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Tariq Ramadan

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Tariq Ramadan
Born (1962-08-26) 26 August 1962 (age 62)
Geneva, Switzerland
NationalitySwiss
Alma materUniversity of Geneva (PhD)
Era21st-century philosophy
InstitutionsCollège de Saussure
University of Fribourg
St Antony's College, Oxford
Main interests
Islamic studies
Theology
philosophy
Politics
Interfaith dialogue
Literature
Reform
Websitetariqramadan.com

Tariq Ramadan (Template:Lang-ar; born 26 August 1962) is a Swiss academic, philosopher and writer. He is a former Professor of Contemporary Islamic Studies in the Faculty of Oriental Studies at St Antony's College, Oxford, and also teaches at the Faculty of Theology and Religion, University of Oxford. He is a visiting professor at the Faculty of Islamic Studies at Hamad Bin Khalifa University in Qatar, and the Université Mundiapolis in Morocco. He is also a senior research fellow at Doshisha University in Japan. He is the director of the Research Centre of Islamic Legislation and Ethics (CILE), based in Doha.[2] He is a member of the UK Foreign Office Advisory Group on Freedom of Religion or Belief.[3] He was elected by Time magazine in 2000 as one of the seven religious innovators of the 21st century and in 2004 as one of the 100 most influential people in the world[4] and by Foreign Policy readers (2005, 2006, 2008-2010, 2012-2015) as one of the top 100 most influential thinkers in the world and Global Thinkers.[5][better source needed]

Tariq Ramadan was practically expelled from Oxford University on charges of multiple rape allegations. A statement released on 7 November 2017 by the University says, "By mutual agreement, and with immediate effect, Tariq Ramadan, Professor of Contemporary Islamic Studies, has taken a leave of absence from the University of Oxford. Professor Ramadan's teaching, supervising and examining duties will be reassigned, and he will not be present at the University or College."[6]

Life and career

Tariq Ramadan (at table, right) speaking in Oxford.

Tariq Ramadan was born in Geneva, Switzerland on 26 August 1962 to an Egyptian Muslim family. He is the son of Said Ramadan and Wafa al-Banna, who was the eldest daughter of Hassan al Banna, who in 1928 founded the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt. Gamal al-Banna, the liberal Muslim reformer is his great-uncle. His father was a prominent figure in the Muslim Brotherhood and was exiled by Gamal Abdul Nasser[7] from Egypt to Switzerland, where Tariq was born.

Tariq Ramadan holds an M.A. in French literature and a Ph.D. in Arabic and Islamic studies at the University of Geneva. He also wrote a Ph.D. dissertation on Friedrich Nietzsche, titled Nietzsche as a Historian of Philosophy.[8]

In 1994, he addressed to a French public audience, in Switzerland, with the help of Hassan Iquioussen and Malika Dif[9].

He taught at the Collège de Saussure, a high school in Lancy, Switzerland,[10] and held a lectureship in Religion and Philosophy at the University of Fribourg from 1996 to 2003. He was appointed a professor at the University of Notre Dame in the United States in 2004 before his visa had been revoked by the Bush administration because of the Patriot Act. In October 2005 he began teaching at St Antony's College, Oxford on a visiting fellowship. In 2005 he was a senior research fellow at the Lokahi Foundation.[11][12]

In 2007 he successfully applied for the professorship in Islamic studies at the University of Leiden. This led to severe criticism from both academics as well as politicians who deemed Ramadan a 'radical islamist'[13] and a 'wolf in sheep's clothing'[14][15] Ramadan later turned down the appointment, stating that the criticism on his appointment played no role in this decision.[16] He was also a guest professor of Identity and Citizenship at Erasmus University Rotterdam,[17][18][19] until August 2009 when both the City of Rotterdam and Erasmus University dismissed him from his positions as "integration adviser" and professor, stating that the program he hosted on Iran's Press TV, Islam & Life, was "irreconcilable" with his duties in Rotterdam. [20][21] Ramadan described this move as 'islamophobic' and 'politically charged'.[22] The Court of Rotterdam District ruled in 2012 in a civil law case that the Erasmus University acted "careless" by dismissing Ramadan on short notice. The dismissal by the municipality of Rotterdam, however, was not careless according to the Court.[23]

Beginning September 2009, Ramadan was appointed to the chair in Contemporary Islamic Studies at Oxford University.[24]

Ramadan established the Mouvement des Musulmans Suisses (Movement of Swiss Muslims), which engages in various interfaith seminars. He is an advisor to the EU on religious issues and was sought for advice by the EU on a commission on "Islam and Secularism". In September 2005 he was invited to join a task force by the government of the United Kingdom.[7] He is also the founder and President of the European Muslim Network,[25] a Brussels-based think-tank that gathers European Muslim intellectuals and activists.

