Jump to content

Singapore Open (badminton)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Singapore Open
Official website
Founded1929; 95 years ago (1929)
Editions73 (2024)
LocationSingapore
VenueSingapore Indoor Stadium (2024)
Prize moneyUS$850,000 (2024)
Men's
Draw32S / 32D
Current championsShi Yuqi (singles)
He Jiting
Ren Xiangyu (doubles)
Most singles titles7, Wong Peng Soon
Most doubles titles9, Ong Poh Lim
Women's
Draw32S / 32D
Current championsAn Se-young (singles)
Chen Qingchen
Jia Yifan (doubles)
Most singles titles7, Helen Heng
Most doubles titles8, Helen Heng
Mixed doubles
Draw32
Current championsZheng Siwei
Huang Yaqiong
Most titles (male)9, Ong Poh Lim
Most titles (female)6, Liliyana Natsir
Super 750
Last completed
2024 Singapore Open

The Singapore Open is a badminton event that has been held in Singapore annually since 1929. Badminton World Federation categorised Singapore Open as one of the six BWF World Tour Super 750 events in the BWF events structure since 2023.[1]

In 1929, the Singapore Badminton Association (SBA) was established to promote the sport and organise competitions. Its first official annual open championships was held in that same year with the best players chosen to represent Singapore in the regional tournaments.[2] In 1957, it became an open invitation championship and was held annually until 1973.[3][4] In 1987–1989, the tournament was known as the Konica Cup, an invitation championship exclusively for Asian players, and in 1990, for the first time entered the International Badminton Federation Grand Prix circuit.[5] In 2007, Singapore Open was part of the BWF Super Series event.[6] In 2018, it was designated as one of the seven BWF World Tour Super 500 events.[7]

Venues for the Championships

[edit]

The tournament has been historically held at six main venues, and is now played at Singapore Indoor Stadium in Kallang, Singapore.

Years active Venue Location
1929 Old Chinese Chin Woo Athletic Association Hall City Hall
Singapore Chinese Girls' School Hall Somerset
1930–1934 Singapore Volunteer Corps Drill Hall City Hall
1934–1951 Clerical Union Hall Balestier
1952–1989 Singapore Badminton Hall Geylang
1990–present Singapore Indoor Stadium Kallang

