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List of extinct languages of Asia

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This is a list of extinct languages of Asia, languages which have undergone language death, have no native speakers, and no spoken descendant.

There are 200 languages listed. 18 from Central Asia, 37 from East Asia, 25 from South Asia, 28 from Southeast Asia, 26 from Siberia and 67 from West Asia.

List

[edit]

This is an incomplete list. You can help by adding missing items, correcting wrong information and adding reliable sources. (March 2024)

Central Asia

[edit]
Language/dialect Family Date of extinction Ethnic group(s) Native to Notes
Avestan Indo-European 800s BC[1] Avestan people Central Asia Used as scriptural language of Zoroastrianism
Bactrian Indo-European 1000s AD[2] Bactrians Bactria
Bulgar Turkic 1200s AD[3] Bulgars Pontic–Caspian steppe
Cuman Turkic 1770 AD[4] Cumans Cumania
Fergana Kipchak Turkic 1920s[5] Fergana Kipchak speakers Fergana Valley
Gorgani Indo-European 1500-1700s AD[6] Semnani Gorgan
Hunnic unclassified 400s AD[7] Huns Eurasian Steppe
Inku Indo-European 1990s[8] Jalali, Pikraj, Shadibaz, Vangawala Afghanistan
Kambojan Indo-European [data missing] Kambojas Kamboja Kingdom
Khazar Turkic 1100s AD[9] Khazars Khazar Khaganate
Khwarezmian Indo-European 1000s AD[10] Khwarezmians Khwarazm
Moghol Mongolic by 2022[11] Moghols Herat
Nam Sino-Tibetan [data missing] Nam speakers Central Asia
Pahlavani Indo-European [data missing] Pahlavani people Chakhansur District
Parthian Indo-European 1000s AD[12] Parthians Parthia
Sarghulami Indo-European by 2014[13] Sarghulami Badakhshan
Vanji Indo-European after 1925[14] Vanj people Emirate of Bukhara
Wotapuri-Katarqalai Indo-European 1960[15] Wotapuri-Katarqalai speakers Afghanistan

East Asia

[edit]
Language/dialect Family Date of extinction Ethnic group(s) Native to Notes
Agnean Indo-European 900s AD[16] Tocharians Tarim Basin
Alchuka Tungusic 1980s[citation needed] Alchuka Heilongjiang
Babuza Austronesian by 1977[17] Babuza and Taokas western coast of Taiwan
Baekje Koreanic 600s AD[18] Baekje Baekje
Bala Tungusic 1982 AD[19] Bala Zhangguangcai Range
Balhae Tungusic? [data missing] Balhae speakers Balhae
Basay Austronesian 1940-1960s[citation needed] Qauqaut and Basay Northern Taiwan
Buyeo Koreanic? 500s AD[20] Yemaek Manchuria
Chinese Kyakala Tungusic 1980s[citation needed] Kyakala Northeastern China
Di Turkic [data missing] Di western China
Favorlang Austronesian 1740-1760s[citation needed] Babuza Taiwan
Kiautschou German pidgin German-based pidgin 1900-1920s[21] German-educated Chinese Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory
Gaya unclassified 600s AD[20] Kara tribal confederation Gaya confederacy
Goguryeo Koreanic? 700s AD[22] Goguryeo people Manchuria and Korea
Jie either Yeniseian or Turkic after 350 AD[citation needed] Jie people Northern China
Khitan Para-Mongolic? 1125 AD[23] Khitan people northeastern China, southeastern Mongolia and eastern Siberia
Kuchean Indo-European 900s AD[24] Tocharians Kucha
Kulon Austronesian [data missing] Kulon speakers Taiwan
Luilang Austronesian by 1977[17] Ketagalan Banqiao District
Luren Sino-Tibetan 1960s[25] Luren Guizhou
Mahan Koreanic? 600s AD[20] Mahan people Mahan confederacy
Okjeo Koreanic? 500s AD[20] Okjeo people Okjeo
Old Yue unclassified 0s AD[citation needed] Nanyue Southern China
Papora-Hoanya Austronesian by 2009[26] Papora and Hoanya Taiwan
Pazeh Austronesian 2010[27] Kazabu and Pazeh people Taiwan 12 speakers of Kaxabu dialect
Rouran unclassified after 620 AD[28] Rouran Rouran Khaganate (Mongolia and Northern China)
Siraya Austronesian 1800s AD[29] Siraya Taiwan
Taivoan Austronesian 1870-1890s AD[30] Taivoan people Taiwan
Tamna Japonic? 1400s AD[31] Tamnans Tamna
Tangut Sino-Tibetan 1500s AD[32] Tangut Northwestern China
Tuyuhun Para-Mongolic? 500s AD[33] Tuyuhun people Tuyuhun
Tuoba Para-Mongolic? 400s AD[citation needed] Tuoba Northern China and Mongolia
Wusun Indo-European after 5th century AD[citation needed] Wusun Qilian Mountains and Dunhuang
Xiongnu unclassified 100s AD[citation needed] Xiongnu Xiongnu Empire
Xianbei Para-Mongolic? 200s AD[citation needed] Xianbei Xianbei state
Ye-Maek Koreanic 500s AD[20] Yemaek Manchuria and Southern Korea
Yokohamese Japanese based pidgin 1870-1890s[34] Western and Chinese traders Yokohama
Zhang-Zhung Sino-Tibetan 900s AD[35] Zhangzhung people western Tibet