Teaching career at Oxford

As of 2009, Tariq Ramadan was persona non grata in Tunisia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia,[26] Libya, and Syria, which he has said is because of his criticism of their "undemocratic regimes". He is also considered persona non grata in Israel.[27]

U.S. visa revocation and subsequent lifting

In February 2004, Tariq Ramadan accepted the tenured position of Henry R. Luce Professor of Religion, Conflict and Peacebuilding at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, at the University of Notre Dame. He was granted a nonimmigrant visa on 5 May; however, on 28 July, his H-1B visa was revoked by the State Department.[28] In August 2004, spokesman for U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement cited the "ideological exclusion provision" of the U.S. Patriot Act as the grounds for Ramadan's visa revocation.[29] In October, the University of Notre Dame filed a H-1B petition on Ramadan's behalf. After hearing no response from the government by December, Ramadan resigned his position from the university.

In September 2005, Ramadan filed an application for a B Visa to allow him to participate at speaking arrangements with various organizations and universities. The government did not issue a decision on Ramadan's visa application, so the American Civil Liberties Union and the New York Civil Liberties Union filed a lawsuit on 25 January 2006 against the United States government on behalf of the American Academy of Religion, the American Association of University Professors and the PEN American Center – three groups who had planned on meeting with Ramadan in the US – for revoking Ramadan's visa under the "ideological exclusion provision". The ACLU and NYCLU argued that the ideological exclusion provision was in violation of the First Amendment and Fifth Amendment rights of those three groups and that the government's actions violated the Administrative Procedures Act.[30] After two months had passed without a decision being made, the plaintiffs filed a motion for a preliminary injunction. Pursuant to the injunction, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York ordered the government on 23 June 2006 to issue its decision on Ramadan's pending B Visa application within 90 days.[31]

On 19 September 2006, the government formally denied Ramadan's visa application. A State Department statement said: "A U.S. consular officer has denied Dr. Tariq Ramadan's visa application. The consular officer concluded that Dr. Ramadan was inadmissible based solely on his actions, which constituted providing material support to a terrorist organization."[32][33] Between December 1998 and July 2002, Ramadan had given donations totalling $940 to two charity organizations, the Committee for Charity and Support for the Palestinians (CBSP) or Comité de Bienfaisance et de Secours aux Palestiniens and the Association de Secours Palestinien.[34] The United States Treasury designated both the CBSP and ASP terrorist fundraising organizations for their alleged links to Hamas on 22 August 2003.[35] The U.S. Embassy told Ramadan that he "reasonably should have known" that the charities provided money to Hamas. In an article in The Washington Post, Ramadan asked: "How should I reasonably have known of their activities before the U.S. government itself knew?"[34][36][37][38]

On 2 February 2007, the ACLU and NYCLU amended their complaint, arguing that the government's explanation for denying Ramadan's visa application was not "facially legitimate and bona fide" and that the ideological exclusion provision of the PATRIOT Act was in violation of the First and Fifth Amendments. They also argued that Ramadan's denial violated the First Amendment rights of those who wanted to hear him speak. In his decision on 20 December 2007, District Judge Paul A. Crotty ruled that the government's justification for denying Ramadan's visa was "facially legitimate and bona fide" and noted that the Court "has no authority to override the Government's consular decision".[39]

In January 2008, the ACLU appealed Crotty's ruling. Jameel Jaffer, Director of the ACLU National Security Project and lead attorney in the case, stated:

"The government's shifting positions only underscore why meaningful judicial review – the kind of oversight that the district court failed to provide – is so important. In Professor Ramadan's case and many others, the government is using immigration laws to stigmatize and exclude its critics and to censor and control the ideas that Americans can hear. Censorship of this kind is completely inconsistent with the most basic principles of an open society."

