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=== Critical reception ===
=== Critical reception ===


''Jurassic Park'' received overwhelmingly positive reviews. High praise was heaped on the visual effects, although there was some criticism leveled at departures from the book. [[Janet Maslin]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' called it "a true movie milestone, presenting awe- and fear-inspiring sights never before seen on the screen… On paper, this story is tailor-made for Mr. Spielberg's talents…[but] [i]t becomes less crisp on screen than it was on the page, with much of the enjoyable jargon either mumbled confusingly or otherwise thrown away."<ref>{{cite news | author=[[Janet Maslin|Maslin, Janet]] | title = Screen Stars With Teeth To Spare | publisher = The New York Times | date = June 11, 1993 | url = http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F0CE1D71E3DF932A25755C0A965958260&scp=1&sq=Screen%20Stars%20With%20Teeth%20To%20Spare&st=cse | accessdate = February 4, 2007}}</ref> In ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', [[Peter Travers]] described the film as "colossal entertainment—the eye-popping, mind-bending, kick-out-the-jams thrill ride of summer and probably the year [...] Compared with the dinos, the characters are dry bones, indeed. Crichton and co-screenwriter David Koepp have flattened them into nonentities on the trip from page to screen."<ref>{{cite news | author=[[Peter Travers|Travers, Peter]] | title = Jurassic Park | publisher = Rolling Stone | date = June 1993| url = http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5949029/review/5949030/jurassic_park| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070824034910/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5949029/review/5949030/jurassic_park| archivedate = August 24, 2007 | accessdate = February 4, 2007}}</ref> [[Roger Ebert]] noted, "The movie delivers all too well on its promise to show us dinosaurs. We see them early and often, and they are indeed a triumph of special effects artistry, but the movie is lacking other qualities that it needs even more, such as a sense of awe and wonderment, and strong human story values."<ref>{{cite news | author=[[Roger Ebert|Ebert, Roger]] | title = Jurassic Park | publisher = [[Chicago Sun-Times]] | date = June 11, 1993 | url = http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19930611/REVIEWS/306110302/1023 | accessdate = February 4, 2007}}</ref> Henry Sheehan argued, "The complaints over ''Jurassic Park'''s lack of story and character sound a little off the point," pointing out the story arc of Grant learning to protect Hammond's grandchildren despite his initial dislike of them.<ref name="lack of story?" /> ''[[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]]'' magazine gave the film five stars, hailing it as "...quite simply one of the greatest blockbusters of all time."<ref>[http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/review.asp?FID=4318 Review of Jurassic Park] Empire Online.com</ref> ''[[Rotten Tomatoes]]'' rated the film a "Certified Fresh" of 91%, with an average score of 7.6 out of 10. The site's consensus states "''Jurassic Park'' is a spectacle of special effects and life-like animatronics, with some of Spielberg's best sequences of sustained awe and sheer terror since ''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]''."<ref>{{cite web | title = Jurassic Park | publisher = Rotten Tomatoes | url = http://uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/jurassic_park/ | accessdate = August 8, 2012}}</ref>
''Jurassic Park'' received overwhelmingly positive reviews. High praise was heaped on the visual effects, although there was some criticism leveled at departures from the book. [[Janet Maslin]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' called it "a true movie milestone, presenting awe- and fear-inspiring sights never before seen on the screen… On paper, this story is tailor-made for Mr. Spielberg's talents…[but] [i]t becomes less crisp on screen than it was on the page, with much of the enjoyable jargon either mumbled confusingly or otherwise thrown away."<ref>{{cite news | author=[[Janet Maslin|Maslin, Janet]] | title = Screen Stars With Teeth To Spare | publisher = The New York Times | date = June 11, 1993 | url = http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F0CE1D71E3DF932A25755C0A965958260&scp=1&sq=Screen%20Stars%20With%20Teeth%20To%20Spare&st=cse | accessdate = February 4, 2007}}</ref> In ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', [[Peter Travers]] described the film as "colossal entertainment—the eye-popping, mind-bending, kick-out-the-jams thrill ride of summer and probably the year [...] Compared with the dinos, the characters are dry bones, indeed. Crichton and co-screenwriter David Koepp have flattened them into nonentities on the trip from page to screen."<ref>{{cite news | author=[[Peter Travers|Travers, Peter]] | title = Jurassic Park | publisher = Rolling Stone | date = June 1993| url = http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5949029/review/5949030/jurassic_park| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070824034910/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5949029/review/5949030/jurassic_park| archivedate = August 24, 2007 | accessdate = February 4, 2007}}</ref> [[Roger Ebert]] noted, "The movie delivers all too well on its promise to show us dinosaurs. We see them early and often, and they are indeed a triumph of special effects artistry, but the movie is lacking other qualities that it needs even more, such as a sense of awe and wonderment, and strong human story values."<ref>{{cite news | author=[[Roger Ebert|Ebert, Roger]] | title = Jurassic Park | publisher = [[Chicago Sun-Times]] | date = June 11, 1993 | url = http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19930611/REVIEWS/306110302/1023 | accessdate = February 4, 2007}}</ref> Henry Sheehan argued, "The complaints over ''Jurassic Park'''s lack of story and character sound a little off the point," pointing out the story arc of Grant learning to protect Hammond's grandchildren despite his initial dislike of them.<ref name="lack of story?" /> ''[[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]]'' magazine gave the film five stars, hailing it as "...quite simply one of the greatest blockbusters of all time."<ref>[http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/review.asp?FID=4318 Review of Jurassic Park] Empire Online.com</ref> ''[[Rotten Tomatoes]]'' rated the film a "Certified Fresh" of 92%, with an average score of 8.2 out of 10. The site's consensus states "''Jurassic Park'' is a spectacle of special effects and life-like animatronics, with some of Spielberg's best sequences of sustained awe and sheer terror since ''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]''."<ref>{{cite web | title = Jurassic Park | publisher = Rotten Tomatoes | url = http://uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/jurassic_park/ | accessdate = April 19, 2013}}</ref>