South Asia

[edit]
Language/dialect Family Date of extinction Ethnic group(s) Native to Notes
Aka-Bea Andamanese 1931[36] Bea western Andaman Strait and the northern and western coast of South Andaman
Aka-Bo Andamanese January 26, 2010[37] Bo west central coast of the North Andaman and on the North Reef Island
Aka-Cari Andamanese April 4, 2020[38] Cari north coast of North Andaman and on Landfall Island
Aka-Kede Andamanese 1930-1950s[36] Aka-Kede Southeast Middle Andaman
Aka-Kol Andamanese 1921[36] Kol Northern section of Middle Andaman
Aka-Kora Andamanese November 2009[39] Kora northeast and north central coasts of North Andaman and Smith Island
Akar-Bale Andamanese 1930-1950s[36] Bale Ritchie's Archipelago, Havelock Island and Neil Island
Ashokan Prakrit Indo-European 232 BC[40] Ashoka Maurya Empire
Chakpa Sino-Tibetan [data missing] Chakpa speakers Manipur
Cochin Portuguese Creole Portuguese creole 20 August 2010[41] Cochin Portuguese Creole speakers Kochi
Dura Sino-Tibetan August 2008[42] Dura Nepal
Gandhari Indo-European 200s AD[43] Gandhari people Gandhara
Harappan unclassified 1900s BC[44] Harappan people Indus River
Jangil Andamanese 1905[45] Jangil Rutland Island Unattested
Judeo-Urdu Indo-European 1700s[citation needed] Baghdadi Jews Mumbai and Kolkata
Lubanki Indo-European [data missing] Labana Punjab
Malaryan Dravidian by 1996[46] Malaryan speakers Kerala
Moran Sino-Tibetan by 1931[47] Morans Assam
Nagarchal Dravidian 1981[48] Nagarchi Central India
Oko-Juwoi Andamanese 1931[36] Juwoi west central and southwest interior of Middle Andaman
Paishachi Indo-European 900s AD[49] Paishachi people North India
Pucikwar Andamanese 1930-1950s[36] Pucikwar south coast of Middle Andaman, northeast coast of South Andaman and Baratang Island
Rangas Sino-Tibetan after 1900-1920s[50] Rangkas people Uttarakhand
Shauraseni Prakrit Indo-European 1000s AD[51] Medieval Indians Medieval India
Ullatan Dravidian 1991[52] Ulladan India

Southeast Asia

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Language/dialect Family Date of extinction Ethnic group(s) Native to
Ata Austronesian 2001-2007[53] Ata speakers Negros
Dicamay Agta Austronesian 1957-1974 [54] Aeta Luzon
Hoti Austronesian by 2007 AD[55] Hoti speakers Maluku Islands
Hpon Sino-Tibetan 1990s[56] Hpon speakers Myanmar
Hukumina Austronesian by 2024[57] Hukumina speakers northwest Buru
Kamarian Austronesian 2001-2007[58] Kamarian west Seram Island
Katabangan Austronesian by 2006[59] Agta Bondoc Peninsula
Kayeli Austronesian 1989[60] Kayeli people Buru
Kenaboi unclassified after 1890s[citation needed] Kenaboi Negeri Sembilan
Lelak Austronesian 1970s[61] Lelak people Sarawak
Loun Austronesian [data missing] Loun people Maluku Islands
Luhu Austronesian by 2024[57] Luhu speakers Seram Island
Makuva Trans–New Guinea? 1950s[62] Makuva people East Timor
Mardijker Portuguese creole 2012[63] Mardijker people Jakarta
Moksela unclassified 1974[64] Moksela people Buru Island
Nila Austronesian 1999[65] Nila speakers Nila Island and Seram Island
Palumata Austronesian? by 2024[57] Palumata speakers Buru
Portugis Portuguese creole by 2024[57] Christians of mixed Portuguese and Malay ancestry Indonesia
Pyu Sino-Tibetan 1100s AD[66] Pyu people Myanmar
Rusenu Trans–New Guinea? after 2007[62] Rusenu speakers eastern East Timor
Sabüm Austroasiatic 1976[67] Malaysians Malaysia
Seru Austronesian [data missing] Seru speaking people Sarawak
Serua Austronesian by 2024[57] Seruans Seram Island
Taman Sino-Tibetan 1990s[68] Shan Tamanthi
Tambora Papuan April 1815[69] Tambora culture Sumbawa
Tây Bồi French pidgin after 1954[70] Vietnamese people Vietnam
Timor Pidgin Portuguese creole 1960s[71] Portuguese settlers Dili
Wila' Austroasiatic 1800s-1820s[citation needed] Wila' speaking people Malaysia