Ramadan himself remarked:

"The U.S. government's actions in my case seem, at least to me, to have been arbitrary and myopic. But I am encouraged by the unwavering support I have received from ordinary Americans, civic groups and particularly from scholars, academic organizations, and the ACLU. I am heartened by the emerging debate in the U.S. about what has been happening to our countries and ideals in the past six years. And I am hopeful that eventually I will be allowed to enter the country so that I may contribute to the debate and be enriched by dialogue."[40]

On 17 July 2009, the US federal appeals court reversed the ruling of the lower district court. The three-judge panel on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit – composed of Judges Jon O. Newman, Wilfred Feinberg and Reena Raggi – ruled that the Court had "jurisdiction to consider the claim, despite the doctrine of consular nonreviewability". They stated that government was required by law to "confront Ramadan with the allegation against him and afford him the subsequent opportunity to demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that he did not know, and reasonably should not have known, that the recipient of his contributions was a terrorist organization." Under the limited review permitted by the 1972 Supreme Court ruling in Kleindienst v. Mandel, the panel concluded that the "record does not establish that the consular officer who denied the visa confronted Ramadan with the allegation that he had knowingly rendered material support to a terrorist organization, thereby precluding an adequate opportunity for Ramadan to attempt to satisfy the provision that exempts a visa applicant from exclusion under the 'material support' subsection if he 'can demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that [he] did not know, and should not reasonably have known, that the organization was a terrorist organization.'" Additionally, the panel agreed with the plaintiffs' contention that their First Amendment rights had been violated. The panel remanded the case to a lower court to determine if the consular officer had confronted Ramadan with the "allegation that he knew that ASP provided funds to Hamas and then providing him with a reasonable opportunity to demonstrate, by clear and convincing evidence, that he did not know, and should not have reasonably known, of that fact."[41]

Following the ruling, Ramadan stated, "I am very gratified with the court's decision. I am eager to engage once again with Americans in the kinds of face-to-face discussions that are central to academic exchange and crucial to bridging cultural divides." Melissa Goodman, staff attorney with the ACLU National Security Project, issued a statement saying, "Given today's decision, we hope that the Obama administration will immediately end Professor Ramadan's exclusion. We also encourage the new administration to reconsider the exclusion of other foreign scholars, writers and artists who were barred from the country by the Bush administration on ideological grounds."[42]

On 8 April 2010, Ramadan spoke as part of a panel discussion at the Great Hall of Cooper Union in New York City, his first public appearance since the State Department lifted the ban.[43] The group debated the lengths to which Western nations should go to accommodate their Muslim populations.

Views

Tariq Ramadan is signing his book. Muslim Arts Museum, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 31 January 2015

Ramadan works primarily on Islamic theology and the position of Muslims in the West and within Muslim majority countries. Generally speaking, he prioritizes Qur'anic interpretation over simply reading the text, in order to understand its meaning and to practice the tenets of Islamic philosophy.[44] Referring to himself, Ramadan has at times used the construction "Salafi Reformist" to illustrate his stance.[45][46][47]

He rejects a binary division of the world into dar al-Islam (the abode of Islam) and dar al-harb (the abode of war), on the grounds that such a division is not mentioned in the Qur'an. He has been also known to cite favourably the dar al-da‘wah (abode of preaching).[48]

For him the "Islamic message" to which Muslims are expected to bear witness is not primarily the particularist, socially conservative code of traditionalist jurists, but a commitment to universalism and the welfare of non-Muslims; it is also an injunction not merely to make demands on un-Islamic societies but to express solidarity with them.[49][50]

Ramadan has voiced his opposition to all forms of capital punishment but believes the Muslim world should remove such laws from within, without any Western pressure, as such would only further alienate Muslims, and instead bolster the position of those who support hudud punishments: "Muslim populations are convincing themselves of the Islamic character of these practices through a rejection of the west, on the basis of a simplistic reasoning that stipulates that 'the less western, the more Islamic'".[51]

He has condemned suicide bombing and violence as a tactic.[52] Additionally, he contends that terrorism is never justifiable, even though it can be understandable (in the sense of having a legitimate cause of resistance behind it).[53]

Ramadan wrote that the Muslim response to Pope Benedict XVI's speech on Islam was disproportionate, and was encouraged by reactionary Islamic regimes in order to distract their populations, and that it did not improve the position of Islam in the world.[54]

Ramadan wrote an article, "Critique des (nouveaux) intellectuels communautaires", which French newspapers Le Monde and Le Figaro refused to publish. Oumma.com did eventually publish it. In the article he criticizes a number of French intellectuals and figures such as Alexandre Adler, Alain Finkielkraut, Bernard-Henri Lévy, André Glucksmann and Bernard Kouchner, for allegedly abandoning universal human rights, and giving special status to the defence of Israel. Ramadan was accused, in return, of having used inflammatory language.[55][56] The underlying content of the essay was sharply criticized as well.[57]