===Accolades===
===Accolades===

Revision as of 00:56, 20 April 2013

Jurassic Park: Imax 3D
Theatrical release poster
Directed bySteven Spielberg
Screenplay byMichael Crichton
David Koepp
Produced byKathleen Kennedy
Gerald R. Molen
Starring
CinematographyDean Cundey
Edited byMichael Kahn
Music byJohn Williams
Production
company
Distributed byUniversal Studios
Release date
  • June 11, 1993 (1993-06-11)
Running time
127 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$63 million[1]
Box office$952,438,932[1]

Jurassic Park is a 1993 American science fiction adventure film[2] directed by Steven Spielberg. It is based on the 1990 novel of the same name by Michael Crichton. It stars Sam Neill, Laura Dern, Jeff Goldblum, Richard Attenborough, Ariana Richards, Joseph Mazzello, Martin Ferrero, Samuel L. Jackson and Bob Peck. The film centers on the fictional Isla Nublar near Costa Rica's Pacific Coast, where a billionaire philanthropist and a small team of genetic scientists have created a wildlife park of cloned dinosaurs.

Before Crichton's book was even published, many studios had already begun bidding to acquire the picture rights. Spielberg, with the backing of Universal Studios, acquired the rights before publication in 1990, and Crichton was hired for an additional $500,000 to adapt the novel for the screen. David Koepp wrote the final draft, which left out much of the novel's exposition and violence and made numerous changes to the characters. Filming took place in California and Hawaii.

Jurassic Park is regarded as a landmark in the use of computer-generated imagery, and received positive reviews from most critics.[3][4][5] The film grossed over $900 million worldwide, surpassing another Spielberg film, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, to become the highest-grossing film released up to that time (it was surpassed five years later by Titanic). It currently ranks as the 19th-highest-grossing film worldwide, and 16th-highest-grossing film in North America, unadjusted for inflation. It is the highest-grossing film released by Universal and directed by Spielberg. Jurassic Park won the Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing, Best Sound Editing, and Best Visual Effects.