Siberia

[edit]
Language/dialect Family Date of extinction Ethnic group(s) Native to Notes
Arin Yeniseian 1790[72] Arin people Yenisey between Yeniseysk and Krasnoyarsk
Arman Tungusic 1970s[73] Evens Arman river Dialect of Even
Assan Yeniseian 1790[74] Asan people Krasnoyarsk Krai
Bering Aleut Eskaleut March 2021[75] Aleuts Kamchatka Krai, Russia Dialect of Aleut
Chuvan Yukaghir 1700s[76] Chuvans Anadyr river basin of Chukotka
Eastern Kamchadal Chukotko-Kamchatkan 1930s[77] Itelmens Kamchatka Peninsula
Eastern Mansi Uralic 2018[78] Mansi Khanty-Mansi
Govorka Russian based creole by 2005[79] Nganasan Taymyr Peninsula
Kamas Uralic 1989[80] Kamasins north of the Sayan Mountains
Kerek Chukotko-Kamchatkan 2005[81] Kereks Chukotka
Kott Yeniseian 1800s[82] Kott speakers Mana
Kuril Ainu Ainu 1850-1890s[83] Kuril Ainu Kuril Islands, Kamchatka and Hokkaido
Kyakhta Russian-Chinese pidgin 1920-1940s[84] Russian and Chinese traders Kyakhta
Lower Chulym Turkic 2011[85] Chulyms Siberia Dialect of Chulym
Mator Uralic 1840 AD[86] Koibal Sayan Mountains
Mednyj Aleut Mixed Aleut–Russian October 2022[75] Alaskan Creoles on Medny Island Commander Islands, Russia
Omok Yukaghir 1700s[87] Omoks Yakutia and Magadan
Pumpokol Yeniseian 1740s[88] Pumpokols Yenisey
Sakhalin Ainu Ainu 1994[89] Sakhalin Ainu Sakhalin and Hokkaido
Sireniki Eskaleut 1997[90] Sirenik Eskimos Bering Strait region
Southern Kamchadal Chukotko-Kamchatkan 1900s[77] Itelmens Kamchatka Peninsula
Southern Khanty Uralic 1940-1960s[91] Khanty lower Irtysh 56 speakers reported in 2010
Southern Mansi Uralic 1930-1970s[92] Mansi Sverdlovsk
Western Mansi Uralic 1970-1990s[93] Mansi Sverdlovsk
Yugh Yeniseian by 1972[94] Yug Yenisey
Yurats Uralic 1800s[95] Yurats west of the Yenisey