Past winners

[edit]
Year Men's singles Women's singles Men's doubles Women's doubles Mixed doubles
1929 Straits Settlements E. J. Vass No competition
1930 No competition Straits Settlements Lim Chek Heng
Straits Settlements Seah Eng Liat
No competition
1931 Straits Settlements Alice Pennefather Straits Settlements Lim Boon Guan
Straits Settlements Wee Eng Siang
Straits Settlements Maude Lewis
Straits Settlements Alice Pennefather
Straits Settlements E. J. Vass
Straits Settlements J. de Souza
1932 Straits Settlements Koh Keng Siang
Straits Settlements See Gim Hock
No competition
1933 Straits Settlements Koh Keng Siang Straits Settlements Ong Siew Eng Straits Settlements Charlie Chua
Straits Settlements Yeo Kian Ann
Straits Settlements Chow Han Hua
Straits Settlements Sheh Sai Ming
Straits Settlements E. J. Vass
Straits Settlements J. de Souza
1934 Straits Settlements E. J. Vass Straits Settlements Alice Pennefather Straits Settlements Chan Chim Bock
Straits Settlements Seah Eng Hee
No competition
1935 Straits Settlements Leow Kim Fatt No competition Straits Settlements Leow Kim Fatt
Straits Settlements Lim Boon Guan
Straits Settlements Seah Eng Hee
Straits Settlements Aileen Wong
1936 Straits Settlements Tan Chong Tee Straits Settlements Ong Siew Eng Straits Settlements Seah Eng Hee
Straits Settlements Tan Chong Tee
Straits Settlements Leow Kim Fatt
Straits Settlements Tan Kim Lui
1937 Straits Settlements Alice Pennefather No competition
1938 Straits Settlements Wong Peng Soon Straits Settlements Waileen Wong Straits Settlements Chan Chim Bock
Straits Settlements Wong Peng Soon
1939 Straits Settlements Wee Boon Hai
Straits Settlements Wong Chong Teck
Straits Settlements Wong Peng Soon
Straits Settlements Waileen Wong
1940 Straits Settlements Tan Chong Tee Japan Y. Yasuda Straits Settlements Chia Chin Soon
Straits Settlements Ahmad Mattar
Straits Settlements Tan Chong Tee
Straits Settlements Lee Shao Meng
1941 Straits Settlements Wong Peng Soon Straits Settlements Ong Siew Eng Straits Settlements Wee Boon Hai
Straits Settlements Wong Chong Teck
Straits Settlements Chan Keng Boon
Straits Settlements Ong Siew Eng
Straits Settlements S. A. Durai
Straits Settlements Yoong Sook Lian
1942–
1946
No competition
1947 Colony of Singapore Wong Peng Soon Colony of Singapore Chung Kon Yoong Colony of Singapore Wong Chong Teck
Colony of Singapore Wong Peng Soon
Colony of Singapore Ng Sai Noi
Colony of Singapore Ong Siew Eng
Colony of Singapore Quek Keng Chuan
Colony of Singapore Alice Pennefather
1948 Colony of Singapore Ong Siew Eng Colony of Singapore Teoh Peng Hooi
Colony of Singapore Wong Peng Soon
Colony of Singapore Helen Heng
Colony of Singapore Ong Siew Eng
Colony of Singapore Wong Peng Soon
Colony of Singapore Waileen Wong
1949 Colony of Singapore Helen Heng Colony of Singapore Helen Heng
Colony of Singapore Mary Sim
1950 Colony of Singapore Cheong Hock Leng Colony of Singapore Ismail Marjan
Colony of Singapore Ong Poh Lim
Colony of Singapore Ong Poh Lim
Colony of Singapore Alice Pennefather
1951 Colony of Singapore Wong Peng Soon Colony of Singapore Ong Poh Lim
Colony of Singapore Mary Sim
1952 Colony of Singapore Ong Poh Lim Colony of Singapore Ong Poh Lim
Colony of Singapore Ong Siew Yong
1953 Colony of Singapore Helen Heng
Colony of Singapore Baby Low
1954
1955 Colony of Singapore Teoh Peng Hooi
Colony of Singapore Lau Hui Huang
1956 Colony of Singapore Omar Ibrahim Colony of Singapore Nancy Lim Colony of Singapore Lau Hui Huang
Colony of Singapore Nancy Lim
Colony of Singapore Ong Poh Lim
Colony of Singapore Mary Quintal
1957 Colony of Singapore Seah Lye Huat Federation of Malaya Johnny Heah
Federation of Malaya Lim Say Hup
Federation of Malaya Lim Say Hup
Colony of Singapore Jessie Ong
1958 Colony of Singapore Omar Ibrahim
1959 Colony of Singapore Long Soo Chin Colony of Singapore Ong Poh Lim
Federation of Malaya Omar Yahya
Colony of Singapore Nancy Ang
Colony of Singapore Jessie Ong