Debate

In a French television debate in 2003 with Nicolas Sarkozy, Sarkozy accused Ramadan of defending the stoning of adulterers, a punishment supposedly warranted by a section of the Islamic penal code known as hudud. Ramadan replied that Sarkozy was wrong. He said that he opposed corporal punishments, stoning and the death penalty and that he is in favor of a moratorium on these practices to open the debate among Islamic scholars in Muslim-majority countries that enforce them. Many people, including Sarkozy, were outraged. Ramadan later defended his position arguing that, because it involved religious texts that Muslims take seriously, the law would have to be properly understood and contextualized. Ramadan argued that in Muslim countries, the simple act to "condemn" won't change anything, but with a moratorium, it could open the way for further debate. He thinks that such a debate can only lead to an abolition of these rules.[58]

Mauritania ban

On July 16 2016, Ramadan was denied entry to Mauritania at Nouakchott International Airport. He had been invited to give lectures in the country. He claimed the decision "came directly from the presidency". Local police confirmed he "was expelled". This is the eighth time a Muslim country has denied him entry.[59]

Critical reception

Some academics have greeted his works with enthusiasm, detecting liberalising and rationalising tendencies.[60]

Praise

Paul Donnelly at the liberal[61] online magazine Salon.com asked rhetorically: "Tariq Ramadan: The Muslim Martin Luther?".[62] Similarly, an article at the self-described liberal[63] The American Prospect praised Ramadan and his work in particular as an "entire corpus consists of a steady and unyielding assault on Muslim insularity, self-righteousness, and self-pity."[64]

Criticism

In a book published by Encounter Books, Caroline Fourest claimed to have analysed Tariq Ramadan's 15 books, 1,500 pages of interviews, and approximately 100 recordings,[65][66] and concludes "Ramadan is a war leader", an "islamist" and the "political heir of his grandfather", Hassan al-Banna, stating that his discourse is "often just a repetition of the discourse that Banna had at the beginning of the 20th century in Egypt", and that he "presents [al-Banna] as a model to be followed."[67][68] She argues that "Tariq Ramadan is slippery. He says one thing to his faithful Muslim followers and something else entirely to his Western audience. His choice of words, the formulations he uses – even his tone of voice – vary, chameleon-like, according to his audience."[65] Ramadan claims that Fourest's book contains 200 errors, only three of which she has confirmed.[69]

The former head of the French antiracism organization SOS Racisme, Malek Boutih, has been quoted as saying to Ramadan, after talking with him at length: "Mr. Ramadan, you are a fascist".[70] In an interview with Europe 1, Malek Boutih also likened Ramadan to "a small Le Pen";[71][72] in another interview he accused him of having crossed the line of racism and anti-Semitism, thus not genuinely belonging to the alter-globalization movement. Bertrand Delanoë, mayor of Paris, declared Ramadan unfit to participate at the European Social Forum, as not even "a slight suspicion of anti-Semitism" would be tolerable.[73] Talking to the Paris weekly Marianne, Fadela Amara, president of Ni Putes Ni Soumises (Neither Whores Nor Submissive, a French feminist movement), Aurélie Filippetti, municipal counsellor for The Greens in Paris, Patrick Klugman, leading member of the Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France, and Dominique Sopo, head of SOS Racisme, accuse Ramadan of having misused the alter-globalization movement's ingenuousness to advance his "radicalism and anti-Semitism."[73] Egyptian intellectual Tarek Heggy has also charged Ramadan with saying different things to different audiences.[74] Other criticisms have included claims that an essay attacking French intellectuals was anti-semitic[75] and that Ramadan has shown excessive generosity in his rationalization of the motives behind acts of terrorism, such as in the case of Mohammed Merah.[76]

Olivier Guitta, writing in The Weekly Standard, welcomed the U.S. decision to refuse Ramadan a visa, based on Ramadan's supposed links to terrorist organizations, and claiming that his father was the likely author of "'The Project'... a roadmap for installing Islamic regimes in the West by propaganda, preaching, and if necessary war." Guitta also criticized Ramadan for his campaign against the performance of Voltaire's play Mahomet in Geneva.[67] Similarly, self-described conservative[77] Daniel Pipes concurred with the revocation of Ramadan's visa on grounds of Ramadan's alleged ties with Islamic extremism.[78] After the lifting of the visa revocation, an article in the National Review criticized the double standard of lifting the visa restriction on Ramadan, but not for Issam Abu Issa who was banned by the Bush Administration for being a whistleblower against the Palestinian Authority's corruption.[79]