The film's success led to two sequels being made: The Lost World: Jurassic Park also directed by Spielberg, which was released on May 23, 1997, and Jurassic Park III, directed by Joe Johnston, which was released on July 18, 2001.[6] A 3D re-release was released on April 5, 2013, to commemorate the movie's 20th Anniversary.[7] Jurassic Park 4 is slated to be released on June 13, 2014 in 3D.[8]

Plot

John Hammond, CEO of InGen, has created Jurassic Park: a theme park on a tropical island near Costa Rica, populated with cloned dinosaurs. After a workman is killed by a dinosaur, Hammond's investors, represented by attorney Donald Gennaro, demand that experts visit the park and certify it as safe. Gennaro invites mathematician Dr. Ian Malcolm while Hammond invites paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant and paleobotanist Dr. Ellie Sattler. They are joined by Hammond's grandchildren, Lex and Tim Murphy. The group sets off in a pair of electric Ford Explorers on a tour of the park, while Hammond stays in the Visitor's Center to observe his guests from Jurassic Park's control room. With him are chief engineer Ray Arnold and game warden Robert Muldoon. The tour does not go as Hammond plans: some of the dinosaurs, including Dilophosaurus and Tyrannosaurus, fail to show, and the Triceratops has fallen ill.

An incoming tropical storm forces a cancellation of the rest of the tour, while most of the park employees depart on a boat for the mainland. Everyone returns to the electric vehicles except Ellie, who stays with the park's veterinarian to study the Triceratops.

Jurassic Park's computer programmer, Dennis Nedry, has been paid off by one of InGen's corporate rivals to steal dinosaur embryos. During the theft, Nedry deactivates the park's security system to allow him access to the embryo storage room. Many of the park's electric fences are deactivated as a result, releasing a Tyrannosaurus that attacks the tour group, killing Gennaro and injuring Malcolm. Grant, Lex, and Tim narrowly escape. Nedry becomes disoriented by the heavy rain and crashes his Jeep; while attempting to winch the vehicle he is attacked and killed by a Dilophosaurus.

Sattler and Muldoon search for survivors, but only find Malcolm before they are attacked by the T. rex and return to the visitor center. Unable to decipher Nedry's code to reactivate the security system, Arnold and Hammond opt to reboot the park's computer and electrical network. The group shuts down the park's grid and retreat to an emergency bunker, while Arnold heads to a maintenance shed to complete the process of rebooting the system. When he fails to return, Sattler and Muldoon head to the shed themselves.

The shutdown disables the remaining fences, releasing three dangerous Velociraptors, which hunt Sattler and Muldoon. Muldoon draws their attention while Sattler continues to the shed. She restarts the park's systems and finds not only a raptor, but also Arnold's severed arm. The raptors ambush and kill Muldoon.

Grant, Lex, and Tim climb an electric fence out of the park's animal zone; Tim is nearly killed when the fence is reactivated. They reach the Visitor Center and Grant leaves the children in the dining area while he searches for Sattler and the others. The children escape two raptors, locking one in a freezer, before reuniting with Grant and Sattler. The four make their way to the control room, where Lex restores the park's security systems. Grant contacts Hammond and tells him to call the mainland for rescue before two raptors attack them. Grant's group is cornered by the raptors but escapes when the T. rex storms the visitor center. A helicopter arrives to take the survivors back to the mainland.

Cast

Main article: List of Jurassic Park characters

Production

Development

Michael Crichton originally conceived a screenplay about a graduate student who recreates a dinosaur; he continued to wrestle with his fascination with dinosaurs and cloning until he began writing the novel Jurassic Park.[9] Even before publication, Spielberg learned of the novel in October 1989 while he and Crichton were discussing a screenplay that would become the television series ER.[10] Before the book was published, Crichton demanded a non-negotiable fee of $1.5 million as well as a substantial percentage of the gross. Warner Bros. and Tim Burton, Sony Pictures Entertainment and Richard Donner, and 20th Century Fox and Joe Dante bid for the rights,[10] but Universal eventually acquired them in May 1990 for Spielberg.[11] Universal paid Crichton a further $500,000 to adapt his own novel,[12] which he had finished by the time Spielberg was filming Hook. Crichton noted that because the book was "fairly long" his script only had about 10 to 20 percent of the novel's content; scenes were dropped for budgetary and practical reasons.[13] After completing Hook, Spielberg wanted to film Schindler's List. Music Corporation of America (then Universal Pictures' parent company) president Sid Sheinberg gave a green light to the film on one condition: that Spielberg make Jurassic Park first. Spielberg later said, "He knew that once I had directed Schindler I wouldn't be able to do Jurassic Park."[10]

