Chamaesoma
| Chamaesoma | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Myriapoda |
| Class: | Diplopoda |
| Order: | Chordeumatida |
| Family: | Chamaesomatidae |
| Genus: | Chamaesoma Ribaut & Verhoeff, 1913 |
| Species: | C. broelemanni
|
| Binomial name | |
| Chamaesoma broelemanni Ribaut & Verhoeff, 1913
| |
Chamaesoma is a monotypic genus of millipede in the family Chamaesomatidae, and Chamaesoma broelemanni is the only species in this genus.[1] This millipede is notable as one of only a few species in the order Chordeumatida with only 26 segments in adults (counting the collum as the first segment and the telson as the last), four fewer segments than typically found in adults this order.[2] This species lives on the surface of the soil and is distributed across most of France and Luxembourg.[3][4] The genus Chamaesoma and its only species were first described by the German zoologist Karl W. Verhoeff in 1913 based on type material found by the French zoologists Henri Brölemann and Henri Ribaut under wet leaf litter near St. Béat in the Pyrenees in France.[5][3][6]
Description
[edit]This millipede ranges from brown to gray.[5] This species is notable for its small size: Adult males are only 3.25 mm long, and adult females only 4 mm long.[5][4] This millipede is one of only a few species in the order Chordeumatida with only 26 segments in adults, the minimum number recorded in this order. Accordingly, the adult female of this species has only 42 pairs of legs, and the adult male has only 40 pairs of walking legs, excluding the eighth and ninth leg pairs, which become gonopods.[7][2]
This species arrives at a lower number of segments and legs through a process of post-embryonic development that deviates from the anamorphosis usually observed in the order Chordeumatida. Like other species in this order, C. broelemanni is teloanamorphic, adding segments and legs through a series of molts until the adult stage, when the molting stops and the adult emerges with a final number of segments and legs. This species, however, reaches maturity and stops molting one stage earlier, in the eighth stage rather than in a ninth stage. Furthermore, C. broelemanni conforms to the pattern usually observed in most species of Chordeumatida only through the first five stages, then adds one fewer segment than usual upon entering the sixth and seventh stages. Thus, in this process, C. broelemanni goes through stages of development with 6, 8, 11, 15, 19, 22, and 24 segments, before emerging as an adult with 26 segments in the final stage.[7][2]
This process is the same as that observed in the species Opisthocheiron canayerensis, one of the other species in the order Chordeumatida with only 26 segments in adults, but with one difference. In C. broelemanni, the transformation of legs into gonopods in the male begins in the sixth stage and continues until the eighth and final stage. In O. canayerensis, however, this process does not begin until the seventh stage.[7]
Like other millipedes in the family Chamaesomatidae, Chamaesoma features small paranota.[5][4] Like most other genera in this family, this genus also features anterior gonopods with well developed telepodites.[4] In this genus, these telepodites are long, smooth, and curved. Unlike most other genera in the same family, however, this genus features body pigmentation.[8]
This genus shares an especially extensive set of traits with Xystrosoma, another genus in the same family. For example, the adult males in both genera feature anterior gonopods with angiocoxites that are separate rather than fused, a colpocoxite that is undivided rather than divided in the middle, and no flagella. The posterior gonopods in males of both genera feature a coxa with a medial process and a telepodite with two segments, including a minute distal segment. Furthermore, the eleventh leg pair in males of both genera feature coxal hooks.[8] Moreover, the metazonites in both genera are covered with small lamellae arranged as vertical plates oriented longitudinally.[9]
The millipedes in the genus Chamaesoma can be distinguished from the species in the genus Xystrosoma based on other traits. For example, the lamellae in Chamaesoma are pointed and shaped like triangles. The lamellae in Xystrosoma, however, are rounded and shaped like semicircles.[9][10]
References
[edit]- ^ "MilliBase - Chamaesoma Ribaut & Verhoeff, 1913". www.millibase.org. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
- ^ a b c Enghoff, Henrik; Dohle, Wolfgang; Blower, J. Gordon (1993). "Anamorphosis in Millipedes (Diplopoda) — The Present State of Knowledge with Some Developmental and Phylogenetic Considerations". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 109 (2): 103–234. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00305.x.
- ^ a b Kime, Richard Desmond; Enghoff, Henrik (2021-09-22). "Atlas of European millipedes 3: Order Chordeumatida (Class Diplopoda)". European Journal of Taxonomy (769): 1–244 [50–51]. doi:10.5852/ejt.2021.769.1497. ISSN 2118-9773.
- ^ a b c d Enghoff, Henrik; Golovatch, Sergei; Short, Megan; Stoev, Pavel; Wesener, Thomas (2015-01-01). "Diplopoda — taxonomic overview". Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, Volume 2: 363–453 [411-412]. doi:10.1163/9789004188273_017. ISBN 9789004188273.
- ^ a b c d Verhoeff, K.W. (1913). "Zwei neue Gattungen der Trachyzona n. superfam. der Ascospermophora. (Über Diplopoden, 62. Aufsatz.)". Zoologischer Anzeiger (in German). 42 (3): 125–143 [132–135] – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ "MilliBase - Chamaesoma broelemanni Ribaut & Verhoeff, 1913". www.millibase.org. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
- ^ a b c David, Jean-François (1989). "Le cycle biologique de Chamaesoma broelemanni Ribaut et Verhoeff, 1913 (Diplopoda, Craspedosomatida) en forêt d'Orléans (France)". Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (4) A, Zoologie (in French). 11: 639–647. doi:10.5962/p.288286 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ a b Enghoff, Henrik; Reboleira, Ana Sofia P. S. (2013-11-12). "A new cave-dwelling millipede of the genus Scutogona from central Portugal (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Chamaesomatidae)". Zootaxa. 3736 (2): 175–186 [177]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3736.2.5. ISSN 1175-5334.
- ^ a b Brolemann, H.W. (1935). "Myriapodes Diplopodes (Chilognathes I)" (PDF). Faune de France (in French). 29: 133, 245–247, 260, 263.
- ^ Serra, Antoni; Mauriès, Jean-Paul (2018). "Contribution à la connaissance des Chamaesomatinae, avec description, ontogenèse et écologie de Xystrosoma santllorence n. sp. (Diplopoda, Chordeumida, Craspedosomatidea, Chamaesomatidae)". Bulletin de la Société d'histoire naturelle de Toulouse (in French). 154: 57-70 [59] – via Gallica.