Response to some of the criticism

Ramadan denies contacts with terrorists or other Islamic fundamentalists and the charges of anti-Semitism and double talk, attributing the charges to misinterpretation and an unfamiliarity with his writings.[80] He stated: "I have often been accused of this 'double discourse', and to those who say it, I say – bring the evidence. I am quite clear in what I say. The problem is that many people don't want to hear it, particularly in the media. Most of the stories about me are completely untrue: journalists simply repeat black propaganda from the internet without any corroboration, and it just confirms what they want to believe. Words are used out of context. There is double-talk, yes, but there is also double-hearing. That is what I want to challenge."[52] In answer to criticism of his response to 11 September, Ramadan replied that two days after the attacks he had published an open letter, exhorting Muslims to condemn the attacks and the attackers, and not to "hide behind conspiracy theories."[81] and that less than two weeks after the attacks he had stated that "The probability [of bin Laden's guilt] is large, but some questions remain unanswered. ... But whoever they are, Bin Laden or others, it is necessary to find them and that they be judged", and that the interview had been conducted before any evidence was publicly available.[82]

Public reception

In a free internet poll by Foreign Policy magazine, Ramadan was listed as one of the 100 top global thinkers in 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2012.[83][84]

Allegations of rape and sexual violation

In October 2017, secular activist Henda Ayari filed a complaint with the prosecutor's office of Rouen, stating that Ramadan had sexually assaulted her in a Paris hotel. Ayari had previously described the alleged incident in her 2016 book J’ai choisi d’être libre (in English I Chose to be Free), but had not revealed the real name of her attacker.[85] But on 20 October 2017, she announced on her Facebook account: "#balancetonporc C'est une décision très difficile, mais j'ai décidé moi aussi qu'il est temps de dénoncer mon agresseur, c'est Tariq Ramadan." (meaning #balancetonporc [French equivalent of #MeToo] This is a very difficult decision, but I have decided it is time to denounce my aggressor, he is Tariq Ramadan.")[86]

Ramadan's lawyer, Yassine Bozrou, has said he would file a counter-suit for defamation. Bouzrou told the French paper Le Parisien that he denied the allegations and would file a complaint for defamation to Rouen prosecutors. [87]

A few days after Ayari, a second woman filed a complaint stating that Ramadan raped her. The disabled 45-year-old French convert to Islam says Ramadan in 2009 lured her into his hotel room where he assaulted and raped her.[88] A third woman claimed Ramadan had sent her "pornographic" messages and later tried to blackmail and manipulate her.[89]

Four other Swiss women subsequently came forth in early November with allegations that Ramadan molested them when they were teenagers. The claimants include one woman who says that Ramadan made advances when she was 14 years old, and another who claims she had sexual relations with Ramadan when she was 15. Ramadam has denied the accusations.[90] [91]

On 7 November 2017 the University of Oxford announced that, "by mutual agreement, and with immediate effect" Ramadan "has taken a leave of absence". The statement noted that an "agreed leave of absence implies no acceptance or presumption of guilt".[92][93]

Awards and nominations

In January 2014, Ramadan was nominated for the title of Religious Advocate of the Year at the British Muslim Awards.[94]

Bibliography

Ramadan has authored books in French and English, some of which have been translated into other languages.