Spielberg hired Stan Winston to create the animatronic dinosaurs, Phil Tippett to create go motion dinosaurs for long shots, Michael Lantieri to supervise the on-set effects, and Dennis Muren to do the digital compositing. Paleontologist Jack Horner supervised the designs, to help fulfill Spielberg's desire to portray the dinosaurs as animals rather than monsters. This led to the entry of certain concepts about dinosaurs, such as the theory that dinosaurs had very little in common with lizards. Thus, Horner dismissed the raptors' flicking tongues in Tippett's early animatics,[14] complaining, "[The dinosaurs] have no way of doing that!" Taking Horner's advice, Spielberg insisted that Tippett take the tongues out.[15] Winston's department created fully detailed models of the dinosaurs before molding latex skins, which were fitted over complex robotics. Tippett created stop-motion animatics of major scenes, but, despite go motion's attempts at motion blurs, Spielberg still found the end results unsatisfactory in terms of working in a live-action feature film.[14] Animators Mark Dippe and Steve Williams went ahead in creating a computer-generated walk cycle for the T. rex skeleton and were approved to do more.[16] When Spielberg and Tippett saw an animatic of the T. rex chasing a herd of Gallimimus, Spielberg said, "You're out of a job," to which Tippett replied, "Don't you mean extinct?"[14] Spielberg later wrote both the animatic and his dialogue between him and Tippett into the script, as a conversation between Malcolm and Grant.[17] As George Lucas watched the demonstration alongside of them, his eyes began to tear up. "It was like one of those moments in history, like the invention of the light bulb or the first telephone call," he said. "A major gap had been crossed, and things were never going to be the same."[18] Although no go motion was used, Tippett and his animators were still used by the production for knowing how the dinosaurs should move correctly. Tippett acted as a consultant regarding dinosaur anatomy, and his stop motion animators were re-trained as computer animators.[14]

Malia Scotch Marmo began a script rewrite in October 1991 over a five-month period, merging Ian Malcolm with Alan Grant.[19] Screenwriter David Koepp came on board afterward, starting afresh from Marmo's draft, and used Spielberg's idea of a cartoon shown to the visitors to remove much of the exposition that fills Crichton's novel.[20] Spielberg also excised a sub-plot of Procompsognathus escaping to the mainland and attacking young children, as he found it too horrific.[21] This sub-plot would eventually be used as a prologue in the Spielberg-directed sequel, The Lost World. Hammond was changed from a ruthless businessman to a kindly old man, because Spielberg identified with Hammond's obsession with showmanship.[22] He also switched the characters of Tim and Lex; in the book, Tim is aged 11 and into computers, and Lex is only seven or eight and into sports. Spielberg did this because he wanted to work with the younger Joseph Mazzello, and it also allowed him to introduce the sub-plot of Lex's adolescent crush on Grant.[23] Koepp changed Grant's relationship with the children, making him hostile to them initially to allow for more character development.[10] Koepp also took the opportunity to cut out a major sequence from the book, for budgetary reasons, where the T. rex chases Grant and the children down a river before being tranquilized by Muldoon. This scene was revived in part in Jurassic Park III with the Spinosaurus replacing the T. rex.[20]

Filming

After 25 months of pre-production, filming began on August 24, 1992, on the Hawaiian island of Kauaʻi.[24] The three-week shoot involved various daytime exteriors.[11] On September 11, Hurricane Iniki passed directly over Kauaʻi, which caused the crew to lose a day of shooting.[25] Several of the storm scenes from the movie are actual footage shot during the hurricane. The scheduled shoot of the Gallimimus chase was moved to Kualoa Ranch on the island of Oahu and one of the beginning scenes had to be created by digitally animating a still shot of scenery.[17] Additional scenes were filmed on the "forbidden island" of Niihau.[26] The crew moved back to the mainland U.S. to shoot at Universal Studios's Stage 24 for scenes involving the raptors in the kitchen.[11] The crew also shot on Stage 23 for the scenes involving the power supply, before going on location to Red Rock Canyon for the Montana dig scenes.[27] The crew returned to Universal to shoot Grant's rescue of Tim, using a fifty-foot prop with hydraulic wheels for the car fall, and the Brachiosaurus encounter. The crew filmed scenes for the Park's labs and control room, which used animations for the computers lent from Silicon Graphics and Apple.[28]

