Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/5/Physical sciences/Earth science

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Vital articles is a list of subjects for which Wikipedia should have corresponding high-quality articles. It serves as a centralized watchlist to track the status of Wikipedia's most essential articles. This is one of the sub-lists of the fifty thousand article Vital articles/Level 5 and is currently under construction.

Articles in the Vital list have their assessments labelled as:

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• Former featured articles
• A-class articles
• Good articles
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• Unassessed articles

The progress bar is auto-updated via category count, and the symbols and article counts are updated daily by User:cewbot. Please read the FAQ before modifying the article list.

Total articles: 841/1,200

For specific geographical objects see Geography

Earth science basics (1 article)

1. Earth science (Level 3)

Earth (631 articles)

General (13 articles)

1. Figure of the Earth
   1. Earth ellipsoid
   2. Equatorial bulge
   3. Flat Earth
   4. Spherical Earth
2. Structure of Earth (Level 3)
   1. Earth's inner core (Level 4)
   2. Earth's outer core (Level 4)
   3. Mantle (Level 4)
   4. Mohorovičić discontinuity
3. Natural disaster (Level 4)
   1. Geohazard
4. Natural resource (Level 4)

Geology (323 articles)

General (3 articles)

1. Geology (Level 2)
2. Geologic record
3. Core sample

Mineralogy (74 articles)

1. Mineral (Level 3)
2. Mineralogy (Level 4)
3. Gemstone (Level 4)
4. Native element mineral
   1. Native copper
5. Sulfide mineral
   1. Pyrite
   2. Galena
   3. Sphalerite
   4. Chalcopyrite
6. Oxide mineral
   1. Corundum
      1. Sapphire (Level 4)
      2. Ruby (Level 4)
   2. Magnetite
   3. Hematite
   4. Ilmenite
   5. Spinel
7. Halide mineral
   1. Fluorite
   2. Halite
   3. Sylvite
8. Carbonate mineral
   1. Calcite
   2. Siderite
   3. Aragonite
   4. Dolomite
9. Sulfate mineral
   1. Baryte
   2. Gypsum (Level 4)
10. Phosphate mineral
    1. Apatite
11. Silicate mineral
    1. Silicate (Level 4)
    2. Asbestos (Level 4)
    3. Olivine
       1. Forsterite
       2. Fayalite
    4. Garnet
    5. Zircon
    6. Andalusite
    7. Sillimanite
    8. Kyanite
    9. Staurolite
    10. Topaz
    11. Epidote
    12. Beryl
        1. Emerald (Level 4)
    13. Pyroxene (Level 4)
        1. Augite
        2. Diopside
        3. Enstatite
        4. Hedenbergite
        5. Wollastonite
        6. Pigeonite
    14. Amphibole
        1. Hornblende
        2. Cummingtonite
        3. Jade (Level 4)
    15. Mica (Level 4)
        1. Muscovite
        2. Biotite
        3. Clay mineral
           1. Kaolinite (Level 4)
           2. Talc (Level 4)
    16. Chlorite group
    17. Quartz (Level 4)
    18. Feldspar (Level 4)
        1. Plagioclase
        2. Orthoclase
        3. Microcline
        4. Anorthite
        5. Albite
12. Mineral physics

Petrology (62 articles)

1. Petrology (Level 4)
2. Rock (Level 3)
3. Bowen's reaction series
4. Igneous rock (Level 4)
   1. Volcanic rock
   2. Extrusive rock
      1. Rhyolite
      2. Dacite
      3. Andesite
      4. Basalt (Level 4)
      5. Komatiite
   3. Intrusive rock
      1. Granite (Level 4)
      2. Granodiorite
      3. Diorite
      4. Gabbro
      5. Peridotite
   4. Tuff (Level 4)
   5. Magma (Level 4)
   6. Igneous intrusion
   7. Batholith
   8. Diapir
   9. Volcanic glass
      1. Obsidian
      2. Pumice
5. Sedimentary rock (Level 4)
   1. Carbonate rock
      1. Limestone (Level 4)
      2. Dolomite
      3. Oolite
   2. Clastic rock
      1. Shale
         1. Oil shale (Level 4)
      2. Mudrock
      3. Siltstone
      4. Sandstone (Level 4)
         1. Greywacke
      5. Conglomerate (Level 4)
      6. Breccia (Level 4)
   3. Bauxite (Level 4)
   4. Evaporite
   5. Banded iron formation
   6. Turbidite
6. Metamorphic rock (Level 4)
   1. Schist (Level 4)
      1. Greenschist
      2. Blueschist
   2. Marble (Level 4)
   3. Gneiss (Level 4)
   4. Slate (Level 4)
   5. Amphibolite
   6. Granulite
   7. Hornfels
   8. Migmatite
   9. Phyllite
   10. Quartzite
   11. Tectonite
       1. Cataclasite
       2. Mylonite
7. Meteorite (Level 4)
8. Facies
9. Porosity

