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15-minute city

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The 15-minute city is a residential urban concept in which most daily necessities can be accomplished by either walking or cycling from residents' homes.[1][2][3][4] The concept was popularized by Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo and inspired by French-Colombian scientist Carlos Moreno.[5][6]15-minute cities are built from a series of 5-minute neighborhoods, also known as complete communities or walkable neighborhoods.[7] The concept has been described as a "return to a local way of life."[8]

History

The 15-minute city concept is derived from historical concepts of proximity and walkability, such as Clarence Perry's controversial neighborhood unit. As inspiration for the 15-minute city, Moreno cited Jane Jacobs's model laid out in The Death and Life of Great American Cities.[9][10][11]

Anne Hidalgo, the mayor of Paris, included a plan to implement the 15-minute city concept during her 2020 re-election campaign.[12]

The climate crisis and global COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the consideration and implementation of the 15-minute city.[10] In July 2020, the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group published a framework for cities to "build back better" using the 15-minute concept, referring specifically to plans implemented in Milan, Madrid, Edinburgh, and Seattle after COVID-19 outbreaks.[13] The C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group report highlighted the importance of an inclusive community engagement through mechanisms like participatory budgeting and adjusting city plans and infrastructure to encourage dense, complete overall communities.[13]

A manifesto published in Barcelona in April 2020 proposing a radical change in the organization of cities in the wake of COVID-19 was signed by 160 academics and 300 architects. The proposal is based on four key elements: reorganization of mobility, (re) naturalization of the city, de-commodification of housing, and de-growth.[14][15][16]

Research Models

The 15-minute city is a proposal for developing a polycentric city, where density is made pleasant, one's proximity is vibrant, and social intensity (a large number of productive, intricately linked social ties) is real.[10][17][18][19]

Carlos Moreno first proposed the 15-minute city in 2016. Other authors have proposed similar but different models within the realm of chrono-urbanism.[10]

Moreno and the 15-minute city

Moreno's 2021 article introduced the 15-minute city concept as a way to ensure that urban residents can fulfill six essential functions within a 15-minute walk or bike from their dwellings. These functions include: living, working, commerce, healthcare, education and entertainment.[10] The 15-minute city framework of this model has four components; density, proximity, diversity and digitalization.[10]

Moreno cites the work of Nikos Salingaros, who posits that there exists an optimal density for urban development which would encourage local solutions to local problems.[10][20] The authors discuss proximity in terms of both space and time and argue that a 15-minute city would decrease both space and time necessary for activity.[10] Diversity in this 15-minute city model refers to mixed-use development and multicultural neighborhoods, both of which Moreno et al. argue would improve the urban experience and increase community participation in the planning process. Digitalization is a key aspect of the 15-minute city derived from smart cities. Moreno et al. argue that the Fourth Industrial Revolution has reduced the need for commuting because of access to technology like virtual communication and online shopping. Moreno et al. conclude by stating that these four components, when implemented at scale, would form an accessible city with a high quality of life.[10]

Larson and the 20-minute city

The 20-minute city concept was described by Kent Larson in a 2012 TED talk[21] and his City Science Group at the MIT Media Lab has developed a neighborhood simulation platform [22] to integrate the necessary design, technology, and policy interventions into “compact urban cells.” In his “On Cities” Masterclass for the Norman Foster Foundation,[23] Larson proposed that the planet is becoming a network of cities, and those successful cities in the future will evolve into a network of high-performance, resilient, entrepreneurial communities [24]

Weng and the 15-minute walkable neighborhood

Weng et al., in their 2019 article using Shanghai as a case study, proposed the 15-minute walkable neighborhood with a focus on health, and specifically non-communicable diseases.[7] The authors posit the 15-minute walkable neighborhood as a way to improve the health of residents and documented existing disparities in walkability within Shanghai. The authors found that rural areas on average are significantly less walkable and areas with low walkability tend to have a higher proportion of children.[7] Compared to Moreno et al., the authors focused more on the health benefits of walking and differences in walkability and usage across age groups.[10][7]

