Turner's eremomela: Difference between revisions
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{{Speciesbox |
{{Speciesbox |
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| name = Turner's eremomela |
| name = Turner's eremomela |
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| image = Turner's eremomela.jpg |
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| status = NT |
| status = NT |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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== Distribution and Habitat == |
== Distribution and Habitat == |
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Found in several small patches of [[Central Africa|Central]] and [[East Africa]], Turner's eremomela's distribution is quite patchy and not very well known. It is estimated they occupy only about 1 400 km2 in 11 to 20 distinct locations. In [[Kenya]] they are currently present in [[Kakamega Forest|Kakamega]] and [[Nandi County|Nandi Forests]], with the type specimen for this species collected in the [[Yala River]], in western Kenya. This species is also found in the south-eastern corner of the equatorial forest belt in Central-Eastern [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=IUCU Redlist, Eremomela turneri (Turner's eremomela) |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22715064/154453539}}</ref>. |
Found in several small patches of [[Central Africa|Central]] and [[East Africa]], Turner's eremomela's distribution is quite patchy and not very well known. It is estimated they occupy only about 1 400 km2 in 11 to 20 distinct locations, over a total extent of 39 100 km2<ref name=":2" />. In [[Kenya]] they are currently present in [[Kakamega Forest|Kakamega]] and [[Nandi County|Nandi Forests]], with the type specimen for this species collected in the [[Yala River]], in western Kenya. This species is also found in the south-eastern corner of the equatorial forest belt in Central-Eastern [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=IUCU Redlist, Eremomela turneri (Turner's eremomela) |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22715064/154453539}}</ref>. It is a [[native species]] to all these regions and has not been [[Introduced species|introduced]] or is considered [[Invasive species|invasive]] anywhere<ref name=":2" />. |
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It is a [[Sedentary lifestyle|sedentary]] species, it does not migrate between areas with the seasons. Therefore, it heavily relies on its current distribution and habitat for survival. However, its area of occupancy is continually declining<ref name=":0" />. |
It is a [[Sedentary lifestyle|sedentary]] species, it does not migrate between areas with the seasons. Therefore, it heavily relies on its current distribution and habitat for survival. However, its area of occupancy is continually declining<ref name=":0" />. |
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Turner's eremomela occupies the [[Canopy (biology)|canopy]] of large trees in lowland to mid-altitude forests<ref name="progine_kalindei" />. In [[Kenya]], the rainforest fragments they inhabit are between 1500 and 1700 meters of [[elevation]]. But in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]], these altitudes are lower. Overall, this species' elevation limits have been recorded to be from 470 meters to 1900 meters<ref name=":0" />. They are usually found in the open parts of the forest: [[Clearing (geography)|clearings]], edges, along streams and can live in isolated mature trees outside of the forest. However, it is sometimes also in the closed [[Old-growth forest|primary forest]], more dense areas<ref name="birds_of_the_world" />. |
Turner's eremomela occupies the [[Canopy (biology)|canopy]] of large trees in lowland to mid-altitude forests<ref name="progine_kalindei" />, and is a specialist of this habitat<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Otieno |first=Nickson Erick |last2=Sajita |first2=Nixon |last3=Shitandayi |first3=Dennis |date=2014 |title=Response of a globally endangered canopy insectivore to habitat degradation in an East African tropical rainforest: The role of differential forest protection levels |url= |journal=International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=290-300}}</ref>. In [[Kenya]], the rainforest fragments they inhabit are between 1500 and 1700 meters of [[elevation]]. But in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]], these altitudes are lower. Overall, this species' elevation limits have been recorded to be from 470 meters to 1900 meters<ref name=":0" />. They are usually found in the open parts of the forest: [[Clearing (geography)|clearings]], edges, along streams and can live in isolated mature trees outside of the forest. However, it is sometimes also in the closed [[Old-growth forest|primary forest]], more dense areas<ref name="birds_of_the_world" />. |