Books published in French

  • (1994, augmented in 1998) Les musulmans dans la laïcité : responsabilités et droits des musulmans dans les sociétés occidentales. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN 978-2-90-908737-5
  • (1995) Islam, le face à face des civilisations : quel projet pour quelle modernité ?. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN 978-2-90-908731-3
  • (1998) Aux sources du renouveau musulmans : d'al-Afghānī à Ḥassan al-Bannā un siècle de réformisme islamique. Paris: Bayard Éditions/Centurion. ISBN 978-2-22-736314-4
  • (1999) Peut-on vivre avec l'islam (with Jacques Neirynck). Lausanne: Favre. ISBN 978-2-82-890626-9
  • (1999) Être musulman européen : étude des sources islamiques à la lumière du contexte européen (with Claude Dabbak). Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN 978-2-90-908743-6
  • (2000) L'islam et les musulmans, grandeur et décadence : dans le quotidien de nos vies. Beirut: Éditions Al-Bouraq. ISBN 978-2-84-161008-2
  • (2000) L'Islam en questions (with Alain Gresh). Paris: Sindbad: Actes Sud. ISBN 978-2-74-272916-6
  • (2001) Entre l'homme et son cœur. Lyon: Tawhid. 978-2-90-908767-2
  • (2001) Le face à face des civilisations : quel projet pour quelle modernité. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN 978-2-90-908758-0
  • (2002) De l'islam. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN 978-2-90-908780-1
  • (2002) Jihād, violence, guerre et paix en islam. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN 978-2-90-908784-9
  • (2002) Dār ash-shahāda : l'Occident, espace du témoignage. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN 978-2-90-908783-2
  • (2002) Musulmans d'occident : construire et contribuer. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN 978-2-90-908781-8
  • (2002) La foi, la voie et la résistance. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN 978-2-90-908782-5
  • (2003) Le saint Coran, chapitre ʿAmma : avec la traduction en langue française du sens de ses versets. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN 978-2-84-862003-9
  • (2003) Arabes et musulmans face à la mondialisation : le défi du pluralisme. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN 978-2-84-862017-6
  • (2003) Les musulmans d'Occident et l'avenir de l'islam. Paris: Sindbad: Actes Sud. ISBN 978-2-74-274005-5
  • (2005) Faut-il faire taire Tariq Ramadan ? : suivi d'un entretien avec Tariq Ramadan (wiyh Aziz Zemouri). Paris: L'Archipel. ISBN 978-2-84-187647-1
  • (2006) Muhammad vie du prophète : les enseignements spirituels et contemporains. Paris: Presses du Châtelet. ISBN 978-2-84-592201-3
  • (2008) Un chemin, une vision : être les sujets de notre histoire. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN 978-2-84-862149-4
  • (2008) Face à nos peurs : le choix de la confiance. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN 978-2-84-862148-7
  • (2008) Quelques lettres du cœur. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN 978-2-84-862147-0
  • (2008) Faut-il avoir peur des religions ? (with Élie Barnavi and Jean-Michel Di Falco Léandri). Paris: Éditions Mordicus. ISBN 978-2-75-570403-7
  • (2008) Islam, la réforme radicale : éthique et libération. Paris: Presses du Châtelet. ISBN 978-2-84-592266-2
  • (2009) Mon intime conviction. Paris: Presses du Châtelet. ISBN 978-2-84-592290-7
  • (2009) L'autre en nous : pour une philosophie du pluralisme : essai. Paris: Presses du Châtelet. ISBN 978-2-84-592282-2
  • (2011) L'islam et le réveil arabe. Paris: Presses du Châtelet. ISBN 978-2-84-592329-4
  • (2014) Au péril des idées : les grandes questions de notre temps (with Edgar Morin). Paris: Presses du Châtelet. ISBN 978-2-84-592551-9
  • (2014) De l'Islam et des musulmans : réflexions sur l'Homme, la réforme, la guerre et l'Occident. Paris: Presses du Châtelet. ISBN 978-2-84-592417-8
  • (2015) Introduction à l'éthique islamique : les sources juridiques, philosophiques, mystiques et les questions contemporaines. Paris: Presses du Châtelet. ISBN 978-2-84-592607-3
  • (2016) Le génie de l'islam. Paris: Presses du Châtelet. ISBN 978-2845926318