1960 Malaysia Billy Ng Malaysia Tan Gaik Bee Malaysia Bobby Chee
Malaysia Khoo Eng Huah
Malaysia Cecilia Samuel
Malaysia Tan Gaik Bee
Singapore Ong Poh Lim
Singapore Jessie Ong
1961 Singapore Lee Kin Tat Singapore Helen Ong Singapore Robert Lim
Singapore Lim Wei Lon
Singapore Nancy Ang
Singapore Jessie Ong
1962 Singapore Wee Choon Seng Thailand Prathin Pattabongs Singapore Ong Poh Lim
Singapore Wee Choon Seng
Singapore Vivien Gwee
Singapore Helen Ong
No competition
1963 Malaysia Teh Kew San Malaysia Sylvia Tan Malaysia Ng Boon Bee
Malaysia Tan Yee Khan
Malaysia Sylvia Tan
Malaysia Tan Yee Chin
Singapore Ong Poh Lim
Singapore Lim Choo Eng
1964 Malaysia Billy Ng Malaysia Lai Siew York
Malaysia Sylvia Tan
Singapore Tan Boon Liat
Singapore Lim Choo Eng
1965 Malaysia Omar Manap Malaysia Lai Siew York Singapore Lim Choo Eng
Singapore Luanne Lim
Singapore Lindy Lin
Singapore Vivien Gwee
1966 Malaysia Yew Cheng Hoe Indonesia Nurhaena Malaysia Eddy Choong
Malaysia Yew Cheng Hoe
Indonesia Nurhaena
Indonesia Tan Tjoen Ing
Malaysia Billy Ng
Malaysia Sylvia Ng
1967 Malaysia Tan Aik Huang Indonesia Minarni Malaysia Ng Boon Bee
Malaysia Tan Yee Khan
Indonesia Retno Koestijah
Indonesia Minarni
Indonesia Darmadi
Indonesia Minarni
1968 Japan Noriko Takagi JapanNoriko Takagi
Japan Hiroe Yuki
Denmark Svend Andersen
Japan Noriko Takagi
1969 Indonesia Rudy Hartono Singapore Lim Choo Eng Indonesia Rudy Hartono
Indonesia Indratno
Singapore Aishah Attan
Singapore Lim Choo Eng
No competition
1970 Indonesia Muljadi Indonesia Intan Nurtjahja Indonesia Indra Gunawan
Indonesia Indratno
Indonesia Retno Koestijah
Indonesia Minarni
Malaysia Ng Boon Bee
Malaysia Sylvia Ng
1971 Japan Ippei Kojima Malaysia Sylvia Ng Indonesia Ade Chandra
Indonesia Christian Hadinata
Malaysia Rosalind Singha Ang
Malaysia Teoh Siew Yong
1972 Indonesia Iie Sumirat Indonesia Intan Nurtjahja Malaysia Tan Aik Huang
Malaysia Tan Aik Mong
Indonesia Regina Masli
Indonesia Intan Nurtjahja
Indonesia Johan Wahjudi
Indonesia Regina Masli
1973 Thailand Thongkam Kingmanee Indonesia Tjun Tjun
Indonesia Johan Wahjudi
Indonesia Theresia Widiastuti
Indonesia Sri Wiyanti
No competition
1974–
1986
No competition
1987 Malaysia Misbun Sidek Indonesia Elizabeth Latief Indonesia Bobby Ertanto
Indonesia Liem Swee King
South Korea Chung Myung-hee
South Korea Hwang Hye-young
No competition
1988 China Yang Yang China Li Lingwei Japan Shuji Matsuno
Japan Shinji Matsuura
China Shi Wen
China Zhou Lei
1989 China Zhao Jianhua China Han Aiping Malaysia Jalani Sidek
Malaysia Razif Sidek
China Guan Weizhen
China Lin Ying
1990 Malaysia Foo Kok Keong China Tang Jiuhong Indonesia Rudy Gunawan
Indonesia Eddy Hartono
England Gillian Clark
England Gillian Gowers
Sweden Jan-Eric Antonsson
Sweden Maria Bengtsson
1991 Indonesia Bambang Suprianto China Huang Hua South Korea Kim Moon-soo
South Korea Park Joo-bong
South Korea Chung Myung-hee
South Korea Chung So-young
Denmark Thomas Lund
Denmark Pernille Dupont
1992 China Zhao Jianhua China Ye Zhaoying China Chen Hongyong
China Chen Kang
England Gillian Clark
England Gillian Gowers
Sweden Pär-Gunnar Jönsson
Sweden Maria Bengtsson
1993 No competition
1994 Indonesia Ardy Wiranata South Korea Ra Kyung-min Indonesia Rexy Mainaky
Indonesia Ricky Subagja
China Ge Fei
China Gu Jun
Denmark Thomas Lund
Denmark Marlene Thomsen
1995 Indonesia Joko Suprianto Sweden Lim Xiaoqing Indonesia Tri Kusharjanto
Indonesia Minarti Timur
1996 No competition
1997 Indonesia Hariyanto Arbi Indonesia Mia Audina Indonesia Sigit Budiarto
Indonesia Candra Wijaya
China Ge Fei
China Gu Jun
Indonesia Bambang Suprianto
Indonesia Rosalina Riseu
1998 Indonesia Hendrawan China Ye Zhaoying Indonesia Tri Kusharjanto
Indonesia Minarti Timur
1999 Indonesia Hariyanto Arbi Malaysia Choong Tan Fook
Malaysia Lee Wan Wah
China Huang Nanyan
China Yang Wei
South Korea Kim Dong-moon
South Korea Ra Kyung-min
2000 No competition
2001 Indonesia Taufik Hidayat China Zhang Ning Indonesia Tony Gunawan