Structural geology (23 articles)

1. Structural geology
2. Strike and dip
3. Fabric
   1. Foliation
      1. Crenulation
   2. Lineation
4. Boudinage
5. Fold (Level 4)
   1. Anticline
   2. Syncline
6. Fracture
   1. Joint
   2. Fault (Level 4)
      1. Thrust fault (Level 4)
      2. Detachment fault
      3. Shear
   3. Cleavage
   4. Vein
7. Horst and graben
8. Shear zone
9. Structural basin
10. Ductility
    1. Brittle–ductile transition zone

Tectonics (51 articles)

1. Plate tectonics (Level 3)
2. Continental drift
3. Continent (Level 3)
   1. Continental fragment
   2. Craton
4. Continental shelf (Level 4)
5. Continental margin
6. Continental rise
7. Abyssal plain (Level 4)
8. Divergent boundary
   1. Rift
   2. Mid-ocean ridge (Level 4)
   3. Pull-apart basin
   4. Ridge push
9. Transform fault
10. Convergent boundary
    1. Subduction
       1. Oceanic trench (Level 4)
       2. Accretionary wedge
       3. Slab
       4. Slab pull
    2. Tectonic uplift
    3. Orogeny
       1. Forearc
       2. Back-arc basin
       3. Foreland basin
11. Passive margin
12. Décollement
13. Lithosphere (Level 4)
    1. Crust (Level 4)
       1. Continental crust
       2. Oceanic crust
14. Asthenosphere
15. Mesosphere
16. Shield
17. Triple junction
18. Geologic province

Tectonic plates (14 articles)

1. African Plate
2. Arabian Plate
3. Antarctic Plate
4. Caribbean Plate
5. Cocos Plate
6. Eurasian Plate
7. Indo-Australian Plate
8. Nazca Plate
9. North American Plate
10. Pacific Plate
11. Philippine Sea Plate
12. South American Plate
13. Farallon Plate
    1. Juan de Fuca Plate

Volcanology (26 articles)

1. Volcanology
2. Volcanism
3. Volcanic arc
4. Volcano (Level 3)
   1. Supervolcano
   2. Cinder cone
   3. Shield volcano
   4. Stratovolcano
   5. Complex volcano
5. Volcanic cone
6. Geyser (Level 4)
7. Hotspot (Level 4)
8. Lava (Level 4)
9. Caldera
10. Dike
11. Lahar
12. Magma chamber
13. Sill
14. Volatiles
15. Hydrothermal vent
16. Greenstone belt
17. Pyroclastic flow
18. Flood basalt
19. Large igneous province
20. Lava field
21. Maar

Sedimentology (42 articles)

1. Sediment (Level 4)
2. Grain size
   1. Clay (Level 4)
   2. Silt
   3. Mud
   4. Sand (Level 4)
   5. Gravel (Level 4)
   6. Pebble
   7. Cobble
   8. Boulder
3. Pelagic sediment
   1. Siliceous ooze
   2. Pelagic red clay
4. Till
5. Alluvium
6. Deposition
7. Diagenesis
8. Sedimentary basin (Level 4)
   1. Sedimentary basin analysis
9. Sediment transport
   1. Sediment gravity flow
   2. Bed load
   3. Suspended load
   4. Dissolved load
10. Aggradation
11. Degradation
12. Bioturbation
13. Cementation
14. Sedimentary structures
    1. Cross-bedding
    2. Hummocky cross-stratification
    3. Bedform
       1. Ripple marks
    4. Soft-sediment deformation structures
    5. Mudcrack
15. Graded bedding
16. Lamination
17. Bed
18. Roundness
19. Regolith
20. Paleosol
21. Loess