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== Behaviour == |
== Behaviour == |
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=== Vocalizations === |
=== Vocalizations === |
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{{Birdsong|url=https://xeno-canto.org/species/Eremomela-turneri|species=Turner's eremomela}}Like most rainforest species, Turner's eremomela is shy and difficult to spot in the dense canopy. It is more easily heard: a series of very high “titititititititi”, followed by louder “si-si-chick” or “weet-su-sweet”<ref name="birds_of_the_world" />. |
{{Birdsong|url=https://xeno-canto.org/species/Eremomela-turneri|species=Turner's eremomela}}Like most rainforest species, Turner's eremomela is shy and difficult to spot in the dense canopy. It is more easily heard: a series of very high “titititititititi”, followed by louder “si-si-chick” or “weet-su-sweet”<ref name="birds_of_the_world" />. |
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=== Diet === |
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In local itinerant groups of between 3 and 10 individuals, these [[Insectivore|insectivorous]] birds search together for [[Arthropod|arthropods]] and [[Caterpillar|caterpillars]] in mature tree canopies<ref name=":3" /><ref name="birds_of_the_world" />. Turner's eremomela is often seen joining larger mixed feeding flocks composed of several other [[Sylviidae|Sylviid]] species<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goodwin |first=Clive E. |date=1997 |title=Birds of Kenya and Northern Tanzania, by Dale A. Zimmerman, Donald A. Turner, and David J. Pearson [Review] |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.358303 |journal=The Canadian field-naturalist |volume=111 |issue=4 |pages=690–691 |doi=10.5962/p.358303 |issn=0008-3550}}</ref>. |
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=== Breeding === |
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Little is known on the breeding behaviour of Turner's eremomela and its early years<ref name="birds_of_the_world" />. It is estimated that one generation last about 3.6 years<ref name=":2" />. |
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== Conservation == |
== Conservation == |
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=== Population status === |
=== Population status === |
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Turner's eremomela has changed [[IUCN Red List|IUCN categories]] a few times in the past years: starting as Threatened in 1988, it vas moved to Vulnerable from 1994 to 1996. In the year 2000 it was re-assessed to being fully Endangered. These critical conservation statuses may stem from the lack of data or accurate mathematical calculations until its final assessment in August 2019<ref name=":0" />. Today, the population of Turner's eremomela is estimated at around 14 000 birds in Nandi forest and another 4 300 in Kakamega forest. With abundance estimation, this would place the population at between 20 to 50 thousand individuals in total and around 13 000 to 34 000 mature individuals<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Otieno |first=Nickson E. |last2=Nalianya |first2=Nicodemus |last3=Chirchir |first3=Shadrack |last4=Mitei |first4=Barnabus |date=April 2011 |title=Effect of habitat alteration on density and distribution of Turner’s Eremomela Eremomela turneri in south Nandi forest, Kenya |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2011.01112_2.x |journal=Ibis |language=en |volume=153 |issue=2 |pages=436–437 |doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.2011.01112_2.x |issn=0019-1019}}</ref>. Although this number is important, it seems to be continually decreasing due to the threats this species' habitat faces, justifying its conservation status as [[List of near threatened birds|near threatened]]<ref name=":0" />. |
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=== Threats === |
=== Threats === |
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The more restricted the range of a species is, the more it is vulnerable to perturbations<ref name=": |
The more restricted the range of a species is, the more it is vulnerable to perturbations<ref name=":3" />. This is the case for Turner's eremomela where the main threat to its population is a significant loss of habitat. Their native [[Rainforest|rainforests]] are destroyed by cultivation encroachment, illegal charcoal production, [[grazing]] and logging<ref>Kagombe, J. 2015. North and South Nandi Forest forests strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 -2040. Kenya Forest Service, Nairobi.</ref>. Especially in the species' stronghold, Nandi Forest, commercial [[logging]] is highly destructive. In addition, one of the species' favourite trees, ''[[Croton megalocarpus]],'' is largely targeted by this illegal activity.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bennun |first=Leon A. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.87589 |title=Important bird areas in Kenya / |last2=Njoroge |first2=Peter |date=1999 |publisher=Nature Kenya, East Africa Natural History Society |location=Nairobi}}</ref> The [[deforestation]] doesn't only cause [[Habitat destruction|habitat loss]], but also changes canopy structure and accelerates [[habitat fragmentation]] of this [[Sociality|gregarious]] species<ref name=":3" />. |
