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Medicinal Use

P. incarnata is used to treat anxiety, nervousness, insomnia, asthma and ADHD. Some side effects has been reported, like dizziness, confusion and nausea ^[1]. Methanol extractions from the leaves has been reported to be an effective antitussive in mice ^[2] and are effective to treat anxiety ^[3] .

The plant can be used to treat Diabetes mellitus as the extractions of leaves contain high hypergylcemic activity by lowering the blood glucose level ^[4].

Substances

The main substances in P. incarnata are flavonoids, but also alkaloids and other phyto-constituents can be found.

Flavonoids are the main component in P. incarnata. They can reach up to 2.5% of the total content. The greatest concentration of flavonoids has been reported to be in the leaves. Following flavonoids can be found in P. incarnata: chrysin, apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, kaempferol and isovitexin ^[5]. The flavonoid chrysin is thought to be the main substance responsible for the sedative effect of P. incarnata. The anxiety-reducing property is caused by the binding of chrysin to GABA-Benzodiazepinreceptors ^[6]. Little amounts of alkaloids has been reported in P. incarnata (<0.005%). Examples for alkaloids are: harmol, harmine, harmalol ^[7]. Other substances existing in P. incarnata includes mono- and polysaccharids, amino acids and essential oils ^[8].

^ Rodriguez-Fragoso, L., Reyes-Esparza, J., Burchiel, S. W., Herrera-Ruiz, D., & Torres, E. (2008). Risks and benefits of commonly used herbal medicines in Mexico. Toxicology and Applied pharmacology, 227(1), 125-135
^ Dhawan, Kamaldeep, and Anupam Sharma. "Antitussive activity of the methanol extract of Passiflora incarnata leaves." Fitoterapia 73.5 (2002): 397-399.
^ Dhawan, K., Kumar, S., & Sharma, A. (2001). Anxiolytic activity of aerial and underground parts of Passiflora incarnata. Fitoterapia, 72(8), 922-926.
^ Gupta, R. K., Kumar, D., Chaudhary, A. K., Maithani, M., & Singh, R. (2012). Antidiabetic activity of Passiflora incarnata Linn. in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 139(3), 801-806.
^ Dhawan, K., Dhawan, S., & Sharma, A. (2004). Passiflora: a review update. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 94(1), 1-23.
^ Peter, H., & Penzel, T. (2007). Enzyklopädie der Schlafmedizin. Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio: Springer.)
^ Dhawan, K., Dhawan, S., & Sharma, A. (2004). Passiflora: a review update. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 94(1), 1-23.
^ Krenn, L. (2006). Aktuelles über Passiflora incarnata. Zeitschrift für Phytotherapie, 27(01), 47-50.

[1] Rodriguez-Fragoso, L., Reyes-Esparza, J., Burchiel, S. W., Herrera-Ruiz, D., & Torres, E. (2008). Risks and benefits of commonly used herbal medicines in Mexico. Toxicology and Applied pharmacology, 227(1), 125-135

[2] Dhawan, Kamaldeep, and Anupam Sharma. "Antitussive activity of the methanol extract of Passiflora incarnata leaves." Fitoterapia 73.5 (2002): 397-399.

[3] Dhawan, K., Kumar, S., & Sharma, A. (2001). Anxiolytic activity of aerial and underground parts of Passiflora incarnata. Fitoterapia, 72(8), 922-926.

[4] Gupta, R. K., Kumar, D., Chaudhary, A. K., Maithani, M., & Singh, R. (2012). Antidiabetic activity of Passiflora incarnata Linn. in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 139(3), 801-806.

[5] Dhawan, K., Dhawan, S., & Sharma, A. (2004). Passiflora: a review update. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 94(1), 1-23.

[6] Peter, H., & Penzel, T. (2007). Enzyklopädie der Schlafmedizin. Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio: Springer.)

[7] Dhawan, K., Dhawan, S., & Sharma, A. (2004). Passiflora: a review update. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 94(1), 1-23.

[8] Krenn, L. (2006). Aktuelles über Passiflora incarnata. Zeitschrift für Phytotherapie, 27(01), 47-50.

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 == Medicinal Use ==
-''P. incarnata'' is used to treat anxiety, nervousness, insomnia, asthma and ADHD. Some side effects has been reported, like dizziness, confusion and nausea. (Rodriguez-Fadaso et al., 2008). Methanol extractions from the leaves has been reported to be an effective antitussive in mice. (Dhawan,) and are effective to treat anxiety (Dhawan).
+''P. incarnata'' is used to treat anxiety, nervousness, insomnia, asthma and ADHD. Some side effects has been reported, like dizziness, confusion and nausea <ref>Rodriguez-Fragoso, L., Reyes-Esparza, J., Burchiel, S. W., Herrera-Ruiz, D., & Torres, E. (2008). Risks and benefits of commonly used herbal medicines in Mexico. Toxicology and Applied pharmacology, 227(1), 125-135</ref>. Methanol extractions from the leaves has been reported to be an effective antitussive in mice <ref>Dhawan, Kamaldeep, and Anupam Sharma. "Antitussive activity of the methanol extract of Passiflora incarnata leaves." Fitoterapia 73.5 (2002): 397-399.</ref> and are effective to treat anxiety <ref>Dhawan, K., Kumar, S., & Sharma, A. (2001). Anxiolytic activity of aerial and underground parts of Passiflora incarnata. Fitoterapia, 72(8), 922-926.</ref> .
-The plant can be used to treat Diabetes mellitus as the extractions of leaves contain high hypergylcemic activity by lowering the blood glucose level. (Gupta et al.)
+The plant can be used to treat Diabetes mellitus as the extractions of leaves contain high hypergylcemic activity by lowering the blood glucose level <ref>Gupta, R. K., Kumar, D., Chaudhary, A. K., Maithani, M., & Singh, R. (2012). Antidiabetic activity of Passiflora incarnata Linn. in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 139(3), 801-806.</ref>.
 == Substances ==