Stratigraphy (27 articles)

1. Stratigraphy (Level 4)
   1. Lithostratigraphy
   2. Biostratigraphy
   3. Chronostratigraphy
   4. Magnetostratigraphy
   5. Sequence stratigraphy
2. Stratigraphic unit (Level 4)
   1. Group
   2. Geological formation
3. Stratum
4. Marine regression
5. Marine transgression
6. Basement
7. Contact
   1. Unconformity
8. Law of superposition
9. Stratigraphic section
10. System
    1. Series
    2. Stage
11. Biozone
12. List of index fossils
13. Sequence
14. Parasequence
15. Type locality
16. Cratonic sequence
17. Past sea level

Geologic features (15 articles)

1. Slave Craton
   1. Acasta Gneiss
2. Algoman orogeny
3. Belt Supergroup
4. Central Asian Orogenic Belt
5. Terra Australis Orogen
6. Siberian Traps
7. Laramide orogeny
8. Deccan Traps
9. Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
10. Andean orogeny
11. Columbia River Basalt Group
12. Geology of the Himalaya
13. Hawaii hotspot
14. Yellowstone hotspot

Geophysics (41 articles)

1. Geophysics (Level 4)
2. Computational geophysics
3. Mathematical geophysics
4. Forensic geophysics
5. Near-surface geophysics
6. Geodesy (Level 4)
   1. Physical geodesy
7. Geophysical fluid dynamics
8. Geodynamics
   1. Byerlee's law
   2. Fault mechanics
9. Theory of tides
10. Gravimetry
    1. Gravity of Earth
11. Earth's internal heat budget
12. Geothermal gradient
13. Isostasy
14. Mantle convection
    1. Mantle plume
15. Earth's magnetic field (Level 4)
    1. Geomagnetic pole
    2. North Magnetic Pole
    3. South Magnetic Pole
    4. Magnetic anomaly
    5. Van Allen radiation belt

Seismology (16 articles)

1. Seismology (Level 4)
2. Seismic wave
   1. P wave
   2. S wave
   3. Love wave
3. Seismic refraction
4. Seismic tomography
5. Earthquake (Level 3)
   1. Moment magnitude scale
   2. Foreshock
   3. Megathrust earthquake
   4. Aftershock
   5. Epicenter
   6. Focal mechanism
   7. Earthquake prediction
   8. Earthquake forecasting

Geochemistry (17 articles)

1. Geochemistry
2. Isotope geochemistry
   1. Primordial nuclide
   2. δ¹³C
   3. δ¹⁸O
3. Geochemical cycle
   1. Carbon cycle
   2. Nitrogen cycle
   3. Oxygen cycle
4. Igneous differentiation
   1. Partial melting
5. Trace element
6. Biogeochemistry
   1. Organic geochemistry
   2. Remineralisation
7. Metamorphic reaction
8. Recrystallization

Historical geology (92 articles)

Basics (5 articles)

1. History of Earth (Level 3)
   1. Geological history of Earth (Level 4)
2. Historical geology
3. Age of Earth
4. Extinction event (Level 4)

Geochronology (14 articles)

1. Geochronology (Level 4)
2. Absolute dating
   1. Radiometric dating
   2. Closure temperature
   3. K–Ar dating
   4. Argon–argon dating
   5. Rubidium–strontium dating
   6. Uranium–lead dating
3. Relative dating
4. Detrital zircon geochronology
5. Monazite geochronology
6. Paleomagnetism
   1. Geomagnetic reversal
7. Thermochronology

Paleoclimate (4 articles)

1. Paleoclimatology
2. Paleothermometer
3. Ice age (Level 4)
4. Geological history of oxygen

Events (20 articles)

1. Early Earth
2. Late Heavy Bombardment
3. Great Oxidation Event (Level 4)
4. Snowball Earth
   1. Huronian glaciation
   2. Sturtian glaciation
   3. Marinoan glaciation
5. Cambrian explosion (Level 4)
6. Ordovician–Silurian extinction events (Level 4)
7. Andean-Saharan glaciation
8. Late Devonian extinction (Level 4)
9. Late Paleozoic icehouse
10. Permian–Triassic extinction event (Level 4)
11. Triassic–Jurassic extinction event (Level 4)
12. Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event (Level 4)
    1. Alvarez hypothesis
13. Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
14. Quaternary glaciation
15. Last Glacial Period
    1. Last Glacial Maximum

