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(Sardinian.)

Phonological processes

Lengthening

  • Consonants are lengthened in the coda of a stressed syllable; cf. /ˈumbra/ [ˈuˑmˑbra].[1] **Is this true for all dialects?**
    • This process turns /p t k/, which are by default [pˑ tˑ kˑ], into the full geminates [pp tt kk].[2]
  • After the words e 'and', a 'to', or a 'interrogative particle', the initial consonant of a following word is lengthened.[3][a]

Intervocalic lenition

  • Singleton stops and fricatives undergo lenition between vowels, even across word-boundaries. The changes are, generally speaking, as follows:[4]
    • /f/ voices to [v].
    • /s/ voices to [z].[b]
    • Latin /b d ɡ/ lenite to zero in Logudorese and Campidanian.
    • Latin /p t k/ voice to /b d ɡ/ in Logudorese and Campidanian.
      • Latin /t/ voices to /d/ in southwestern Nuorese.[c]
      • Latin /k/ lenites to [ʔ] or [h] in southernmost Nuorese.[d]
    • /b d ɡ/, from any of the above sources, spirantize to [β ð ɣ] in all dialects.[e]
  • In Campidanese, word-internal /l/ lenites:[5][f]
    • To [β] or [w] in most of the centre and west.
    • To [ʁ] in the most of the east and Sulcis.
    • To [ʔ] in Sarrabus and parts of the east.
    • To [ɡʷ] in the town of Gesturi.
    • To [ʟ] in traditional lower-class speech in Cagliari.

Paragoge

  • Utterance-final consonants receive an echo vowel; cf. /ˈkɛlɔs/ [ˈkɛːlɔzɔ]. After /n r s/, the vowel is weakly articulated and often inaudible.[6]

Assimilation

Word-final
  • /-t/ assimilates to a following consonant.[7]
  • In Nuorese, /-r -s/ merge and then:[8]
    • Assimilate to a following /l n/ and, variably, /f/.
    • Yield [s] before /p t k s θ/.
    • Yield [r] in all other cases.
  • In Campidanese, /-s/:[9]
    • Voices to [z] before /m b/.
    • Reduces to [∅] before /b d ɡ/.[g]
    • Remains unchanged before /p t k s/.
  • In Logudorese, /-s/:[10]
    • Remains unchanged before /p t k s/.
    • Generally yields [r] in all other cases.
Universal
  • /nd/ [ɳɖ] assimilates to [ɳɳ] in some varieties, particularly northeastern Nuorese.[h]

Notes

  1. ^ This is due to all three words' originally having had a final consonant in Latin (et, ad, aut).
  2. ^ It does not voice in the towns of Dorgali, Orune, Fonni, or Ovodda; and it does so variably in Urzulei (Contini 1987: map 51).
  3. ^ This occurs south and west of a line running approximately from Orune to Dorgali (Contini 1987: map 11).
  4. ^ [ʔ] south of a line running approximately from Olzai to Oliena, [h] in Dorgali (Contini 1987: maps 24–26).
  5. ^ In Nuorese, [v] is a common alternative to [β].
  6. ^ Traditionally, word-initial /l/ also lenited between vowels, but this is becoming increasingly rare. Today its predominant realization is [ɭɭ], which is even beginning to spread to word-internal /l/; cf. [sɔβi~sɔɭɭi] 'sun' (Frigeni 2005: 22).
  7. ^ Sometimes this triggers gemination, resulting in [bb dd ɡɡ].
  8. ^ Per Contini (1987: map 37), consistent assimilation is observed in the towns of Orune, Bitti, Santu Lussurgiu, Desulo, Tonara, Belvì, and Aritzo; while variable assimilation is observed in Onanì, Lula, Lodè, Loculi, Galtellì, Burgos, Esporlatu, Bonorva, Bonannaro, Borutta, and Monti.

References

  1. ^ Mura & Virdis 2015: 30, 65
  2. ^ Mura & Virdis 2015: 14, 75
  3. ^ Mensching & Remberger 2016: 276
  4. ^ Jones 1997: 377
  5. ^ Frigeni 2005: 21
  6. ^ Mura & Virdis: 47–48
  7. ^ Jones 1997: 378
  8. ^ Pittau 1972: §35
  9. ^ Frigeni 2009: 6
  10. ^ Mura & Virdis 2015: 129

Bibliography

  • Frigeni, Chiara. 2005. The development of liquids from Latin to Campidanian Sardinian: The role of contrast and structural similarity. Tortonto working Papers in Linguistics 24. 15–30.
  • Frigeni, Chiara. 2009. Sonorant relationships in two varieties of Sardinian. University of Toronto: doctoral dissertation.
  • Jones, Michael A. 1997. Sardinia. In Maiden, Martin; Mair, Parry, (eds.), The dialects of Italy, 376–384. London: Routledge.
  • Lorinczi, Marinella. 1996. Sociolinguistica della ricerca linguistica: Punti vista divergenti sulle consonanti scempie e geminate nell'italiano di Sardegna. In Actas do XIX congreso internacional de lingüística e filoloxía románicas 8. 311–334.
  • Sampson, Rodney. 2016. Sandhi phenomena. In Ledgeway, Adam; Maiden, Martin (eds.), The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages, 669–680. Oxford University Press.
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