The crew moved to Warner Bros. Studios' Stage 16 to shoot the T. rex's attack on the SUVs.[28] Shooting proved frustrating due to water soaking the foam rubber skin of the animatronic dinosaur, which caused the animatronic T. rex to shake and quiver from the extra weight when the foam absorbed the water.[29] The ripples in the glass of water caused by the T. rex's footsteps was inspired by Spielberg listening to Earth, Wind and Fire in his car, and the vibrations the bass rhythm caused. Lantieri was unsure of how to create the shot until the night before filming, when he put a glass of water on a guitar he was playing, which achieved the concentric circles in the water Spielberg wanted. The next morning, guitar strings were put inside the car and a man on the ground plucked the strings to achieve the effect.[30] Back at Universal, the crew filmed scenes with the Dilophosaurus on Stage 27. Finally, the shoot finished on Stage 12, with the climactic chases with the raptors in the Park's computer rooms and Visitor's Center.[31] Spielberg brought back the T. rex for the climax, abandoning his original ending in which Grant uses a platform machine to maneuver a raptor into a fossil tyrannosaur's jaws.[32] The film wrapped twelve days ahead of schedule on November 30,[11][33][34] and within days, editor Michael Kahn had a rough cut ready, allowing Spielberg to go ahead with filming Schindler's List.[35]

Post-production

Special effects work continued on the film, with Tippett's unit adjusting to new technology with Dinosaur Input Devices:[36] models which fed information into the computers to allow themselves to animate the characters traditionally. In addition, they acted out scenes with the raptors and Gallimimus. As well as the computer-generated dinosaurs, ILM also created elements such as water splashing and digital face replacement for Ariana Richards' stunt double.[14] Compositing the dinosaurs onto the live action scenes took around an hour. Rendering the dinosaurs often took two to four hours per frame, and rendering the T. rex in the rain even took six hours per frame.[37] Spielberg monitored their progress from Poland during the filming of Schindler's List.[38] The sound effects crew, supervised by George Lucas,[39] were finished by the end of April. Jurassic Park was finally completed on May 28, 1993.[40]

Scoring

Main article: Jurassic Park (film score)

Composer John Williams began scoring the film at the end of February, and it was conducted a month later. John Neufeld and Alexander Courage provided the score's orchestrations.[40]

Dinosaurs on screen

See also: List of extinct genera in Jurassic Park

Despite the title of the film referencing the Jurassic period, most of the dinosaurs featured did not exist until the Cretaceous period, with the exception of Brachiosaurus and Dilophosaurus, both of which lived in the Jurassic period.[41] The screenplay acknowledges this when Dr. Grant describes the ferocity of the Velociraptor to a young boy, saying "Try to imagine yourself in the Cretaceous period..."