Indonesia Halim Haryanto
China Wei Yili
China Zhang Jiewen
Denmark Jens Eriksen
Denmark Mette Schjoldager
2002 China Chen Hong China Zhou Mi England Eng Hian
England Flandy Limpele
China Huang Nanyan
China Yang Wei
South Korea Kim Dong-moon
South Korea Ra Kyung-min
2003 China Zhang Ning Denmark Jens Eriksen
Denmark Martin Lundgaard Hansen
China Yang Wei
China Zhang Jiewen
2004 Denmark Kenneth Jonassen Indonesia Luluk Hadiyanto
Indonesia Alvent Yulianto
Indonesia Nova Widianto
Indonesia Liliyana Natsir
2005 Indonesia Taufik Hidayat Indonesia Sigit Budiarto
Indonesia Candra Wijaya
China Zhang Dan
China Zhang Yawen
China Zhang Jun
China Gao Ling
2006 Denmark Peter Gade France Pi Hongyan Indonesia Sigit Budiarto
Indonesia Flandy Limpele
China Yang Wei
China Zhang Jiewen
Indonesia Nova Widianto
Indonesia Liliyana Natsir
2007 Thailand Boonsak Ponsana China Zhang Ning China Cai Yun
China Fu Haifeng
China Wei Yili
China Zhang Yawen
Indonesia Flandy Limpele
Indonesia Vita Marissa
2008 Malaysia Lee Chong Wei Denmark Tine Rasmussen Malaysia Mohd Zakry Abdul Latif
Malaysia Mohd Fairuzizuan Mohd Tazari
China Du Jing
China Yu Yang
Indonesia Nova Widianto
Indonesia Liliyana Natsir
2009 China Bao Chunlai Hong Kong Zhou Mi England Anthony Clark
England Nathan Robertson
China Zhang Yawen
China Zhao Tingting
China Zheng Bo
China Ma Jin
2010 Indonesia Sony Dwi Kuncoro India Saina Nehwal Chinese Taipei Fang Chieh-min
Chinese Taipei Lee Sheng-mu
Singapore Shinta Mulia Sari
Singapore Yao Lei
Denmark Thomas Laybourn
Denmark Kamilla Rytter Juhl
2011 China Chen Jin China Wang Xin China Cai Yun
China Fu Haifeng
China Tian Qing
China Zhao Yunlei
Indonesia Tontowi Ahmad
Indonesia Liliyana Natsir
2012 Thailand Boonsak Ponsana Germany Juliane Schenk Indonesia Markis Kido
Indonesia Hendra Setiawan
China Bao Yixin
China Zhong Qianxin
Chinese Taipei Chen Hung-ling
Chinese Taipei Cheng Wen-hsing
2013 Indonesia Tommy Sugiarto China Wang Yihan Indonesia Mohammad Ahsan
Indonesia Hendra Setiawan
China Tian Qing
China Zhao Yunlei
Indonesia Tontowi Ahmad
Indonesia Liliyana Natsir
2014 Indonesia Simon Santoso China Cai Yun
China Lu Kai
China Bao Yixin
China Tang Jinhua
2015 Japan Kento Momota China Sun Yu Indonesia Angga Pratama
Indonesia Ricky Karanda Suwardi
China Ou Dongni
China Yu Xiaohan
China Zhang Nan
China Zhao Yunlei
2016 Indonesia Sony Dwi Kuncoro Thailand Ratchanok Intanon China Fu Haifeng
China Zhang Nan
Indonesia Nitya Krishinda Maheswari
Indonesia Greysia Polii
South Korea Ko Sung-hyun
South Korea Kim Ha-na
2017 India B. Sai Praneeth Chinese Taipei Tai Tzu-ying Denmark Mathias Boe
Denmark Carsten Mogensen
Denmark Christinna Pedersen
Denmark Kamilla Rytter Juhl
China Lu Kai
China Huang Yaqiong
2018 Chinese Taipei Chou Tien-chen Japan Sayaka Takahashi Indonesia Mohammad Ahsan
Indonesia Hendra Setiawan
Japan Ayako Sakuramoto
Japan Yukiko Takahata
Malaysia Goh Soon Huat
Malaysia Shevon Jemie Lai
2019 Japan Kento Momota Chinese Taipei Tai Tzu-ying Japan Takeshi Kamura
Japan Keigo Sonoda
Japan Mayu Matsumoto
Japan Wakana Nagahara
Thailand Dechapol Puavaranukroh
Thailand Sapsiree Taerattanachai
2020 Cancelled[note 1]
2021 Cancelled[note 2]
2022 Indonesia Anthony Sinisuka Ginting India P. V. Sindhu Indonesia Leo Rolly Carnando
Indonesia Daniel Marthin
Indonesia Apriyani Rahayu
Indonesia Siti Fadia Silva Ramadhanti
Thailand Dechapol Puavaranukroh
Thailand Sapsiree Taerattanachai
2023 South Korea An Se-young Japan Takuro Hoki
Japan Yugo Kobayashi
China Chen Qingchen
China Jia Yifan
Denmark Mathias Christiansen
Denmark Alexandra Bøje
2024 China Shi Yuqi China He Jiting
China Ren Xiangyu
China Zheng Siwei
China Huang Yaqiong
  1. ^ This tournament, originally to be played from 7 to 12 April, was later cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore.[8]
  2. ^ This tournament, originally to be played from 1 to 6 June, was later cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore.[9]