West Asia

[edit]
Language/dialect Family Date of extinction Ethnic group(s) Native to
Adhari Indo-European 1600s AD[96] Azeris Iranian Azerbaijan
Akkadian Afro-Asiatic 100s AD[97] Akkadians Mesopotamia
Ammonite Afro-Asiatic 500s BC[98] Ammonites northwestern Jordan
Amorite Afro-Asiatic 2nd millennium BC[citation needed] Amorites Levant
Ancient Cappadocian unclassified 500s AD[99] Ancient Cappadocian speakers Anatolia
Armazic Afro-Asiatic 100s AD[100] Aramaic Caucasians South Caucasus
Carian Indo-European 200s BC[101] Carians Caria
Cimmerian Indo-European 620-580s BC[102] Cimmerians West Asia
Dadanitic Afro-Asiatic second half of the first millennium BC[103] Lihyanites Lihyan
Daylami Indo-European 1300s AD[104] Daylamites South Caspian Sea
Dadanitic Afro-Asiatic 600s BC[105] Lihyanites Lihyan
Dilmunite Afro-Asiatic First half of the second millennium BC[106] Arabs Dilmun
Eblaite Afro-Asiatic 3rd millennium BC[107] Eblabites Ebla
Edomite Afro-Asiatic early half of 1st millennium BC[108] Edomites southwest Jordan and southern Israel
Elamite language isolate 700s BC[109] Elamites Elam
Eteocypriot unclassified 300s BC[110] Eteocypriots Cyprus
Galatian Indo-European 500s AD[111] Galatians Galatia
Garachi Indo-European [data missing] Garachi Azerbaijan
Gutian unclassified [data missing] Guti Zagros Mountains?
Hadramautic Afro-Asiatic 600s AD[112] Hadramites Yemen, Oman and Saudi Arabia
Hasaitic Afro-Asiatic 100s AD[113] Arabs Al-Ahsa Oasis
Hattian unclassified 2nd millennium BC[114] Hattians Anatolia
Himyaritic Afro-Asiatic by 1000s AD[115] Himyarite tribal confederacy Yemen
Hismaic Afro-Asiatic 300s AD[116] Arabs Ḥismā
Hittite Indo-European 1180s BC[117] Hittites Anatolia
Hurrian Hurro-Urartian 1st millennium BC[118] Hurrians Mittani
Isaurian Indo-European 500s AD[119] Isaurians Isauria
Judeo-Golpaygani Indo-European [data missing] Persian Jews Golpayegan
Kalasmaic Indo-European 1200s BC[120] Luwic people Anatolia
Kaskian unclassified 700s BC[121] Kaskians Northeastern Anatolia and Colchis
Kassite Hurro-Urartian ? 300s BC[122] Kassites Babylon
Kilit Indo-European after 1950s[123] Talysh of Kilit Nakhchivan
Luwian Indo-European 1st millennium BC[124] Luwians Anatolia and northern Syria
Lycaonian unclassified after 50 AD[125] Lycaonians Lycaonia
Lycian Indo-European 200s BC[126] Lycians Lycia and Lycaonia
Lydian Indo-European 200s BC[127] Lydians Lydia
Mamluk-Kipchak Turkic after 1516 AD[128] Mamluk Syria
Median Indo-European 100s AD[129] Medes Persia
Milyan Indo-European 1st millennium BC[130] Milyans Milyas
Minaean Afro-Asiatic 600s AD[131] Minaeans Yemen
Minoan unclassified 1450s BC[132] Minoans Crete and Ugarit
Mitanni-Aryan Indo-European after 1300s BC[133] Mittani Indo-Aryans Mitanni
Mlaḥsô Afro-Asiatic 1999[134] Syriac Orthodox Christians Mlahsô and Qamishli
Moabite Afro-Asiatic early half of 1st millennium BC[135] Moabites northwestern Jordan
Mycenaean Greek Indo-European 1200s BC[136] Mycenaean Greeks Mycenaean Greece
Mysian Indo-European 0s BC[137] Mysians Mysia
Nabataean Arabic Afro-Asiatic 0s AD[citation needed] Nabataeans Levant, Sinai Peninsula and northwest Arabia
Palaic Indo-European 2nd millennium BC[138] Palaic Peoples Pala
Palmyrene Aramaic Afro-Asiatic after 274 AD[139] Palmyrenes Syrian Desert, primarily in Palmyra
Philistine unclassified 900s BC[140] Philistines Philistia
Phoenician Afro-Asiatic 1st millennium BC[141] Phoenicians Canaan and Cyprus
Phrygian Indo-European after 400 AD[142] Phrygians Central Anatolia
Pisidic Indo-European 200s BC[143] Pisidians Pisidia
Qatabanian Afro-Asiatic 600s AD[144] People of Qataban Yemen
Sabaic Afro-Asiatic 600s AD[145] Sabaeans Yemen
Sabir Romance-based Pidgin 1800s AD[146] Medieval traders and Crusaders Mediterranean Basin
Safaitic Afro-Asiatic 200s AD[147] Northern Arabs Syria
Samalian Afro-Asiatic 730s BC[148] People of Samʾal Samʾal
Sidetic Indo-European 200s BC[149] People of Side Side
South Gileadite Afro-Asiatic 770s BC[150] People of Deir Alla Deir Alla
Sumerian language isolate 0s AD[151] Sumerians Sumer and Akkad
Sutean Afro-Asiatic 1100s BC[citation needed] Suteans Levant and Mesopotamia
Taymanitic Afro-Asiatic 500s BC[152] Ancient North Arabian Arabs Tayma
Thamudic Afro-Asiatic after 267 AD[153] Thamud Kingdom of Thamud
Ubykh Northwest Caucasian 7 October 1992 AD[154] Ubykh Ubykhia
Ugaritic Afro-Asiatic 1300s BC[155] People of Ugarit Levant
Urartian Hurro-Urartian 1st millennium BC[156] Urartian Urartu