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Overall, non-timber crops, [[Smallholding|small-holder farming]], [[Ranch|livestock ranching]] and farming, |
Overall, non-timber crops, [[Smallholding|small-holder farming]], [[Ranch|livestock ranching]] and farming, logging and wood harvesting are the main causes of the ongoing destruction of Turner's eremomela's habitat<ref name=":0" />. This restricts even more the already very small and patchy range of the species. |
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=== Conservation measures === |
=== Conservation measures === |
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| Line 69: | Line 76: | ||
Other actions have been proposed to the same ends. They include more thorough and large scale protection of the forest patches this species lives in. A better study of the species, from its [[Life history theory|life history]] and [[ecology]] to actual, precise status and distribution would help understand its needs and inform useful measures<ref name="progine_kalindei" />. Finally, efficiently enforcing the logging bans, especially on [[Native species|indigenous trees]], present both and [[Kenya]] and [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] would be hugely beneficial to all remaining rainforest birds that need these pristine, undisturbed habitats<ref name=":0" />. |
Other actions have been proposed to the same ends. They include more thorough and large scale protection of the forest patches this species lives in. A better study of the species, from its [[Life history theory|life history]] and [[ecology]] to actual, precise status and distribution would help understand its needs and inform useful measures<ref name="progine_kalindei" />. Finally, efficiently enforcing the logging bans, especially on [[Native species|indigenous trees]], present both and [[Kenya]] and [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] would be hugely beneficial to all remaining rainforest birds that need these pristine, undisturbed habitats<ref name=":0" />. |
||
However, it is important to remember that Turner's eremomela is very specialised and restricted in its habitat and diet<ref name=":3" />. Therefore, simply having a contiguous, closed-canopy forest is not enough if it mostly composed of non-native trees. These will not support the desired prey items or provide suitable habitat<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Farwig |first=Nina |last2=Sajita |first2=Nixon |last3=Böhning-Gaese |first3=Katrin |date=2009-09 |title=Corrigendum to “Conservation value of forest plantations for bird communities in western Kenya” [Forest Ecol. Manag. 255 (2008) 3885–3892] |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.06.030 |journal=Forest Ecology and Management |volume=258 |issue=7 |pages=1731–1734 |doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2009.06.030 |issn=0378-1127}}</ref>. It is important to try to re-create its original habitat conditions as much as possible. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 22:42, 8 October 2024
| Turner's eremomela | |
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| File:Turner's eremomela.jpg | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Cisticolidae |
| Genus: | Eremomela |
| Species: | E. turneri
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| Binomial name | |
| Eremomela turneri Van Someren, 1920
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Turner's eremomela (Eremomela turneri) is a species of bird formerly placed in the "Old World warbler" (Sylviidae) assemblage, but now placed in the family Cisticolidae.
It is found in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya and Uganda. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Description
Turner's eremomela is a small, discreet bird being only 9 centimetres long and weighting 6 to 9 grams. It does not exhibit a sexual dimorphism. All adults have pale grey underparts with the rear of the head, back and upper wings being darker grey. They are easily distinguishable by a bright rufous forehead which extends to the top of the head. Under their dark eye streak, they have a white throat and a dark band right underneath. Unlike the adults, juveniles are a duller olive-brown above and pale yellow below. They also do not have the rufous forehead or the throatband[2].
This species is very similar to the Rufous-crowned Eremomela, its former conspecific[3]. Turner's eremomela is smaller and has less rufous on the head.