Multiple winners

[edit]

Below is the list of the most successful players in the Singapore Open:

Name MS WS MD WD XD Total
Singapore Ong Poh Lim 4 9 9 22
Singapore Helen Heng 7 8 15
Singapore Wong Peng Soon 7 4 3 14
Singapore E. J. Vass 5 3 8
Singapore Alice Pennefather[1] 4 1 2 7
Singapore Ismail Marjan 7 7
Singapore Jessie Ong 2 5 7
Malaysia Ng Boon Bee 5 2 7
Singapore Ong Siew Eng[2] 4 3 7
Indonesia Liliyana Natsir 6 6
Singapore Nancy Lim 3 3 6
Singapore Tan Chong Tee 3 2 1 6
Singapore Lim Choo Eng 1 2 2 5
Malaysia Lim Say Hup 2 3 5
Singapore Mary Sim[3] 4 1 5
Malaysia Tan Yee Khan 5 5
Singapore Waileen Wong 2 3 5
China Yang Wei 5 5
China Zhang Ning 5 5
China Ge Fei 4 4
China Gu Jun 4 4
Singapore Lau Hui Huang 3 1 4
Indonesia Minarni 1 2 1 4
South Korea Ra Kyung-min 1 3 4
Singapore Seah Eng Hee 3 1 4
Indonesia Sigit Budiarto 4 4
Malaysia Sylvia Ng 1 3 4
Malaysia Sylvia Tan 2 2 4
China Zhang Jiewen 4 4
Singapore Baby Low 3 3
Malaysia Billy Ng 2 1 3
China Cai Yun 3 3
Indonesia Candra Wijaya 3 3
EnglandIndonesia Flandy Limpele[4] 2 1 3
China Fu Haifeng 3 3
Indonesia Hendra Setiawan 3 3
Indonesia Intan Nurtjahja 2 1 3
Singapore J. de Souza 3 3
South Korea Kim Dong-moon 3 3
Singapore Leow Kim Fatt 1 1 1 3
Japan Noriko Takagi[5] 1 1 1 3
Indonesia Nova Widianto 3 3
Singapore Omar Ibrahim 3 3
Singapore Ong Siew Yong 3 3
Malaysia Tan Aik Huang 2 1 3
Singapore Teoh Peng Hooi 2 1 3
Indonesia Tontowi Ahmad 3 3
Singapore Wong Chong Teck 3 3
China Ye Zhaoying 3 3
China Zhang Yawen 3 3
China Zhao Yunlei 2 1 3
Indonesia Anthony Sinisuka Ginting 2 2
Indonesia Bambang Suprianto 1 1 2
China Bao Yixin 2 2
Thailand Boonsak Ponsana 2 2
Singapore Chan Chim Bock 2 2
China Chen Hong 2 2
South Korea Chung Myung-hee 2 2
Thailand Dechapol Puavaranukroh 2 2
England Gillian Clark 2 2
England Gillian Gowers 2 2
Indonesia Hariyanto Arbi 2 2
Singapore Helen Ong 1 1 2
China Huang Nanyan 2 2
Indonesia Iie Sumirat 2 2
Indonesia Indratno 2 2
Denmark Jens Eriksen 1 1 2
Indonesia Johan Wahjudi 1 1 2
Malaysia Johnny Heah 2 2
Denmark Kamilla Rytter Juhl 1 1 2
Japan Kento Momota 2 2
Singapore Koh Keng Siang 1 1 2
Malaysia Lai Siew York 1 1 2
Singapore Lim Boon Guan 2 2
China Lu Kai 1 1 2
Sweden Maria Bengtsson 2 2
Indonesia Minarti Timur 2 2
Indonesia Mohammad Ahsan 2 2
Singapore Nancy Ang 2 2
Indonesia Nurhaena 1 1 2
Indonesia Regina Masli 1 1 2
Indonesia Retno Koestijah 2 2
Indonesia Rexy Mainaky 2 2
Indonesia Ricky Subagja 2 2
Indonesia Rudy Hartono 1 1 2
Thailand Sapsiree Taerattanachai 2 2
Indonesia Sony Dwi Kuncoro 2 2
Chinese Taipei Tai Tzu-ying 2 2
Malaysia Tan Gaik Bee 1 1 2
Indonesia Taufik Hidayat 2 2
Denmark Thomas Lund 2 2
China Tian Qing 2 2
Indonesia Tri Kusharjanto 2 2
Singapore Vivien Gwee 1 1 2
China Wang Yihan 2 2
Singapore Wee Boon Hai 2 2
Singapore Wee Choon Seng 1 1 2
China Wei Yili 2 2
Malaysia Yew Cheng Hoe 1 1 2
China Zhang Nan 1 1 2
China Zhao Jianhua 2 2
ChinaHong Kong Zhou Mi[6] 2 2
China Huang Yaqiong 2 2
China Chen Qingchen 2 2
China Jia Yifan 2 2
South Korea An Se-young 2 2