Books published in English

References

  1. ^ "Tariq Ramdan's tribute to Muhammad Asad".
  2. ^ "BIOGRAPHY".
  3. ^ "Foreign Office Advisory Group on freedom of religion or belief".
  4. ^ "Complete List - The 2004 TIME 100 - TIME". TIME.com.
  5. ^ FP Top 100 Global Thinkers
  6. ^ "Statement: Professor Tariq Ramadan | University of Oxford". www.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
  7. ^ a b "Ramadan, Tariq Said".
  8. ^ Tariq Ramadan. What I Believe. Oxford University Press. p. 12
  9. ^ http://www.lepoint.fr/medias/la-tribune-de-geneve-accuse-tariq-ramadan-d-avoir-couche-avec-des-mineures-04-11-2017-2169840_260.php
  10. ^ Johnson, Alan (14 November 2013). "George Orwell betrayed: Islamist Tariq Ramadan gives a lecture in his name". The Telegraph. Retrieved 18 March 2016. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  11. ^ "Tariq Ramadan - Site Officiel".
  12. ^ "Islamic scholar gets Oxford job". BBC. 27 August 2005. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  13. ^ Tariq Ramadan komt niet naar Universiteit Leiden, Trouw, 29 november 2007
  14. ^ Islamcoryfee op Leidse leerstoel, De Volkskrant, 6 november 2007
  15. ^ [dead link‍]"Omstreden moslimtheoloog op Leidse leerstoel", Elsevier.nl 6 November 2007 (Dutch)
  16. ^ "Leiden: Tariq Ramadan turns down appointment", Islam in Europe Blog, 28 November 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  17. ^
  18. ^ Interview: Tariq Ramadan, Prospect magazine interview by Ehsan Masood
  19. ^ Under suspicion, an article on Ramadan, at signandsight.com
  20. ^ "Dutch university fires Islamic scholar Ramadan", The Guardian 18 August 2009
  21. ^ "Tariq Ramadan sacked over Iran TV connections", Swiss info website, 19 August 2009
  22. ^ An Open Letter to my Detractors in The Netherlands by Tariq Ramadan
  23. ^ ‘Plots 'ontslag' Tariq Ramadan was onterecht’. Nu.nl, 9 November 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  24. ^ Islamic Studies Chair is appointed – University 30 Jul 09
  25. ^ "Euro-Muslim Network > About us > Board of Trustees". Archived from the original on 19 July 2010.
  26. ^ Caldwell, Christopher. Reflections on the Revolution in Europe, Doubleday, 2009, page 292. ISBN 978-0-385-51826-0
  27. ^ "Tariq Ramadan answers his Dutch detractors".
  28. ^ Lacking Visa, Islamic Scholar Resigns Post at Notre Dame – The Washington Post – Wednesday, 15 December 2004
  29. ^ "Tariq Ramadan". American Civil Liberties Union. 24 January 2006.
  30. ^ "Am. Acad. of Religion v. Chertoff – Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief" (PDF). 25 January 2006. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  31. ^ Am. Acad. of Religion v. Chertoff, 463 F. Supp. 2d 400, p. 58 (S.D.N.Y. 2006).
  32. ^ Judge Orders U.S. to Decide if Muslim Scholar Can Enter – The New York Times, 24 June 2006
  33. ^ Oxford Professor Denied Visa Due to Alleged Hamas Links – New York Sun, 26 September 2006
  34. ^ a b Why I'm Banned in the USA, Tariq Ramadan, The Washington Post, 1 October 2006; Page B01
  35. ^ United States Treasury. Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence. Available UStreas.gov. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
  36. ^ "A Visa Revoked", The Washington Post editorial
  37. ^ US Inconsistent in Denying Tariq Ramadan Visa: Judge, at Islamonline.net
  38. ^ John Tirman. "Banned in America". AlterNet.
  39. ^ "Am. Acad. of Religion v. Chertoff – Opinion and order" (PDF). 20 December 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  40. ^ "ACLU Asks Federal Appeals Court to Lift Ban on Renowned Scholar". American Civil Liberties Union. 23 January 2008. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 18 July 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ Am. Acad. of Religion v. Napolitano (2d Cir. 2009), UScourts.gov Text.
  42. ^ "Federal Appeals Court Rules in Favor of U.S. Organizations That Challenged Exclusion of Prominent Muslim Scholar". American Civil Liberties Union. 17 July 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  43. ^ Tracy, Marc (9 April 2010). "Live, From New York, It's Tariq Ramadan". Retrieved 11 April 2010.
  44. ^ Reading the Koran Archived 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Tariq RAMADAN (7 January 2008). Retrieved 2011-01-30.
  45. ^ Macdonald, Matthew (September 2014). "Tariq Ramadan and Sayyid Qutb in Conversation". Political Theology. 15 (5): 385–406. doi:10.1179/1462317X14Z.00000000083. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  46. ^ Meijar, Wilna (2009). Tradition and Future of Islamic Education. Waxmann Verlag. p. 157. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  47. ^ Berman, Paul (2010). The Flight of the Intellectuals. Melville House. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  48. ^ Laurence, Jonathan. (1 May 2007) The Prophet of Moderation: Tariq Ramadan's Quest to Reclaim Islam. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-01-30.
  49. ^ Ramadan, Tariq – To Be a European Muslim – Publisher: Islamic Foundation Pg 150
  50. ^ Reading Tariq Ramadan: Political Liberalism, Islam, and "Overlapping Consensus" [Full Text] Ethics & International Affairs, Volume 21.4 (Winter 2007)
  51. ^ We must not accept this repression The Muslim conscience demands a halt to stonings and executions – The Guardian – Tariq Ramadan – Wednesday 30 March 2005