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Avestan". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2024. 1200 - 800 BC.
  2. ^ "Bactrian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-08. 300 BC - 1000 AD.
  3. ^ "Volga-Bolgarian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2024. 13th century AD.
  4. ^ Melnyk, Mykola (2022). Byzantium and the Pechenegs. István Varró, a member of the Jász-Cuman mission to the empress of Austria Maria Theresa and the known last speaker of the Cuman language, died in 1770.
  5. ^ Lindsay, Robert. "Mutual Intelligibility Among the Turkic Languages" (PDF). Retrieved 2024-04-07. This lect is the descendant of the Fergana Kipchak language that went extinct in the late 1920's.
  6. ^ Borjian, Habib (2008). The Extinct Language of Gurgān: Its Sources and Origins. p. 681. Hence, Gurgani must have died out sometime after the fifteenth but certainly before the nineteenth century
  7. ^ Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. p. 393. time period:Fourth to fifth century c.E.
  8. ^ "Inku". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2019-10-14. Retrieved 2024-10-19. Last speakers probably survived into the 1990s.
  9. ^ "Khazar". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024. 6th - 12th century AD.
  10. ^ "Chorasmian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-08. 300 BC - 1000 AD.
  11. ^ Mogholi at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  12. ^ "Parthian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-05. 300 BC - 1000 AD.
  13. ^ Kakar, Hasan Kawun (2014). Government and Society in Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir 'Abd al-Rahman Khan (5 ed.). University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292729001.
  14. ^ Dagikhudo, Dagiev; Carole, Faucher (2018). Identity, History and Trans-Nationality in Central Asia. Andreev explains that 100 years ago there was an ancient Vanji language used by people of Vanj valley. He then provides as example that in 1925, when travelling to Vanj Valley, him and his travel companion met an old man who told that, when he was 11 years old, he was speaking Vanji language. Unfortunately, the old man could remember only 20-30 words, but even then, he was not sure if they were all correct.
  15. ^ Brenzinger, Matthias (2007). Language Diversity Endangered. ... "Two ... Wot (Wotapuri - Katarqalai). Of the latter we can witness how the process of extinction has moved on inexorably in the course of the twentieth century. In the 1940's Morgenstierne reported that Wot was spoken in two villages in the Katar valley, one at Wotapuri at the confluence of the Pech river with the streams coming from the valley, one further up the valley in Katarqalai. 15 years later Budruss (1960) visited both villages found no speakers of the language in the lower village, Pashto having completely replaced it, and in the upper one only a few passive speakers who remember having spoken the language in their earlier years.
  16. ^ "Tokharian A". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2024. c. 7th - 10th centuries AD.
  17. ^ a b Marsh, Mikell Alan (1977). FAVORLANG-PAZEH-SAISIAT: A PUTATIVE FORMOSAN SUBGROUP. p. 2. Taokas and Luilang might also be associated with this FPS subgroup, but available data on these now-extinct languages are too limited to determine this with any surety.
  18. ^ "Paekche". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 2024-03-07. 5th to 7th centuries AD.
  19. ^ Andreas Hölzl (2020). "Bala (China) – Language Snapshot". Academia.edu. p. 163. Retrieved 2024-10-09. The Bala language is said to have become extinct in 1982,
  20. ^ a b c d e Martine Robbeets (2020). Oxford University Press (ed.). "Archaeolinguistic evidence for the farming/language dispersal of Koreanic". p. 6. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  21. ^ Maitz, Péter; Volker, Craig A. (2017). "Language Contact in the German Colonies: Papua New Guinea and beyond" (PDF). Retrieved 2024-07-14. Kiautschou Pidgin German, which was spoken in the German colony Kiautschou on the coast of China in the early 20th century.
  22. ^ "Koguryo". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 2024-04-25. 1st century to mid-8th century A.D.
  23. ^ "Kitan". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 2 June 2012. Retrieved 2024-03-08. 916 - 1125 AD.
  24. ^ "Tokharian B". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2024. c. 7th - 10th centuries AD.
  25. ^ Guizhou Province Gazetteer: Ethnic Gazetteer [贵州省志. 民族志] (2002). Guiyang: Guizhou Ethnic Publishing House [貴州民族出版社].
  26. ^ "Papora-Hoanya". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2024-11-17.
  27. ^ "The prosodic structure of Pazeh". Retrieved 2024-05-21. Pazeh, an Austronesian language of Taiwan thought to have lost its last speaker in 2010.
  28. ^ Savelyev, Alexander; Jeong, Choongwon (7 May 2020). "Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West". Cambridge University Press. 2. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.18. PMC 7612788. PMID 35663512. the Khüis Tolgoi inscription must have been erected between 604 and 620 AD.
  29. ^ "iso639-3/fos". Retrieved 2024-05-21. Siraya is a Formosan language spoken until the end of the 19th century by the indigenous Siraya people of Taiwan.
  30. ^ "Taivoan". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2019-07-03. Retrieved 2024-10-19. The last known speaker died near the end of the 1800s.
  31. ^ Alexander Vovin (2017). "Origins of the Japanese Language". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. p. 1,6. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
  32. ^ "Tangut". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 6 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2024. c. 11th - 16th centuries AD.