Female players that change their surname after marriage:

^1 – Alice Patterson later known as Alice Pennefather
^2 – Ong Siew Eng later known as Mrs. Chionh Hiok Chor
^3 – Mary Heng later known as Mary Sim
^5 – Noriko Takagi later known as Noriko Nakayama

Players that had won titles representing different nation:

^4 – Flandy Limpele won two title representing Indonesia and one with England
^6 – Zhou Mi won one title representing China and one with Hong Kong

Performances by nation

[edit]
As of of the 2024 tournament
Pos Nation MS WS MD WD XD Total
1 Straits Settlements
 Singapore
28 24 24.5 21 24.5 122
2  Indonesia 18 6 19 7 12 62
3  China 8 17 6 23 5 59
4 Malaya
 Malaysia
10 5 13.5 4 5.5 38
5  Japan 3 3 3 3 0.5 12.5
6  Denmark 2 1 2 1 5.5 11.5
7  South Korea 3 1 2 4 10
8  Thailand 2 3 2 7
9  Chinese Taipei 1 2 1 1 5
10  England 2 2 4
11  India 1 2 3
 Sweden 1 2 3
13  France 1 1
 Germany 1 1
 Hong Kong 1 1
Total 73 70 72 63 62 340

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "BWF World Tour Hosts 2023-2026 Announced". Badminton World Federation. 18 June 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  2. ^ "Badminton in Singapore". Singapore Infopedia. 2016.
  3. ^ "SBA 'Open'". Singapore Standard. 28 August 1957.
  4. ^ "SBA may again stage Singapore Open". eresources.nlb.gov.sg. The Straits Times. 25 February 1989. p. 23. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  5. ^ "Singapore on GP list". eresources.nlb.gov.sg. The Straits Times. 18 October 1989. p. 31. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  6. ^ Singapore Super Series: Past Champions Archived 19 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ "BWF Launches New Events Structure". 19 November 2017.
  8. ^ "BWF Announces Revamped Tournament Calendar for 2020". Badminton World Federation. 25 May 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  9. ^ "Singapore Open 2021 Cancelled". Badminton World Federation. 12 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
[edit]