  52. ^ a b "Not a Fanatic after all?" Hussey, Andrew. New Statesman, 9 December 2005, Vol. 134 Issue 4757, pp. 16–17. Newstatesman.com
  53. ^ The modern Muslim, Steve Paulson, Salon – 20 February 2007
  54. ^ A struggle over Europe's religious identity – Tariq Ramadan for the International Herald Tribune. 20 September 2006
  55. ^ "Tariq Ramadan, Hani Ramadan".
  56. ^ "Tariq Ramadan Has an Identity Issue". The New York Times. 4 February 2007.
  57. ^ Berman, Paul (2010). The Flight of the Intellectuals: The Controversy Over Islamism and the Press. Melville House. pp. 157ff.
  58. ^ Ian Buruma, The New York Times, 4 February 2007, Has an Identity Issue
  59. ^ http://www.tio.ch/News/Svizzera/Cronaca/1096362/L-islamologo-svizzero-Tariq-Ramadan-respinto-in-Mauritania/
  60. ^ For Example: Western Muslims and the Future of Islam, By: Brown, L. Carl, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb2005, Vol. 84, Issue 1
  61. ^ Martin, Patrick. "Salon and the decay of American liberal journalism". WSWS.
  62. ^ Tariq Ramadan: The Muslim Martin Luther?, Paul Donnelly, Salon, 15 February 2002
  63. ^ "American Prospect Online - About Us". Archived from the original on 5 February 2007.
  64. ^ March, Andrew. "Who's Afraid of Tariq Ramadan?". The American Prospect.
  65. ^ a b Encounter Books » Brother Tariq: The Doublespeak of Tariq Ramadan
  66. ^ Extracts of the book here Template:Fr icon
  67. ^ a b The State Dept. Was Right to deny Tariq Ramadan a visa, Olivier Guitta, Weekly Standard, 16 October 2006, Volume 012, Issue 05
  68. ^ Debate between Tariq Ramadan and Alain Gresh (chief ed. of Le Monde diplomatique), L'Islam en questions, Sindbad 2002, 1st ed., pp. 33–34, citation of Ramadan: "I have studied Hassan al-Banna's ideas with great care and there is nothing in this heritage that I reject."
  69. ^ "Vraies préfaces et petit tour de passe-passe". Caroline Fourest.
  70. ^ The State Dept. Was Right to deny Tariq Ramadan a visa, Olivier Guitta, Weekly Standard, 16 October 2006, Volume 012, Issue 05
  71. ^ Enquête préliminaire sur des propos tenus par Tariq Ramadan, Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France, 5 January 2004. Malek Boutih: Tariq Ramadan est un petit Le Pen arabe (Tariq Ramadan is a small Le Pen)
  72. ^ Le Parisien
  73. ^ a b Delanoë: Ramadan n'a pas sa place au FSE, Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France, 27 October 2003.
  74. ^ Campus-watch.org, Tarek Versus Tariq (Comments on Tariq Ramadan), by Valentina Colombo, November 23 2008
  75. ^ Philip Carmel, "Muslim fundamentalist hero of anti-global crowd," JTA, November 30, 1999
  76. ^ Paul Sheehan, "It's wrong to make victim of child killer," Sydney Morning Herald, March 29, 2012
  77. ^ "Scrutiny Increases for a Group Advocating for Muslims in U.S." The New York Times. 14 March 2007.
  78. ^ Pipes, Daniel. "Why Revoke Tariq Ramadan's U.S. Visa?". DanielPipes.org.
  79. ^ Rubin, Michael. "Tariq Ramadan vs. Issam Abu Issa". National Review.
  80. ^ What you fear is not who I am, Tariq Ramadan, The Globe and Mail, 30 August 2004
  81. ^ Scholar under siege defends his record
  82. ^ Islamica Magazine – Why Tariq Ramadan?
  83. ^ The FP Top 100 Global Thinkers, December 2009
  84. ^ "The FP Top 100 Global Thinkers". Foreign Policy. 28 November 2012. Archived from the original on 28 November 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  85. ^ "Prominent Muslim scholar Tariq Ramadan accused of rape, sexual assault in France". France 24. 21 October 2017.
  86. ^ Cécile Deffontaines (20 October 2017). "Henda Ayari, ex-salafiste franco-tunisienne, porte plainte contre Tariq Ramadan pour viol" (in French). L'Obs. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
  87. ^ Angelique Chrisafis (22 October 2017). "Feminist campaigner accuses Oxford professor Tariq Ramadan". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 October 2017. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  88. ^ Une deuxième plainte pour viol déposée contre Tariq Ramadan En savoir plus sur http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2017/10/27/une-deuxieme-plainte-pour-viol-deposee-contre-tariq-ramadan_5207056_3224.html, Le Monde, 28 October 2017
  89. ^ Une troisième victime présumée : «Tariq Ramadan a abusé de mes faiblesses», La Parisien, 28 October 2017
  90. ^ Harry Yorke, Emily Lawford (7 November 2017). "Oxford academic defends Tariq Ramadan amid claims he is being attacked for being a 'prominent Muslim'". London: The Telegraph. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  91. ^ Huggler, Justin (5 November 2017). "Oxford professor accused of sexual misconduct with Swiss minors". London: The Telegraph. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  92. ^ "Statement: Professor Tariq Ramadan". University of Oxford. 7 November 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  93. ^ Adams, Richard; Chrisafis, Angelique (7 November 2017). "Oxford University places Tariq Ramadan on leave amid rape claims". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
  94. ^ "British Muslim Awards 2014 winners". Asian Image. 31 January 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2015. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

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