  33. ^ Alexander Vovin (December 2015). "Some notes on the Tuyuhun (吐谷渾) language: in the footsteps of Paul Pelliot". Journal of Sino-Western Communications. 7 (2). Academia.edu: 157–166. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  34. ^ Inoue, Aya (2006). "Grammatical Features of Yokohama Pidgin Japanese: Common Characteristics of Restricted Pidgins" (PDF). University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa: 55. Retrieved 19 August 2024. A pidginized variety of Japanese called Yokohamese or Japanese Ports Lingo evolved during the reign of Emperor Meiji from 1868 to 1912, and largely disappeared by the end of the nineteenth century.
  35. ^ "Zhang-zhung". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2024. 7th - 10th century AD.
  36. ^ a b c d e f George van Driem (2001), Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region : Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language, BRILL, ISBN 90-04-12062-9, ... The Aka-Kol tribe of Middle Andaman became extinct by 1921. The Oko-Juwoi of Middle Andaman and the Aka-Bea of South Andaman and Rutland Island were extinct by 1931. The Akar-Bale of Ritchie's Archipelago, the Aka-Kede of Middle Andaman and the A-Pucikwar of South Andaman Island soon followed. By 1951, the census counted a total of only 23 Greater Andamanese and 10 Sentinelese. That means that just ten men, twelve women and one child remained of the Aka-Kora, Aka-Cari and Aka-Jeru tribes of Greater Andaman and only ten natives of North Sentinel Island ...
  37. ^ "Language lost as last member of Andaman tribe dies". The Daily Telegraph. 5 February 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  38. ^ "Remembering Licho, the Last Speaker of the Sare Language". Terralingua. April 30, 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  39. ^ "The Hindu". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
  40. ^ Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh K. (2003). The Indo-Aryan Languages. p. 164. The inscriptions of Asoka - a king of the Maurya dynasty who reigned, based in his capital Pataliputra, from 268 to 232 BC over almost the whole of India - were engraved in rocks and pillars, in various local dialects.
  41. ^ "The Death of an Indian-born Language". Open Magazine. 28 October 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  42. ^ "The last of Nepal's Dura speakers". BBC. January 15, 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  43. ^ "KHAROSTHI MANUSCRIPTS: A WINDOW ON GANDHARAN BUDDHISM". Retrieved 2024-05-13. ... the Kharosthi script was used as a literary medium, that is, from the time of Asoka in the middle of the third century B.C. until about the third century A.D.
  44. ^ "Indus Valley Language". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 2024-06-07. 2500-1900 BC.
  45. ^ "The Andamanese". Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
  46. ^ "Malaryan". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2024-09-17.
  47. ^ Jacquesson, François (2017). "The linguistic reconstruction of the past The case of the Boro-Garo languages". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 40 (1). Translated by van Breugel, Seino: 108. doi:10.1075/ltba.40.1.04van. A second more dramatic example is P.R. Gurdon's 1904 article 'The Morans' in the same journal. ... The census returned 78 speakers in 1901, 24 in 1911 and none in 1931.
  48. ^ Nagarchal at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  49. ^ "Paisaci Prakrit". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 2024-03-12. Most of the material in this language originates from the 3rd to 10th centuries AD, though it was probably spoken as early as the 5th century BC.
  50. ^ George van Driem (May 2007). Matthias Brenzinger (ed.). "Endangered Languages of South Asia". Handbook of Endangered Languages: 303. Retrieved 20 October 2024. Rangkas was recorded in the Western Himalayas as recently as the beginning of the 20th century, but is now extinct.
  51. ^ "iso639-3/psu". Retrieved 2024-06-23. Most of the material in this language originates from the 3rd to 10th centuries AD...
  52. ^ "Ullatan". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2008-02-08. Retrieved 2024-06-12.
  53. ^ "Ata". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2013-05-20. Retrieved 2024-10-19. 2 (Wurm 2000). In 1973, only a few families of speakers were reported. Probably extinct (Wurm 2007).
  54. ^ Lobel, Jason William. "Philippine and North Bornean languages: Issues in description, subgrouping, and reconstruction" (PDF). p. 98. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 2024-08-14. SIL linguist Richard Roe contacted this group in 1957 and took a word list of 291 words. They lived on the Dicamay River on the western side of the Sierra Madre near Jones, Isabela. Roe told me that there was only one family there then. In November 1974, after talking with Roe and with a copy of his wordlist in hand, I went to Jones to see if I could find the Agta who spoke this language. I was unable to find them. We talked to many Filipinos in the area, but they all said they had not seen any Negritos for several years. Some people whispered to me that migrant Ilokano homesteaders had killed a number of the Agta a few years ago.
  55. ^ "Hoti". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2024-11-17. No known L1 speakers (Wurm 2007).
  56. ^ "Hpon". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2024-10-19. Last known speaker survived into the 1990s
  57. ^ a b c d e "11 Indigenous Languages Declared Extinct: Education Ministry". Jakarta Globe. 8 March 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2024. Muksin specifically mentioned 11 extinct indigenous languages, such as Tandia and Mawes in West Papua and Papua, along with Kajeli, Piru, Moksela, Palumata, Ternateno, Hukumina, Hoti, Serua, and Nila in different areas of Maluku.
  58. ^ "Kamarian". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2014-02-20. Retrieved 2024-10-19. ...now probably extinct (Wurm 2007).