Paleogeography (16 articles)

1. Paleocontinent
   1. Baltica
   2. Laurentia
2. Supercontinent
   1. Euramerica
   2. Gondwana
   3. Laurasia
   4. Pangaea (Level 4)
   5. Pannotia
   6. Rodinia
3. Iapetus Ocean
4. Paleo-Tethys Ocean
5. Panthalassa
6. Rheic Ocean
7. Tethys Ocean
8. Western Interior Seaway

Geological timescale (33 articles)

1. Geologic time scale (Level 4)
2. Precambrian (Level 4)
   1. Hadean
   2. Archean
   3. Proterozoic
      1. Paleoproterozoic
      2. Mesoproterozoic
      3. Neoproterozoic
         1. Ediacaran
3. Phanerozoic (Level 4)
   1. Paleozoic (Level 4)
      1. Cambrian (Level 4)
      2. Ordovician
      3. Silurian
      4. Devonian
      5. Carboniferous
      6. Permian (Level 4)
   2. Mesozoic (Level 4)
      1. Triassic (Level 4)
      2. Jurassic (Level 4)
      3. Cretaceous (Level 4)
   3. Cenozoic (Level 4)
      1. Paleogene
         1. Paleocene
         2. Eocene
         3. Oligocene
      2. Neogene
         1. Miocene
         2. Pliocene
      3. Quaternary (Level 4)
         1. Pleistocene
         2. Holocene (Level 4)
         3. Anthropocene

Geomorphology (97 articles)

General (8 articles)

1. Geomorphology (Level 4)
2. Erosion (Level 3)
3. Weathering (Level 4)
   1. Abrasion
   2. Mass wasting
      1. Avalanche (Level 4)
      2. Landslide (Level 4)
4. Subsidence

Landforms (89 articles)

General (14 articles)

1. Landform (Level 4)
2. Land (Level 2)
3. Highland
4. Upland and lowland
5. Mountain range (Level 4)
6. Hill (Level 4)
7. Valley (Level 4)
   1. Rift valley
   2. Ravine
8. Plateau (Level 4)
9. Plain (Level 4)
10. Depression
    1. Impact crater (Level 4)
11. Escarpment

Montane landforms (7 articles)

1. Mountain (Level 3)
2. Fault block
3. Fold mountains
4. Mountain pass
5. Ridge
6. Summit
7. Scree

Fluvial landforms (17 articles)

1. River morphology
2. Alluvial fan (Level 4)
3. Beach (Level 4)
4. Canyon (Level 4)
5. Cliff (Level 4)
6. Floodplain (Level 4)
7. Meander (Level 4)
8. Oasis (Level 4)
9. Rapids (Level 4)
10. Waterfall (Level 4)
11. Bar
    1. Point bar
12. Promontory
13. Stream bed
14. River valley
    1. Gully
15. Cut bank

Glacial landforms (6 articles)

1. Glacial landform (Level 4)
2. Fjord (Level 4)
3. Moraine (Level 4)
4. Cirque
5. U-shaped valley
6. Esker

Other erosional landforms (5 articles)

1. Mesa (Level 4)
2. Hummock
3. Badlands
4. Butte
5. Terrace

Caves (9 articles)

1. Cave (Level 4)
2. Karst (Level 4)
3. Speleothem
   1. Stalactite
   2. Stalagmite
4. Solutional cave
5. Lava tube
6. Sinkhole
   1. Cenote

Oceanic and coastal landforms (27 articles)

1. Oceanic basin
2. Archipelago (Level 4)
3. Bay (Level 4)
4. Coast (Level 4)
   1. Cliffed coast
   2. Flat coast
5. Coral reef (Level 4)
6. Headland
   1. Cape
7. Lagoon (Level 4)
8. Peninsula (Level 4)
9. Island (Level 3)
   1. Tidal island
   2. Barrier island
   3. Coral island
      1. Atoll (Level 4)
   4. High island
   5. Islet
   6. Lake island
   7. River island
   8. Desert island
10. Seamount (Level 4)
11. Mudflat
12. Isthmus
13. Sea cave
14. Shoal
15. Shore

Aeolian landforms (2 articles)

