. I named it "Shipwrecks". This will expand on the shipwrecks and take a deeper look at them. I will also add some information on the expansion across the Mediterranean. I named this section "Overseas Expansion". |
MotoMoto1952 (talk | contribs) m I bolded what I have added in. |
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'''Shipwrecks''' |
'''Shipwrecks''' |
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In the shadowy depths of the Mediterranean Sea, there are remnants that lie there telling a story about the Phoenicians and their trading. Seeing the [[Gozo Phoenician shipwreck|shipwrecks]] can tell us a lot about what the Phoenicians did and what items they traded, as well as proving their existence to us<ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Carlson |first=Deborah N. |title=shipwrecks, ancient |date=2016-03-07 |work=Oxford Classical Dictionary |url=https://oxfordre.com/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-5901 |access-date=2024-05-15 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5901 |isbn=978-0-19-938113-5}}</ref>. Each artifact that the archeologists find has significant meaning to the rich history of the Phoenician culture. |
'''In the shadowy depths of the Mediterranean Sea, there are remnants that lie there telling a story about the Phoenicians and their trading. Seeing the [[Gozo Phoenician shipwreck|shipwrecks]] can tell us a lot about what the Phoenicians did and what items they traded, as well as proving their existence to us<ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Carlson |first=Deborah N. |title=shipwrecks, ancient |date=2016-03-07 |work=Oxford Classical Dictionary |url=https://oxfordre.com/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-5901 |access-date=2024-05-15 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5901 |isbn=978-0-19-938113-5}}</ref>. Each artifact that the archeologists find has significant meaning to the rich history of the Phoenician culture.''' |
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In 2014, a 12 meters (39 ft) long [[Gozo Phoenician shipwreck|Phoenician trading ship]] was found near [[Gozo]] island in Malta. Dated 700 BC, it is one of the oldest wrecks found in the Mediterranean. Fifty amphorae, used to contain wine and oil, were scattered nearby. |
In 2014, a 12 meters (39 ft) long [[Gozo Phoenician shipwreck|Phoenician trading ship]] was found near [[Gozo]] island in Malta. Dated 700 BC, it is one of the oldest wrecks found in the Mediterranean. Fifty amphorae, used to contain wine and oil, were scattered nearby. |
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In the 1990s, deep-water exploration in the eastern Mediterranean between Egypt and Israel revealed evidence of Phoenician maritime commerce during the Iron Age.<ref name=":1" /> At a depth of 400 meters (1,312 ft), two shipwrecks were identified due to the 400 visible transport [[Amphora|amphoras]]<ref name=":1" />. Neither of these shipwrecks have been excavated yet, but there is definitely a lot of rich history associated with these wrecks that historians and archeologists should do further research on. |
'''In the 1990s, deep-water exploration in the eastern Mediterranean between Egypt and Israel revealed evidence of Phoenician maritime commerce during the Iron Age.<ref name=":1" /> At a depth of 400 meters (1,312 ft), two shipwrecks were identified due to the 400 visible transport [[Amphora|amphoras]]<ref name=":1" />. Neither of these shipwrecks have been excavated yet, but there is definitely a lot of rich history associated with these wrecks that historians and archeologists should do further research on.''' |
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=== Phoenician Colonization === |
=== Phoenician Colonization === |
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Phoenician colonies were fairly autonomous. At most, they were expected to send annual tribute to their mother city, usually in the context of a religious offering. However, in the seventh century BC the western colonies came under the control of Carthage, which was exercised directly through appointed magistrates. Carthage continued to send annual tribute to Tyre for some time after its independence. |
Phoenician colonies were fairly autonomous. At most, they were expected to send annual tribute to their mother city, usually in the context of a religious offering. However, in the seventh century BC the western colonies came under the control of Carthage, which was exercised directly through appointed magistrates. Carthage continued to send annual tribute to Tyre for some time after its independence. |
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=== Overseas Expansion === |
=== '''Overseas Expansion''' === |
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Guided by their advanced navigational skills and mastery of shipbuilding, the Phoenicians embarked on numerous journeys across the sea, establishing colonies and trading posts along the coasts of [[Mediterranean Sea|North Africa, Cyprus, Sicily, Sardinia,]] and beyond<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=Roller |first=Duane W. |title=exploration |date=2016-03-07 |work=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics |url=https://oxfordre.com/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-8006 |access-date=2024-05-15 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.8006 |isbn=978-0-19-938113-5}}</ref>. These settlements, strategically positioned along key maritime routes, flourished as centers of trade, linking the diverse cultures of the ancient world<ref name=":2" />. |