  59. ^ Lobel, Jason William. "Philippine and North Bornean languages: Issues in description, subgrouping, and reconstruction" (PDF). p. 92. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 2024-08-14. While the Katabangan of Catanauan exists in name as a group, a visit to the group in 2006 confirmed that none of the Katabangan speak any language natively other than Tagalog, nor is there any recollection of their ancestors speaking any other language.
  60. ^ "iso639-3/kzl". Retrieved 2024-05-17. The last speaker of the Leliali dialect died in 1989
  61. ^ Lelak at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  62. ^ a b "Noorderlicht Nieuws: Raadselachtig Rusenu" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 18 April 2007. Retrieved 2024-08-06.
  63. ^ Dimas, Dimas. "PUNAHNYA BAHASA KREOL PORTUGIS". LIPI (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  64. ^ "Moksela". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2008-10-23. Retrieved 2024-06-12. Last speaker died in 1974.
  65. ^ Nila at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  66. ^ "Pyu". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-06. c. 5th? - 12th century AD.
  67. ^ "Sabüm". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2019-07-04. Retrieved 2024-10-19. The last speaker survived into the late 1970s (Benjamin 1976).
  68. ^ "Taman". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2011-12-17. Retrieved 2024-06-12. Reportedly the last speaker of Taman died in the 1990s.
  69. ^ Mark Donohue (2007). "The Papuan Language of Tambora". Oceanic Linguistics. 46 (2). JSTOR: 520–537. doi:10.1353/ol.2008.0014. JSTOR 20172326. Retrieved 2024-05-07. ...the language, along with its speakers, was lost in a gigantic volcanic eruption, the most cataclysmic in historic times in April 1815.
  70. ^ Haarmann, Harald. Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen (in German). p. 188.
  71. ^ "iso639-3/tvy". Retrieved 2024-05-17. ...that was spoken in Bidau, an eastern suburb of Dili, East Timor until the 1960s
  72. ^ "The ASJP Database - Wordlist Arin". asjp.clld.org. Retrieved 2024-11-17. status extinct since 1790
  73. ^ Moseley, Christopher; Nicolas, Alexandre. "Atlas of the world's languages in danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 2024-08-20. Languages that have become extinct since being linguistically described include Mator (Samoyed, in the 1840s), Kott (Yeniseic, in the 1850s), Arman (an archaic variety of Even, in the 1970s)
  74. ^ "The ASJP Database - Wordlist Assan". asjp.clld.org. Retrieved 2024-11-17. status extinct since 1790
  75. ^ a b "Last Native Speaker Of Aleut Language In Russia Dies". Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty. 5 October 2022. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
  76. ^ "Chuvantsy". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 2 June 2012. Retrieved 2024-04-26. Survived until perhaps the 18th century AD.
  77. ^ a b Kibrik, Aleksandr E. (March 1991). "The Problem of Endangered Languages in the USSR". Diogenes. 39 (153): 67–83. doi:10.1177/039219219103915305. ISSN 0392-1921.
  78. ^ Abondolo, Daniel; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (31 Mar 2023). The Uralic Languages. Maksim Sivtorov passed away in early 2018, and Eastern Mansi is thus the latest Uralic language to become extinct.
  79. ^ Stern, Dieter (2005). "Taimyr Pidgin Russian (Govorka)". Russian Linguistics. 29 (3). JSTOR: 289–318. doi:10.1007/s11185-005-8376-3. ISSN 0304-3487. JSTOR 40160794. Retrieved 2024-08-25. These are the Norwegian-Russian pidgin known as Russenorsk, Chinese Pidgin Russian and Taimyr Pidgin Russian (TPR). Brief remarks in travel accounts and elsewhere indicate the existence of other Russian pidgins, such as Chukotka Pidgin Russian and Kamchatka Pidgin Russian. None of these, however, have been documented or described. In the case of the documented pidgins, the extent of the text samples is far from being exhaustive. With the exception of TPR, further documentation seems no longer possible, however, as the pidgins in question are extinct by now.
  80. ^ "Dying Languages". Dzen. February 9, 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  81. ^ Fortescue, Michael (22 December 2011). Comparative Chukotko-Kamchatkan Dictionary. p. 1.
  82. ^ "Kott". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 2024-03-07. Survived until middle of 19th century AD.
  83. ^ Sato, Tomomi; Bugaeva, Anna (15 March 2019). "The study of old documents of Hokkaido and Kuril Ainu : promise and challenges". 北方言語研究. 9: 67–93. Retrieved 2024-05-08. Unfortunately, Kuril Ainu, which is absolutely indispensable for the reconstruction, disappeared in the late 19th century with just few old documents left.
  84. ^ Stern, Dieter (2020). "Russian Pidgin Languages". p. 3. Retrieved 2024-08-25. With the dissolution of the Russian emigré community in Harbin starting with the foundation of Manchukuo in 1932, and the expulsion of the Chinese from the Soviet Union in the late 1930s, CPR lost its remaining functional domains and went extinct.
  85. ^ "Chulym Turkic". Retrieved 2024-11-13. Currently, the Lower Chulym dialect is considered extinct (the last speaker, according to Valeria Lemskaya, died in 2011).
  86. ^ "Mator". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 2024-03-07. Mator or Motor was a Uralic language belonging to the group of Samoyedic languages, extinct since the 1840s.
  87. ^ "Omok". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 2 June 2012. Retrieved 2024-04-26. Survived until perhaps 18th century.
  88. ^ "The ASJP Database - Wordlist Pumpokol". asjp.clld.org. Retrieved 2024-11-16. status extinct since 1740
  89. ^ Wilson, Samuel M. "Cultures in Contact" (PDF). Retrieved 2024-05-08. In 1994, Take Asai died at the age of 102. She was the last native speaker of Sakhalin Ainu