1. Aeolian processes (Level 4)
2. Dune (Level 4)

Artificial landforms (3 articles)

1. Artificial island (Level 4)
2. Land reclamation (Level 4)
3. Polder (Level 4)

Biomes (26 articles)

General (5 articles)

1. Desert (Level 3)
   1. Drought (Level 4)
2. Tundra (Level 4)
3. Heath (Level 4)
4. Moorland (Level 4)

Forests (9 articles)

1. Forest (Level 3)
2. Jungle (Level 4)
3. Mangrove (Level 4)
4. Taiga (Level 4)
5. Rainforest (Level 4)
   1. Tropical rainforest (Level 4)
   2. Temperate rainforest
6. Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests (Level 4)
7. Woodland

Grasslands (5 articles)

1. Grassland (Level 3)
2. Meadow (Level 4)
3. Prairie (Level 4)
4. Savanna (Level 4)
5. Steppe (Level 4)

Wetlands (7 articles)

1. Wetland (Level 4)
2. Bog (Level 4)
3. Fen
4. Marsh (Level 4)
5. Mire
6. Riparian zone
7. Swamp (Level 4)

Pedology (22 articles)

1. Pedology
2. Soil science (Level 4)
3. Soil (Level 3)
   1. Peat (Level 4)
4. Soil classification
5. Soil type
6. Pedogenesis (Level 4)
7. Pedosphere (Level 4)
8. Soil fertility (Level 4)
9. Soil health
10. Soil physics
11. Soil chemistry
    1. Soil pH
12. Soil morphology
13. Soil horizon
14. Soil acidification
15. Soil texture
16. Tilth
17. Humus
18. Podzol
19. Leaching
20. Downhill creep

Air (139 articles)

Atmosphere (9 articles)

General (5 articles)

1. Atmosphere of Earth (Level 3)
2. Air mass (Level 4)
3. Atmospheric pressure (Level 4)
4. Atmospheric science (Level 4)
5. Ozone depletion (Level 4)

Atmospheric optics (4 articles)

1. Aurora (Level 4)
2. Mirage (Level 4)
3. Rainbow (Level 4)
4. Sky (Level 4)

Climatology (29 articles)

1. Climatology (Level 4)
2. Climate (Level 2)
3. Climate sensitivity
4. Climate change (Level 3)
   1. Climate change mitigation
   2. Effects of climate change
   3. Politics of climate change
   4. Economics of climate change
   5. Greenhouse effect
      1. Greenhouse gas
      2. Greenhouse gas emissions by China
      3. Greenhouse gas emissions by India
      4. Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
5. Tipping points in the climate system
6. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (Level 4)
7. Köppen climate classification (Level 4)
8. Polar climate
9. Climate of the Arctic
10. Subarctic climate
11. Alpine climate
12. Temperate climate (Level 4)
13. Mediterranean climate
14. Tropical climate (Level 4)
15. Desert climate
16. Semi-arid climate
17. Tropical monsoon climate
18. Tropical rainforest climate
19. Tropical savanna climate
20. Global dimming

Meteorology (101 articles)

General (7 articles)

1. Meteorology (Level 4)
2. Weather (Level 3)
3. Weather front (Level 4)
4. Weather forecasting (Level 4)
5. Humidity (Level 4)
6. Low-pressure area
7. Indian summer

Clouds (24 articles)

1. Cloud (Level 3)
2. Cirrus cloud (Level 4)
3. Cumulonimbus cloud (Level 4)
4. Cumulus cloud (Level 4)
5. Fog (Level 4)
6. Mist
7. Diamond dust
8. Funnel cloud
9. Cirrostratus cloud
   1. Cirrostratus nebulosus
10. Nimbostratus cloud
11. Fractus cloud
12. Stratus cloud
13. Altostratus cloud
    1. Altostratus undulatus cloud
14. Stratocumulus cloud
15. Altocumulus cloud
16. Cirrocumulus cloud
17. Noctilucent cloud
18. Polar mesospheric clouds
19. Polar stratospheric cloud
20. Cumulus congestus cloud
21. Cumulus mediocris cloud
22. Cumulus humilis cloud

Precipitation (14 articles)

