Grey matter: Difference between revisions
| Line 39: | Line 39: | ||
===Effects of pornography=== |
===Effects of pornography=== |
||
A 2014 study has recently shown that there is a significant negative |
A 2014 study has recently shown that there is a significant negative correlation between reported pornography hours per week and gray matter volume in the [[right caudate]] of the [[frontostriatal circuit]], as well as with functional activity during a sexual cue–reactivity paradigm in the [[left putamen]] of the same. It cannot be concluded that quantity of pornography consumption reduces gray matter volume or if lower gray matter volume results in more pornography consumption. <ref>http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1874574</ref> |
||
==History== |
==History== |
||
Revision as of 00:33, 2 June 2014
| Grey matter | |
|---|---|
 The formation of the spinal nerve from the dorsal and ventral roots. (Gray matter labeled at center right.) | |
 Micrograph showing grey matter, with the characteristic neuronal cell bodies (right of image - dark shade of pink), and white matter with its characteristic fine meshwork-like appearance (left of image - lighter shade of pink). HPS stain. | |
| Details | |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | Substantia grisea |
| MeSH | D066128 |
| TA98 | A14.1.00.002 A14.1.02.020 A14.1.04.201 A14.1.05.201 A14.1.05.401 A14.1.06.301 |
| TA2 | 5365 |
| FMA | 67242 |
| Anatomical terminology | |
Grey matter (or gray matter) (lat. Substantia grisea) is a major component of the central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, neuropil (dendrites and myelinated as well as unmyelinated axons), glial cells (astroglia and oligodendrocytes) and capillaries. Grey matter is distinguished from white matter, in that grey matter contains numerous cell bodies and relatively few myelinated axons, while white matter is composed chiefly of long-range myelinated axon tracts and contains relatively very few cell bodies.[1] The color difference arises mainly from the whiteness of myelin. In living tissue, grey matter actually has a very light grey color with yellowish or pinkish hues, which come from capillary blood vessels and neuronal cell bodies.[2]
Function
Grey matter contains most of the brain's neuronal cell bodies. The grey matter includes regions of the brain involved in muscle control,and sensory perception such as seeing and hearing, memory, emotions, speech, decision making, and self-control. While 20% of all oxygen taken in by the body goes to the brain, 95% of that goes specifically into the grey matter.[3]
Distribution
Grey matter is distributed at the surface of the cerebral hemispheres (cerebral cortex) and of the cerebellum (cerebellar cortex), as well as in the depths of the cerebrum (thalamus; hypothalamus; subthalamus, basal ganglia - putamen, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens; septal nuclei), cerebellar (deep cerebellar nuclei - dentate nucleus, globose nucleus, emboliform nucleus, fastigial nucleus), brainstem (substantia nigra, red nucleus, olivary nuclei, cranial nerve nuclei) and spinal grey matter (anterior horn, lateral horn, posterior horn). Grey matter undergoes development and growth throughout childhood and adolescence.[4]
Research
Volume and cognition in elderly people
Significant positive correlations have been found between grey matter volume in elderly persons and measures of semantic and short-term memory. No significant correlations with white matter volume were found. These results suggest that individual variability in specific cognitive functions that are relatively well preserved with ageing is accounted for by the variability of gray matter volume in healthy elderly subjects.[5]
Volume associated with bipolar disorder
Some structural differences in grey matter may be associated with psychiatric disorders. There was no difference in whole-brain grey matter volume between patients with bipolar I disorder and healthy controls. Subjects with bipolar I disorder had smaller volumes in the left inferior parietal lobule, right superior temporal gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus, and left caudate. Only the volume of the right middle frontal gyrus was correlated with duration of illness and the number of episodes in patients.[6]
Effects of smoking
Older smokers lose grey matter and cognitive function at a greater rate than non-smokers. Chronic smokers who quit during the study lost fewer brain cells and retained better intellectual function than those who continued to smoke.[7]
Effects of child abuse
Adolescents who were subjected to abuse and neglect appear to have decreased grey matter in the prefrontal cortex.[8]
Effects of pornography
A 2014 study has recently shown that there is a significant negative correlation between reported pornography hours per week and gray matter volume in the right caudate of the frontostriatal circuit, as well as with functional activity during a sexual cue–reactivity paradigm in the left putamen of the same. It cannot be concluded that quantity of pornography consumption reduces gray matter volume or if lower gray matter volume results in more pornography consumption. [9]
History
Etymology
In the current edition[10] of the official Latin nomenclature, Terminologia Anatomica, substantia grisea is used for English grey matter. The adjective grisea for grey is however not attested in classical Latin.[11] The adjective grisea is derived from the French word for grey, gris.[11] Alternative designations like substantia cana [12] and substantia cinerea [13] are being used alternatively. The adjective cana, attested in classical Latin,[14] can mean grey,[11] or greyish white.[15] The classical Latin cinerea means ash-colored.[14]
Additional images
-
Human brain right dissected lateral view -
Schematic representation of the chief ganglionic categories (I to V).
See also
References
- ^ Purves, Dale, George J. Augustine, David Fitzpatrick, William C. Hall, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, James O. McNamara, and Leonard E. White (2008). Neuroscience. 4th ed. Sinauer Associates. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-0-87893-697-7.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Kolb & Whishaw: Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology (2003) page 49
- ^ Miller, A. K. H.; Alston, Corsellis (28 June 2008). "VARIATION WITH AGE IN THE VOLUMES OF GREY AND WHITE MATTER IN THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES OF MAN: MEASUREMENTS WITH AN IMAGE ANALYSER". Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 6 (2): 119–132. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.1980.tb00283.x. PMID 7374914.
- ^ Sowell, Elizabeth (15 November 2001). "Mapping Continued Brain Growth and Gray Matter Density Reduction in Dorsal Frontal Cortex: Inverse Relationships during Postadolescent Brain Maturation". The Journal of Neuroscience.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Taki, Y., Kinomura, S., Sato, K., Goto, R., Wu, K., Kawashima, R., & Fukuda, H. "Correlation between gray/white matter volume and cognition in healthy elderly people". Brain and Cognition. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Li, M., Cui, L., Deng, W., Ma, X., Huang, C., Jiang, L., & ... Li, T. "Voxel-based morphometric analysis on the volume of gray matter in bipolar I disorder". Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Almeida, Osvaldo. "Smoking causes brain cell loss and cognitive decline". NeuroImage. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
- ^ http://news.yale.edu/2011/12/05/past-abuse-leads-loss-grey-matter-brains-adolescents-0
- ^ http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1874574
- ^ Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) (1998). Terminologia Anatomica. Stuttgart: Thieme
- ^ a b c Triepel, H. (1910). Die anatomischen Namen. Ihre Ableitung und Aussprache. Mit einem Anhang: Biographische Notizen.(Dritte Auflage). Wiesbaden: Verlag J.F. Bergmann.
- ^ Triepel, H. (1910). Nomina Anatomica. Mit Unterstützung von Fachphilologen. Wiesbaden: Verlag J.F. Bergmann.
- ^ Schreger, C.H.Th.(1805). Synonymia anatomica. Synonymik der anatomischen Nomenclatur. Fürth: im Bureau für Literatur.
- ^ a b Lewis, C.T. & Short, C. (1879). A Latin dictionary founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- ^ Stearn, W.T. (1983). Botanical Latin. History, grammar, syntax, terminology and vocabulary. (3rd edition). Newton Abbot London: David Charles.