  • Tyrannosaurus is, according to Spielberg, the reason he rewrote the ending for fear of disappointing the audience.[14] Before, a much less surprising ending was written in the script, where one of the raptors was shot dead and the other killed by a falling fossil. Winston's animatronic T. rex stood 20 feet (6.1 m), weighed 13,000 pounds (5,900 kg),[28] and was 40 feet (12 m) long.[42] Jack Horner called it "the closest I've ever been to a live dinosaur".[42] The dinosaur is depicted with a vision system based on movement. Its roar is a baby elephant mixed with a tiger and an alligator, and its breath is a whale's blow.[40] A dog attacking a rope toy was used for the sounds of it tearing a Gallimimus apart.[14]
  • Velociraptor also has a major role and it is also the main villain. The animal's depiction was not based on the actual dinosaur genus in question (which itself was significantly smaller), rather the related (and larger) genus Deinonychus, which had been synonymised with Velociraptor by Gregory S. Paul in 1988.[43] Crichton's writing followed this, but by the time production of the film took place, the idea had been dropped by the scientific community. Coincidentally, shortly[44] before Jurassic Park's theatre release, the similar Utahraptor was discovered, though was proved bigger in appearance than the film's raptors; this prompted Stan Winston to joke, "We made it, then they discovered it."[42] For the attack on character Robert Muldoon, the raptors were played by men in suits.[31] Dolphin screams, walruses bellowing, geese hissing, an African crane's mating call, and human rasps were mixed to formulate various raptor sounds.[14][40] Following discoveries made after the film's release, most paleontologists theorized that dromaeosaurs like Velociraptor and Deinonychus had feathers. This feature is only included in Jurassic Park III for the male raptors.[45]
  • Dilophosaurus was also very different from its real-life counterpart, made significantly smaller to make sure audiences did not confuse it with the raptors.[46] Its neck frill and its ability to spit venom are fictitious. Its vocal sounds were made by combining a swan, a hawk, a howler monkey, and a rattlesnake.[14]
  • Brachiosaurus is the first dinosaur seen by the park's visitors. It is inaccurately depicted as chewing its food as well as standing up on its hind legs to browse among the high tree branches. Despite scientific evidence of their having limited vocal capabilities, sound designer Gary Rydstrom decided to represent them with whale songs and donkey calls to give them a melodic sense of wonder. Penguins were also recorded to be used in the noises of the dinosaurs.[40]
  • Triceratops has an extended cameo, being sick with an unverified disease. Its appearance was a particular logistical nightmare for Stan Winston when Spielberg asked to shoot the animatronic of the sick creature earlier than expected.[47] Winston also created a baby Triceratops for Ariana Richards to ride, which was cut from the film for pacing reasons.[48] The redundant Triceratops model was later used in Spielberg's 1997 sequel.
  • Gallimimus are featured in a stampede scene where one of them is devoured by the Tyrannosaurus.
  • Parasaurolophus appear in the background during the first encounter with the Brachiosaurus.

Release

File:Jurassic Park 3D.jpg
The theatrical poster for the 3D re-release of Jurassic Park

Universal spent $65 million on the marketing campaign for Jurassic Park, making deals with 100 companies to market 1,000 products.[49] These included three Jurassic Park video games by Sega and Ocean Software,[50] a toy line by Kenner that was distributed by Hasbro,[51] and a novelization aimed at young children.[52] The released soundtrack included unused material.[53] The film's trailers only gave fleeting glimpses of the dinosaurs,[54] a tactic journalist Josh Horowitz described as "that old Spielberg axiom of never revealing too much" when Spielberg and director Michael Bay did the same for their production of Transformers in 2007.[55] The film was marketed with the tagline "An Adventure 65 Million Years In The Making." This was a joke Spielberg made on set about the genuine, thousands of years old mosquito in amber used for Hammond's walking stick.[56]

The film premiered at the National Building Museum on June 9, 1993, in Washington, D.C.,[57][58] in support of two children's charities.[59]

Following the film's release, a traveling exhibition began.[60] Steve Englehart wrote a series of comic books published by Topps Comics. They acted as a continuation of the film, consisting of the two-issue Raptor, the four-issue Raptors Attack and Raptors Hijack, and Return to Jurassic Park, which lasted nine issues. All published issues were republished under the single title Jurassic Park Adventures in the United States and as Jurassic Park in the United Kingdom.[61] Ocean Software released a game sequel entitled Jurassic Park 2: The Chaos Continues in 1994 on Super NES and Game Boy.[50]

Jurassic Park was broadcast on television for the first time on May 7, 1995, following the April 26 airing of The Making of Jurassic Park.[62] Some 68.12 million people tuned in to watch, garnering NBC a 36 percent share of all available viewers that night. Jurassic Park was the highest-rated theatrical film broadcast on television by any network since the April 1987 airing of Trading Places.[63] In June–July 1995 the film was aired a number of times on the TNT network.[63]

"The Jurassic Park Ride" went into development in November 1990[64] and premiered at Universal Studios Hollywood on June 15, 1996,[65] at a cost of $110 million.[64] Islands of Adventure in Orlando, Florida, has an entire section of the park dedicated to Jurassic Park that includes the main ride, christened "Jurassic Park River Adventure", and many smaller rides and attractions based on the series.[66] The Universal Studios theme park rides have been designed to support the film's plot, with Hammond supposedly having been contacted to rebuild the Park at the theme park location.[65]

Home media

The film made its VHS and LaserDisc debut on October 4, 1994,[67] and was first released on DVD on October 10, 2000.[68] The film was also released in a package with The Lost World: Jurassic Park.[69] The DVD was re-released with both sequels on December 11, 2001,[70] as the Jurassic Park Trilogy, and as the Jurassic Park Adventure Pack on November 29, 2005.[71] The film was re-released in UK cinemas on September 23, 2011.[72] A Blu-ray release of the trilogy was released on October 25, 2011.[73] A 3-D version of the film was released on April 5, 2013.[74] The DVD releases of the film have received nominations for Best DVD from the Las Vegas Film Critics Society (in 2000 and 2011[75]) and Saturn Award for Best DVD collection.