1. Precipitation (Level 4)
2. Rain (Level 3)
   1. Acid rain (Level 4)
   2. Freezing rain
3. Snow (Level 3)
4. Hail (Level 4)
5. Dew (Level 4)
6. Frost (Level 4)
7. Ice pellets
8. Rain and snow mixed
9. Graupel
10. Drizzle
11. Cloudburst
12. Rain shadow

Seasons (11 articles)

1. Season (Level 3)
2. Spring (Level 4)
3. Summer (Level 4)
   1. Heat wave
4. Autumn (Level 4)
5. Winter (Level 4)
   1. Cold wave
6. Wildfire (Level 4)
7. Wet season
8. Dry season
9. Atlantic hurricane season

Atmospheric circulation (7 articles)

1. Atmospheric circulation (Level 4)
2. Anticyclone (Level 4)
3. Cyclone (Level 4)
4. Extratropical cyclone (Level 4)
5. Hadley cell (Level 4)
6. Polar vortex (Level 4)
7. Walker circulation (Level 4)

Storms (27 articles)

1. Storm (Level 4)
2. Winter storm
   1. Blizzard (Level 4)
   2. Ice storm
   3. Snowsquall
3. Whirlwind
   1. Tornado (Level 3)
      1. Landspout
      2. Multiple-vortex tornado
      3. Waterspout
   2. Gustnado
   3. Fire whirl
   4. Dust devil
   5. Steam devil
4. Tropical cyclone (Level 3)
5. Dust storm (Level 4)
   1. Dust
6. Atmospheric electricity
   1. Lightning (Level 4)
      1. Lightning strike
      2. Ball lightning
      3. Sprite
      4. Thunder
   2. Thunderstorm (Level 4)
      1. Supercell
7. Geomagnetic storm
8. St. Elmo's fire

Winds (11 articles)

1. Wind (Level 3)
2. Foehn wind
3. Intertropical Convergence Zone
4. Jet stream (Level 4)
5. Katabatic wind
6. Mistral
7. Monsoon (Level 4)
8. Prevailing winds
9. Sea breeze
10. Trade winds (Level 4)
11. Westerlies

Water (69 articles)

General (3 articles)

1. Hydrosphere (Level 4)
2. Cryosphere (Level 4)
3. Flood (Level 3)

Oceanography (19 articles)

1. Oceanography (Level 4)
2. Sea (Level 2)
   1. Seawater
3. Ocean (Level 4)
4. Tide (Level 4)
   1. Tidal range
5. Intertidal zone
   1. Tide pool
6. Sea level (Level 4)
   1. Sea level rise
7. Seabed (Level 4)
8. Ocean current (Level 4)
9. Turbidity current
10. Thermohaline circulation (Level 4)
11. Chemical oceanography
    1. Ocean chemistry
12. Tsunami (Level 4)
13. Wind wave
    1. Rogue wave

Glaciology (8 articles)

1. Glacier (Level 3)
2. Ice sheet (Level 4)
3. Ice shelf (Level 4)
4. Iceberg (Level 4)
5. Sea ice (Level 4)
6. Permafrost (Level 4)
7. Basal sliding
8. Crevasse

Hydrology (39 articles)

1. Hydrology (Level 4)
2. Water cycle (Level 4)
3. Groundwater (Level 4)
   1. Spring (Level 4)
   2. Aquifer
      1. Artesian aquifer
   3. Groundwater recharge
4. Hydrography (Level 4)
5. Limnology (Level 4)
6. Lake (Level 3)
   1. Volcanic crater lake
   2. Dry lake (Level 4)
      1. Salt pan
   3. Pond (Level 4)
   4. Alpine lake
   5. Glacial lake
      1. Proglacial lake
   6. Oxbow lake
   7. Pluvial lake
   8. Rift lake
   9. Underground lake
   10. Salt lake
7. River (Level 3)
   1. Stream
   2. Drainage basin (Level 4)
      1. Endorheic basin
   3. Estuary (Level 4)
   4. River delta (Level 4)
   5. Avulsion
   6. Channel pattern
      1. Braided river
      2. Meander (Level 4)
   7. Bedrock river
   8. Alluvial river
   9. Streamflow
   10. Losing stream
   11. Arroyo
   12. Thalweg
   13. Discharge

Biological materials (3 articles)

1. Amber (Level 4)
2. Ivory (Level 4)
3. Pearl (Level 4)