Da Silva and the 20-minute city

Da Silva et al., in their 2019 article using Tempe, Arizona, as a case study, propose that the 20-minute city, where all needs could be met within 20 minutes by walking, biking, or transit. The authors found that Tempe is highly accessible, especially by bike, but accessibility varies with geographic area. Compared to Moreno et al., the authors focused more on accessibility within the built environment.[25]

Implementations

Africa

Lagos, Nigeria, converted schools that were closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic into food markets to prevent panic buying. The program also decreased commute times and shored up food supplies within communities.[26]

Asia

Singapore's Land Transport Authority in 2019 proposed a by 2040 a master plan that included the goals of "20-minute towns" and a "45-minute city".[27]

China

The 2016 Master Plan for Shanghai called for "15-minute community life circles," where residents could complete all of their daily activities within 15 minutes of walking. The community life circle has been implemented in other Chinese cities, like Baoding and Guangzhou.[28]

The Standard for urban residential area planning and design (GB 50180–2018), a national standard that came into effect in 2018, stipulates four levels of residential areas: 15-min pedestrian-scale neighborhood, 10-min pedestrian-scale neighborhood, 5-min pedestrian-scale neighborhood, and a neighborhood block. Among them, "15-min pedestrian-scale neighborhood" means "residential area divided according to the principle that residents can meet their material, living and cultural demand by walking for 15 minutes; usually surrounded by urban trunk roads or site boundaries, with a population of 50,000 to 100,000 people (about 17,000 to 32,000 households) and complete supporting facilities."

Chengdu, to combat urban sprawl, commissioned the "Great City" plan, where development on the edges of the city would be dense enough to support all necessary services within a 15-minute walk.[29]

Europe

Example of bike lane in Paris

Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo introduced the 15-minute city concept during her 2020 re-election campaign and began implementing the concept during the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, school playgrounds have been converted to parks after hours, while the Place de la Bastille and other squares have been revamped with trees and bicycle lanes.[30]

Cagliari, a city on the Italian island of Sardinia, began a municipal strategic plan for revitalizing the city and improving walkability.[31] The city actively sought public feedback through a participatory planning process, as described in the Moreno model. A unique aspect of the plan calls for re-purposing public spaces and buildings that were no longer being used, relating to the general model of urban intensification.[31]

North America

In 2012, Portland developed a plan for complete neighborhoods within the city, which are aimed at supporting youth, providing affordable housing, and promoting community-driven development and commerce in historically under-served neighborhoods.[32][33] Similar to the Weng et al. model, the Portland plan emphasizes walking and cycling as ways to combat non-communicable diseases like obesity and stresses the importance of the availability of affordable healthy food.[33] The Portland plan notably calls for a high degree of transparency and community engagement during the planning process, which is similar to the diversity component of the Moreno et al. model.[33]

South America

Bogotá, Colombia in March 2021, implemented 84 kilometers of bike lanes to encourage social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic.[34] This expansion complemented the Ciclovía practice that originated in Colombia in 1974, where bicycles are given primary control of streets.[34] The resulting bicycle lane network is the largest of its kind in the world.[35]

Oceania

The city of Melbourne, Australia developed Plan Melbourne 2017–2050 to accommodate growth and combat sprawl.[33][36] The plan contains multiple elements of the 15-minute city concept, including new bike lanes and the construction of "20-minute neighborhoods."[37][38]

Implications

The 15-minute city, with its emphasis on walkability and accessibility, has been put forward as a way to better serve groups of people that have historically been left out of planning, such as women, children, people with disabilities, and the elderly.[33]

Social infrastructure is also emphasized in order to maximize urban functions such as schools, parks, and complementary activities for residents.[33] There is also a large focus on access to green space, which may promote positive environmental impacts such as increasing urban biodiversity and helping to protect the city from invasive species.[33] Studies have found that increased access to green spaces can also have a positive impact on the mental and physical health of a city's inhabitants, reducing stress and negative emotions, increasing happiness, improving sleep, and promoting positive social interactions.[39] Urban residents living near green spaces have also been found to exercise more, improving their physical and mental health.[39]