Taxonomy
Turner's eremomela is a member of the family Cisticolidae. This species was once considered conspecific with rufous-crowned eremomela, but was recognized as a separate species when areas of overlap between these taxa were discovered in the Congo Rainforest.[4]
Regional Variation
Two subspecies are currently recognized.
| Subspecies | Authority | Distribution |
|---|---|---|
| E. t. turneri | van Someren, 1920 | Central Kenya (Kakamega and Nandi Forests)[2] |
| E. t. kalindei | Prigogine, 1958 | Central-Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo; one old specimen presumed to be this race from far western Uganda[4] |
The nominate E. t. turneri is named for Henry John Allen Turner, a settler in Kenya of British origin.[2] The western E. t. kalindei is named for Kalinde Musiko, a Congolese hunter who collected birds on behalf of Alexandre Prigogine and Musée du Congo belge.[4]
Distribution and Habitat
Found in several small patches of Central and East Africa, Turner's eremomela's distribution is quite patchy and not very well known. It is estimated they occupy only about 1 400 km2 in 11 to 20 distinct locations, over a total extent of 39 100 km2[3]. In Kenya they are currently present in Kakamega and Nandi Forests, with the type specimen for this species collected in the Yala River, in western Kenya. This species is also found in the south-eastern corner of the equatorial forest belt in Central-Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo[5]. It is a native species to all these regions and has not been introduced or is considered invasive anywhere[3].
It is a sedentary species, it does not migrate between areas with the seasons. Therefore, it heavily relies on its current distribution and habitat for survival. However, its area of occupancy is continually declining[5].
Turner's eremomela occupies the canopy of large trees in lowland to mid-altitude forests[4], and is a specialist of this habitat[6]. In Kenya, the rainforest fragments they inhabit are between 1500 and 1700 meters of elevation. But in the Democratic Republic of Congo, these altitudes are lower. Overall, this species' elevation limits have been recorded to be from 470 meters to 1900 meters[5]. They are usually found in the open parts of the forest: clearings, edges, along streams and can live in isolated mature trees outside of the forest. However, it is sometimes also in the closed primary forest, more dense areas[2].
Behaviour
Vocalizations
Like most rainforest species, Turner's eremomela is shy and difficult to spot in the dense canopy. It is more easily heard: a series of very high “titititititititi”, followed by louder “si-si-chick” or “weet-su-sweet”[2].
Diet
In local itinerant groups of between 3 and 10 individuals, these insectivorous birds search together for arthropods and caterpillars in mature tree canopies[6][2]. Turner's eremomela is often seen joining larger mixed feeding flocks composed of several other Sylviid species[7].
Breeding
Little is known on the breeding behaviour of Turner's eremomela and its early years[2]. It is estimated that one generation last about 3.6 years[3].
Conservation
Population status
Turner's eremomela has changed IUCN categories a few times in the past years: starting as Threatened in 1988, it vas moved to Vulnerable from 1994 to 1996. In the year 2000 it was re-assessed to being fully Endangered. These critical conservation statuses may stem from the lack of data or accurate mathematical calculations until its final assessment in August 2019[5]. Today, the population of Turner's eremomela is estimated at around 14 000 birds in Nandi forest and another 4 300 in Kakamega forest. With abundance estimation, this would place the population at between 20 to 50 thousand individuals in total and around 13 000 to 34 000 mature individuals[8]. Although this number is important, it seems to be continually decreasing due to the threats this species' habitat faces, justifying its conservation status as near threatened[5].
Threats
The more restricted the range of a species is, the more it is vulnerable to perturbations[6]. This is the case for Turner's eremomela where the main threat to its population is a significant loss of habitat. Their native rainforests are destroyed by cultivation encroachment, illegal charcoal production, grazing and logging[9]. Especially in the species' stronghold, Nandi Forest, commercial logging is highly destructive. In addition, one of the species' favourite trees, Croton megalocarpus, is largely targeted by this illegal activity.[10] The deforestation doesn't only cause habitat loss, but also changes canopy structure and accelerates habitat fragmentation of this gregarious species[6].