'''Guided by their advanced navigational skills and mastery of shipbuilding, the Phoenicians embarked on numerous journeys across the sea, establishing colonies and trading posts along the coasts of [[Mediterranean Sea|North Africa, Cyprus, Sicily, Sardinia,]] and beyond<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=Roller |first=Duane W. |title=exploration |date=2016-03-07 |work=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics |url=https://oxfordre.com/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-8006 |access-date=2024-05-15 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.8006 |isbn=978-0-19-938113-5}}</ref>. These settlements, strategically positioned along key maritime routes, flourished as centers of trade, linking the diverse cultures of the ancient world<ref name=":2" />.''' |
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The Phoenicians main reason for expanding was due to commercial reasons. However, in doing this, they were able to expand not only their land but their culture and knowledge as well<ref name=":2" />. They brought their culture along with them wherever they went, giving new opportunities to the other civilizations to build off of them and vice versa<ref name=":2" />. They made their way all around the sea and the number of establishments during the eighth century saw a huge increase along the coastlines of the Mediterranean<ref name=":2" />. |
'''The Phoenicians main reason for expanding was due to commercial reasons. However, in doing this, they were able to expand not only their land but their culture and knowledge as well<ref name=":2" />. They brought their culture along with them wherever they went, giving new opportunities to the other civilizations to build off of them and vice versa<ref name=":2" />. They made their way all around the sea and the number of establishments during the eighth century saw a huge increase along the coastlines of the Mediterranean<ref name=":2" />.''' |
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Studies have revealed that during the ninth and tenth centuries there was a significant increase in the population of Phoenicians<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Woolmer |first=Mark |title=A short history of the phoenicians |date=2017 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-78673-217-0 |series=I.B. Tauris short histories |location=London New York}}</ref>. The Phoenicians then looked to overseas expansion as a way to counter overpopulation, while taking over new areas. They branched out to different parts of the Mediterranean, making new trade routes and finding new items. The boom in population numbers eventually helped the Phoenicians grow larger<ref name=":3" />. |
'''Studies have revealed that during the ninth and tenth centuries there was a significant increase in the population of Phoenicians<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Woolmer |first=Mark |title=A short history of the phoenicians |date=2017 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-78673-217-0 |series=I.B. Tauris short histories |location=London New York}}</ref>. The Phoenicians then looked to overseas expansion as a way to counter overpopulation, while taking over new areas. They branched out to different parts of the Mediterranean, making new trade routes and finding new items. The boom in population numbers eventually helped the Phoenicians grow larger<ref name=":3" />.''' |
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Revision as of 16:37, 15 May 2024
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Article Draft
Lead
I will add a section called Seafaring immediately following the Origins section, before the section about time periods. This will explain how during their rise as a people/population, they relied heavily on their aptitude in the water to expand and trade.
I will add a section after shipbuilding about some of the shipwrecks found and what the boats looked like. I named it "Shipwrecks". This will expand on the shipwrecks and take a deeper look at them. I will also add some information on the expansion across the Mediterranean. I named this section "Overseas Expansion".
Article body
The Phoenicians were renowned as cunning seafarers and traders who dominated the commerce around the ancient Mediterranean world. They found great success due to their exceptional shipbuilding skill and their navigational expertise. They are credited with the invention of the keel, battering ram on the bow, and caulking between planks, creating better ships which allowed for their maritime dominance and ability.[1] They did not have any navigational tools on their ships and relied only on their natural landmarks such as coastlines and the stars. Their ability to travel with only the sky to guide them allowed them to explore and travel wherever they needed, but it limited their ability to travel to the seasons with a stable climate.[1][2]
Shipbuilding
As early as 1200 BC, the Phoenicians built large merchant ships.[citation needed] During the Bronze Age, they developed the keel.[citation needed] Pegged mortise-and-tenon joints proved effective enough to serve as a standard until late into the Roman Empire.[citation needed
The Phoenicians were possibly the first to introduce the bireme, around 700 BC. An Assyrian account describes Phoenicians evading capture with these ships.[citation needed] The Phoenicians are also credited with inventing the trireme, which was regarded as the most advanced and powerful vessel in the ancient Mediterranean world, and was eventually adopted by the Greeks.