Critiques

While many cities have implemented policies that resemble the 15-minute city concept, there remains disagreement over whether the model benefits residents. Critics have pointed out that the creation of dense, walkable cores, like a 15-minute neighborhood, often leads to gentrification and displacement.[33] Furthermore, price increases, like those which lead to gentrification, could be most harmful to marginalized groups like people with disabilities, forcing move-outs.[40] Similarly, as the origin of the idea is largely European, critics have argued that implementation of the model could be colonialist and perpetuate harm to marginalized communities.[41]

In addition, critics noted that models are not universal, as cities with less urban sprawl, like those in Europe, are more likely to implement the concept than cities with lots of sprawl, like those in Asia and North America.[30] Notable exceptions include Chengdu, which utilized the 15-minute city concept to curb sprawl, and Melbourne, where Sally Capp, the Lord Mayor of Melbourne, stressed the importance of public transit in expanding the radius of the 15-minute city.[37]

See also

References

  1. ^ "C40 cities: Coronavirus recovery plan: What is '15-minute city' concept?". The Times of India.
  2. ^ Reid, Carlton. "Every Street In Paris To Be Cycle-Friendly By 2024, Promises Mayor". Forbes.
  3. ^ "Paris mayor unveils '15-minute city' plan in re-election campaign". The Guardian. February 7, 2020.
  4. ^ "My Portland Plan: What Makes a Neighborhood Complete?". www.portlandonline.com.
  5. ^ "Paris mayor unveils '15-minute city' plan in re-election campaign". The Guardian. 2020-02-07. Retrieved 2021-03-12.
  6. ^ "Paris mayor unveils '15-minute city' plan in re-election campaign". The Guardian. 2020-02-07. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
  7. ^ a b c d Weng, Min; Ding, Ning; Li, Jing; Jin, Xianfeng; Xiao, He; He, Zhiming; Su, Shiliang (2019-06-01). "The 15-minute walkable neighbourhoods: Measurement, social inequalities and implications for building healthy communities in urban China". Journal of Transport & Health. 13: 259–273. doi:10.1016/j.jth.2019.05.005. ISSN 2214-1405.
  8. ^ "The 15-Minute City—No Cars Required—Is Urban Planning's New Utopia". Bloomberg.com. 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2021-03-12.
  9. ^ Moreno, Carlos. "Transcript of "La ville d'un quart d'heure"". www.ted.com. Retrieved 2021-03-27.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Moreno, Carlos; Allam, Zaheer; Chabaud, Didier; Gall, Catherine; Pratlong, Florent (2021-01-08). "Introducing the "15-Minute City": Sustainability, Resilience and Place Identity in Future Post-Pandemic Cities". Smart Cities. 4 (1): 93–111. doi:10.3390/smartcities4010006.
  11. ^ Talen, Emily; Menozzi, Sunny; Schaefer, Chloe (2015-04-03). "What is a "Great Neighborhood"? An Analysis of APA's Top-Rated Places". Journal of the American Planning Association. 81 (2): 121–141. doi:10.1080/01944363.2015.1067573. ISSN 0194-4363. S2CID 153694519.
  12. ^ "Paris mayor unveils '15-minute city' plan in re-election campaign". The Guardian. 2020-02-07. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
  13. ^ a b "C40 Knowledge Community". www.c40knowledgehub.org. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  14. ^ Paolini, Massimo (2020-04-20). "The manifesto for the reorganisation of the City after COVID19". Retrieved 2021-05-01.
  15. ^ Argemí, Anna (2020-05-08). "Por una Barcelona menos mercantilizada y más humana" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-05-11.
  16. ^ Maiztegui, Belén (2020-06-18). "Manifiesto por la reorganización de la ciudad tras el COVID-19" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-05-11.