Overall, non-timber crops, small-holder farming, livestock ranching and farming, logging and wood harvesting are the main causes of the ongoing destruction of Turner's eremomela's habitat[5]. This restricts even more the already very small and patchy range of the species.
Conservation measures
A few conservation measures are in place to help Turner's eremomela and other threatened birds in these areas. The measures, of course, are focused on the habitat, the forests they inhabit. The northern part of Kakamega forest was designated as a national reserve. This makes it better protected and completely bans logging activities. Educating the local population on the importance of conservation work is crucial to ensure these efforts will be carried on by future generations. Thus, a small group of local guides have started educational programs around Kakamega and are working towards replicating them around Nandi forest.[5][10]
Other actions have been proposed to the same ends. They include more thorough and large scale protection of the forest patches this species lives in. A better study of the species, from its life history and ecology to actual, precise status and distribution would help understand its needs and inform useful measures[4]. Finally, efficiently enforcing the logging bans, especially on indigenous trees, present both and Kenya and Democratic Republic of Congo would be hugely beneficial to all remaining rainforest birds that need these pristine, undisturbed habitats[5].
However, it is important to remember that Turner's eremomela is very specialised and restricted in its habitat and diet[6]. Therefore, simply having a contiguous, closed-canopy forest is not enough if it mostly composed of non-native trees. These will not support the desired prey items or provide suitable habitat[11]. It is important to try to re-create its original habitat conditions as much as possible.
References
- ^ BirdLife International (2019). "Eremomela turneri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22715064A154453539. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22715064A154453539.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g Pearson, David; de Juana, Eduardo (2020). "Turner's Eremomela (Eremomela turneri), version 1.0". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.turere1.01.
- ^ a b c d "Turner's Eremomela (Eremomela turneri) - BirdLife species factsheet". datazone.birdlife.org. Retrieved 2024-09-27.
- ^ a b c d e Prigogine, Alexandre (1958). "The status of Eremomela turneri van Someren and the description of a new race from the Belgian Congo". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 78 (8): 146–148.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "IUCU Redlist, Eremomela turneri (Turner's eremomela)".
- ^ a b c d e Otieno, Nickson Erick; Sajita, Nixon; Shitandayi, Dennis (2014). "Response of a globally endangered canopy insectivore to habitat degradation in an East African tropical rainforest: The role of differential forest protection levels". International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation. 6 (3): 290–300.
- ^ Goodwin, Clive E. (1997). "Birds of Kenya and Northern Tanzania, by Dale A. Zimmerman, Donald A. Turner, and David J. Pearson [Review]". The Canadian field-naturalist. 111 (4): 690–691. doi:10.5962/p.358303. ISSN 0008-3550.
- ^ Otieno, Nickson E.; Nalianya, Nicodemus; Chirchir, Shadrack; Mitei, Barnabus (April 2011). "Effect of habitat alteration on density and distribution of Turner's Eremomela Eremomela turneri in south Nandi forest, Kenya". Ibis. 153 (2): 436–437. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2011.01112_2.x. ISSN 0019-1019.
- ^ Kagombe, J. 2015. North and South Nandi Forest forests strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 -2040. Kenya Forest Service, Nairobi.
- ^ a b Bennun, Leon A.; Njoroge, Peter (1999). Important bird areas in Kenya /. Nairobi: Nature Kenya, East Africa Natural History Society.
- ^ Farwig, Nina; Sajita, Nixon; Böhning-Gaese, Katrin (2009-09). "Corrigendum to "Conservation value of forest plantations for bird communities in western Kenya" [Forest Ecol. Manag. 255 (2008) 3885–3892]". Forest Ecology and Management. 258 (7): 1731–1734. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.06.030. ISSN 0378-1127.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)
External links
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