The Phoenicians developed several other maritime inventions. The amphora, a type of container used for both dry and liquid goods, was an ancient Phoenician invention that became a standardized measurement of volume for close to two thousand years. The remnants of self-cleaning artificial harbors have been discovered in Sidon, Tyre, Atlit, and Acre. The first example of admiralty law also appears in the Levant. The Phoenicians continued to contribute to cartography into the Iron Age.
Shipwrecks
In the shadowy depths of the Mediterranean Sea, there are remnants that lie there telling a story about the Phoenicians and their trading. Seeing the shipwrecks can tell us a lot about what the Phoenicians did and what items they traded, as well as proving their existence to us[3]. Each artifact that the archeologists find has significant meaning to the rich history of the Phoenician culture.
In 2014, a 12 meters (39 ft) long Phoenician trading ship was found near Gozo island in Malta. Dated 700 BC, it is one of the oldest wrecks found in the Mediterranean. Fifty amphorae, used to contain wine and oil, were scattered nearby.
In the 1990s, deep-water exploration in the eastern Mediterranean between Egypt and Israel revealed evidence of Phoenician maritime commerce during the Iron Age.[3] At a depth of 400 meters (1,312 ft), two shipwrecks were identified due to the 400 visible transport amphoras[3]. Neither of these shipwrecks have been excavated yet, but there is definitely a lot of rich history associated with these wrecks that historians and archeologists should do further research on.
Phoenician Colonization
To facilitate their commercial ventures, the Phoenicians established numerous colonies and trading posts along the coasts of the Mediterranean. Phoenician city states generally lacked the numbers or even the desire to expand their territory overseas. Few colonies had more than 1,000 inhabitants; only Carthage and some nearby settlements in the western Mediterranean would grow larger. A major motivating factor was competition with the Greeks, who began expanding across the Mediterranean during the same period. Though largely peaceful rivals, their respective settlements in Crete and Sicily did clash intermittently.
The earliest Phoenician settlements outside the Levant were on Cyprus and Crete, gradually moving westward towards Corsica, the Balearic Islands, Sardinia, and Sicily, as well as on the European mainland in Genoa and Marseilles. The first Phoenician colonies in the western Mediterranean were along the northwest African coast and on Sicily, Sardinia and the Balearic Islands. Tyre led the way in settling or controlling coastal areas.
Phoenician colonies were fairly autonomous. At most, they were expected to send annual tribute to their mother city, usually in the context of a religious offering. However, in the seventh century BC the western colonies came under the control of Carthage, which was exercised directly through appointed magistrates. Carthage continued to send annual tribute to Tyre for some time after its independence.
Overseas Expansion
Guided by their advanced navigational skills and mastery of shipbuilding, the Phoenicians embarked on numerous journeys across the sea, establishing colonies and trading posts along the coasts of North Africa, Cyprus, Sicily, Sardinia, and beyond[4]. These settlements, strategically positioned along key maritime routes, flourished as centers of trade, linking the diverse cultures of the ancient world[4].
The Phoenicians main reason for expanding was due to commercial reasons. However, in doing this, they were able to expand not only their land but their culture and knowledge as well[4]. They brought their culture along with them wherever they went, giving new opportunities to the other civilizations to build off of them and vice versa[4]. They made their way all around the sea and the number of establishments during the eighth century saw a huge increase along the coastlines of the Mediterranean[4].
Studies have revealed that during the ninth and tenth centuries there was a significant increase in the population of Phoenicians[5]. The Phoenicians then looked to overseas expansion as a way to counter overpopulation, while taking over new areas. They branched out to different parts of the Mediterranean, making new trade routes and finding new items. The boom in population numbers eventually helped the Phoenicians grow larger[5].
- ^ a b Cartwright, Mark. "The Phoenicians - Master Mariners". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
- ^ "Excerpts from Chapter 6 Phoenician Maritime Skills - Page 206-232". Prophecy Updates and Commentary. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
- ^ a b c Carlson, Deborah N. (2016-03-07), "shipwrecks, ancient", Oxford Classical Dictionary, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5901, ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5, retrieved 2024-05-15
- ^ a b c d e Roller, Duane W. (2016-03-07), "exploration", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.8006, ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5, retrieved 2024-05-15
- ^ a b Woolmer, Mark (2017). A short history of the phoenicians. I.B. Tauris short histories. London New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78673-217-0.
References
In the article