  17. ^ "Welcome to the 15-minute city | Financial Times". www.ft.com. Retrieved 2021-03-27.
  18. ^ Name (2020-09-21). "What is a 15-minute city?". City Monitor. Retrieved 2021-03-27.
  19. ^ Yeung, Peter. "How '15-minute cities' will change the way we socialise". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2021-03-27.
  20. ^ Salingaros, N. A. (2006). Compact City Replaces Sprawl. In 1278756283 943627036 A. Graafland, 1278756284 943627036 L. J. Kavanaugh, & 1278756285 943627036 G. Baird (Authors), Crossover: Architecture, urbanism, technology (pp. 100-115). Rotterdam: 010. Retrieved March 29, 2021, from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.157.1747&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  21. ^ "Kent Larson: Brilliant designs to fit more people in every city". ted.com. Retrieved July 21, 2021.
  22. ^ ” CityScope” https://www.media.mit.edu/projects/cityscope/overview/
  23. ^ https://www.normanfosterfoundation.org/the-norman-foster-foundation-presents-on-cities-masterclass-series/
  24. ^ "Kent Larson on Resilient Communities and Sustainability - 'On Cities' Masterclass Series". youtube.com. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
  25. ^ Capasso Da Silva, Denise; King, David A.; Lemar, Shea (2019-12-23). "Accessibility in Practice: 20-Minute City as a Sustainability Planning Goal". Sustainability. 12 (1): 129. doi:10.3390/su12010129.
  26. ^ "Covid-19: Lagos creates makeshift food markets in schools". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 2020-03-29. Retrieved 2021-04-29.
  27. ^ "LTA | Who We Are | Our Work | Land Transport Master Plan 2040". www.lta.gov.sg. Retrieved 2021-04-14.
  28. ^ Lulu, H. O. U.; Yungang, L. I. U. (2017). "Life Circle Construction in China under the Idea of Collaborative Governance: A Comparative Study of Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou". Geographical Review of Japan Series B. 90 (1): 2–16. doi:10.4157/geogrevjapanb.90.2.
  29. ^ Steadman, Ian. "Chengdu plans a prototype 'Great City' as a model for China's suburbs". Wired UK. ISSN 1357-0978. Retrieved 2021-04-29.
  30. ^ a b "The 15-Minute City—No Cars Required—Is Urban Planning's New Utopia". Bloomberg.com. 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  31. ^ a b Balletto, Ginevra; Ladu, Mara; Milesi, Alessandra; Borruso, Giuseppe (January 2021). "A Methodological Approach on Disused Public Properties in the 15-Minute City Perspective". Sustainability. 13 (2): 593. doi:10.3390/su13020593.
  32. ^ "Portland Plan". www.portlandonline.com. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h Pozoukidou, Georgia; Chatziyiannaki, Zoi (2021-01-18). "15-Minute City: Decomposing the New Urban Planning Eutopia". Sustainability. 13 (2): 928. doi:10.3390/su13020928.
  34. ^ a b "Bogotá Is Building its Future Around Bikes". Bloomberg.com. 2020-08-10. Retrieved 2021-04-29.
  35. ^ "Ciclovías Temporales, Bogotá, Colombia". www.who.int. Retrieved 2021-04-29.
  36. ^ Planning (2020-03-24). "Plan Melbourne 2017 - 2050". Planning. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  37. ^ a b "How the '15-Minute City' Could Help Post-Pandemic Recovery". Bloomberg.com. 2020-07-15. Retrieved 2021-04-14.
  38. ^ Planning (2021-03-23). "20-minute neighbourhoods". Planning. Retrieved 2021-04-14.
  39. ^ a b Douglas, Kate Douglas and Joe. "Green spaces aren't just for nature – they boost our mental health too". New Scientist. Retrieved 2021-09-09.
  40. ^ "The '15-Minute City' Isn't Made for Disabled Bodies". Bloomberg.com. 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2021-04-29.
  41. ^ "Where the '15-Minute City' Falls Short". Bloomberg.com. 2021-03-02. Retrieved 2021-04-29.
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