Reception

Box office

Jurassic Park was the highest grossing film released worldwide up to that time, beating Spielberg's E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial which previously held the title (though it did not top E.T. in North America).[76] The film opened with $47 million in its first weekend[1] and had grossed $81.7 million by its first week.[77] The film stayed at number one for three weeks and eventually grossed $357 million in the U.S. and Canada.[78] The film also did very well in international markets, breaking opening records in the United Kingdom, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, and Taiwan,[79] ultimately earning $914 million worldwide,[1] with Spielberg reportedly making over $250 million from the film.[80] Jurassic Park's worldwide gross was topped five years later by James Cameron's Titanic.[81]

Critical reception

Jurassic Park received overwhelmingly positive reviews. High praise was heaped on the visual effects, although there was some criticism leveled at departures from the book. Janet Maslin of The New York Times called it "a true movie milestone, presenting awe- and fear-inspiring sights never before seen on the screen… On paper, this story is tailor-made for Mr. Spielberg's talents…[but] [i]t becomes less crisp on screen than it was on the page, with much of the enjoyable jargon either mumbled confusingly or otherwise thrown away."[82] In Rolling Stone, Peter Travers described the film as "colossal entertainment—the eye-popping, mind-bending, kick-out-the-jams thrill ride of summer and probably the year [...] Compared with the dinos, the characters are dry bones, indeed. Crichton and co-screenwriter David Koepp have flattened them into nonentities on the trip from page to screen."[83] Roger Ebert noted, "The movie delivers all too well on its promise to show us dinosaurs. We see them early and often, and they are indeed a triumph of special effects artistry, but the movie is lacking other qualities that it needs even more, such as a sense of awe and wonderment, and strong human story values."[84] Henry Sheehan argued, "The complaints over Jurassic Park's lack of story and character sound a little off the point," pointing out the story arc of Grant learning to protect Hammond's grandchildren despite his initial dislike of them.[22] Empire magazine gave the film five stars, hailing it as "...quite simply one of the greatest blockbusters of all time."[85] Rotten Tomatoes rated the film a "Certified Fresh" of 92%, with an average score of 8.2 out of 10. The site's consensus states "Jurassic Park is a spectacle of special effects and life-like animatronics, with some of Spielberg's best sequences of sustained awe and sheer terror since Jaws."[86]

Accolades

In 1994, the film won all three Academy Awards it was nominated for: Best Visual Effects, Best Sound Mixing, and Best Sound Editing (at the same ceremony, Steven Spielberg, Michael Kahn, and John Williams took home Academy Awards for Schindler's List). The film won honors outside of the U.S. including the 1994 BAFTA for Best Special Effects, as well as the Award for the Public's Favorite Film.[87] It won the 1994 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation,[88] and the 1993 Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film, Best Direction, Best Writing for Crichton and Koepp and Best Special Effects.[89] The film won the 1993 People's Choice Awards for Favorite All-Around Motion Picture.[90] Young Artist Awards were given to Ariana Richards and Joseph Mazzello, with the film winning an Outstanding Action/Adventure Family Motion Picture award.[91]

Year Award Category Nominee(s) Result
1993 Bambi Awards International Film Joseph Mazzello and Ariana Richards Won
1994 66th Academy Awards[92] Best Visual Effects Dennis Muren, Stan Winston, Phil Tippett and Michael Lantieri Won
Best Sound Mixing Gary Summers, Gary Rydstrom, Shawn Murphy and Ron Judkins Won
Best Sound Editing Gary Rydstrom and Richard Hymns Won
Saturn Awards Best Director Steven Spielberg Won
Best Science Fiction Film Jurassic Park Won
Best Special Effects Dennis Muren, Stan Winston, Phil Tippett and Michael Lantieri Won
Best Writing Michael Crichton and David Koepp Won
Best Actress Laura Dern Nominated
Best Costumes Nominated
Best Music John Williams Nominated
Best Performance by a Young Actor Joseph Mazzello Nominated
Best Performance by a Young Actor Ariana Richards Nominated
Best Supporting Actor Jeff Goldblum Nominated
Best Supporting Actor Wayne Knight Nominated
Awards of the Japanese Academy Best Foreign Film Jurassic Park Won
BAFTA Awards[93] Best Special Effects Dennis Muren, Stan Winston, Phil Tippett and Michael Lantieri Won
Best Sound Gary Summers, Gary Rydstrom, Shawn Murphy and Ron Judkins Nominated
BMI Film Music Award BMI Film Music Award John Williams Won
Blue Ribbon Awards Best Foreign Language Film Steven Spielberg Won
Bram Stoker Award[94] Screenplay Michael Crichton and David Koepp Nominated
Cinema Audio Society Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Feature Film Gary Summers, Gary Rydstrom, Shawn Murphy and Ron Judkins Nominated
Czech Lions Best Foreign Language Film Steven Spielberg Won
Grammy Awards[95] Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television John Williams Nominated
MTV Movie Award[96] Best Action Sequence Nominated
Best Movie Jurassic Park Nominated
Best Villain T. rex Nominated
Mainichi Film Concours Best Foreign Language Film Steven Spielberg Won
Motion Picture Sound Editors Best Sound Editing Won
People's Choice Awards[97] Favorite Motion Picture Jurassic Park Won
Young Artist Awards[98] Best Youth Actor Co-Starring in a Motion Picture Drama Joseph Mazzello Won
Best Youth Actress Leading Role in a Motion Picture Drama Ariana Richards Won
Outstanding Family Motion Picture - Action/Adventure Jurassic Park Won
Hugo Awards[99] Best Dramatic Presentation Jurassic Park Won

Legacy

The American Film Institute named Jurassic Park the 35th most thrilling film of all time on June 13, 2001.[100] The Chicago Film Critics Association also ranked Jurassic Park as the 55th scariest movie of all time and, in 2005, Bravo chose the scene in which Lex and Tim are stalked by two raptors in the kitchen as the 95th scariest movie moment of all time.[101][102] On Empire magazine's fifteenth anniversary in 2004, it judged Jurassic Park the sixth most influential film of the magazine's lifetime.[103] Empire called the first encounter with a Brachiosaurus the 28th most magical moment in cinema.[104] In 2008, an Empire poll of readers, filmmakers, and critics also rated it one of the 500 greatest films of all time.[105] On Film Review's fifty-fifth anniversary in 2005, it declared the film to be one of the five most important in the magazine's lifetime.[106] In 2006, IGN ranked Jurassic Park as the 19th greatest film franchise of all time.[107] In a 2010 poll, the readers of Entertainment Weekly rated it the greatest summer movie of the previous 20 years.[108]

Most significantly, when many filmmakers saw Jurassic Park's use of computer-generated imagery, they realized that many of their visions, previously thought unfeasible or too expensive, were now possible. Stanley Kubrick, the director of 2001: A Space Odyssey, contacted Spielberg to direct A.I. Artificial Intelligence.[103] Filmmaker Werner Herzog was similarly impressed, citing the movie as an example of Spielberg being a "great storyteller" and that he knows how to weave special effects into coherent stories.[109] The breakthrough in computer-generated graphics opened possibilities to other filmakers also: George Lucas started to make the Star Wars prequels,[110] and Peter Jackson began to re-explore his childhood love of fantasy films, a path that led him to The Lord of the Rings and King Kong.[111] Jurassic Park has also inspired films and documentaries such as the American adaptation of Godzilla, Carnosaur, and Walking with Dinosaurs.[103] Stan Winston, enthusiastic about the new technology pioneered by the film, joined with IBM and director James Cameron to form a new special effects company, Digital Domain.[112]

Film historian Tom Shone commented on the film's innovation and influence, saying that "In its way, Jurassic Park heralded a revolution in movies as profound as the coming of sound in 1927."[113]

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Bibliography
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