  90. ^ "Sirenik". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 10 December 2012. Retrieved 2024-03-07. In January 1997 the last native speaker of the language, a woman named Vyie (Valentina Wye) died.
  91. ^ Salminen, Tapani (2023). "Demography, endangerment, and revitalization". In Abondolo, Daniel Mario; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (eds.). The Uralic languages. Routledge Language Family (2nd ed.). London New York: Routledge. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-138-65084-8.
  92. ^ Abondolo, Daniel; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (31 Mar 2023). The Uralic Languages. Southern Mansi, whose aboriginal territory covered a vast area including parts of easternmost Europe, is undoubtedly the Mansi language that was first to become extinct. When that happened can only be estimated on the basis of the records of Kannisto and others, which show that shift to both Russian and Siberian Tatar was progressing rapidly at the beginning of the twentieth century, leading to the conclusion that the language probably survived until the middle decades.
  93. ^ Abondolo, Daniel; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (31 Mar 2023). The Uralic Languages. Although we do not know the time of the death of the last speaker of Western Mansi, it does indeed seem certain that there were none left by the end of the twentieth century
  94. ^ Edward Vajda (2024-02-19). Vajda, Edward (ed.). "8 The Yeniseian language family". The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia. De Gruyter. pp. 365–480. doi:10.1515/9783110556216-008. ISBN 978-3-11-055621-6. Retrieved 2024-11-17.
  95. ^ Krauss, Michael. "The Indigenous Languages of the North : A Report on Their Present State" (PDF). Retrieved 23 April 2024. Yurats was another Samoyedic language replaced by the eastward advance of Tundra Nenets, extinct during the nineteenth century, with meager documentation
  96. ^ "AZERBAIJAN vii. The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2024-08-20.
  97. ^ "The Akkadian Language". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 25 December 2009. Retrieved 2024-08-22. Survived until around 100 AD.
  98. ^ Walter E. Aufrecht (May 1987). "The Ammonite Language of the Iron Age. Kent P. Jackson. Review". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (266). JSTOR: 87. JSTOR 1356933. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
  99. ^ Cooper, Eric; Decker, Michael J. (2012). Life And Society In Byzantine Cappadocia. p. 14. The echoes of native Cappadocian could be heard into the sixth century and perhaps beyond.
  100. ^ "Armazic". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 2024-04-16. 1st-2nd centuries AD.
  101. ^ "Carian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-06. 7th to 3rd centuries BC.
  102. ^ Ivantchik, A.I. (2001). The current state of the Cimmerian problem. The development of the Classical tradition on the subject of the Cimmerians after their disappearance from the historical arena, no later than the very end of the 7th or very beginning of the 6th century BC
  103. ^ "Dadanitic". Retrieved 2024-05-10. Dadanitic was the alphabet used by the inhabitants of the ancient oasis of Dadan, probably some time during the second half of the first millennium BC.
  104. ^ Mehdi Marashi, Mohammad Ali Jazayery, Persian studies in North America: studies in honor of Mohammad Ali Jazayery, Ibex Publishers, Inc., 1994, ISBN 0-936347-35-X, 9780936347356, p. 269.
  105. ^ "Dumaitic". Retrieved 2024-05-10. According to the Assyrian annals Dūma was the seat of successive queens of the Arabs, some of whom were also priestesses, in the eighth and seventh centuries BC.
  106. ^ Jean Jacques Glassner (2013-10-28). "Dilmun, Magan and Meluhha". In Julian Reade (ed.). The Indian Ocean In Antiquity. Routledge. p. 242. ISBN 9781136155314. In short, the anthroponyms and the remnants of the language show that at the beginning of the second millennium the people of Dilmun was a Semitic one.
  107. ^ "Palaeosyrian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024. 3rd Millenium BC.
  108. ^ "Edomite". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024. Earlier half of the 1st Millennium BC.
  109. ^ "Elamite". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 2024-03-05. 3rd millennium BC - 8th Century BC.
  110. ^ "Eteocypriot". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2024. An ancient language of Cyprus, up to 4th C BC.
  111. ^ "Galatian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 2024-03-06. Perhaps from the late 1st millenium BC, and spoken until the 6th century AD, according to Greek Historians.
  112. ^ "Hadramitic". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 2024-03-06. 100 BC - 600 AD.
  113. ^ "Hasaitic". LINGUIST List. Retrieved 2024-05-10. They are thought to date from the first two centuries AD.
  114. ^ "Hatti". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024. 2nd Millennium BC.
  115. ^ Stein, Peter (2008). "The "Ḥimyaritic" Language in pre-Islamic Yemen A Critical Re-evaluation". Academia.edu. p. 203. Its attribution to the tribe of Ḥimyar led to the designation of this idiom as"Ḥimyaritic". According to the sources, this language must have been in use in the Yemeni highlands up to the Xth century and even later,
  116. ^ "Hismaic". Retrieved 2024-05-10. i.e. first century BC to fourth century AD
  117. ^ "Hittite". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 2024-03-06. 1500–1180 BC
  118. ^ "Hurrian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 2024-03-05. 2nd - Ist Millennium BC.
  119. ^ Lenski, Noel. "Assimilation and Revolt in the Territory of Isauria, From the 1st Century BC to the 6th Century AD". Academia.edu. Retrieved 2024-08-13. Beginning in the middle of the second millenniumBC the region had fallen under the control of the Hittite empire and from that point until at least the end of the sixth century AD its inhabitants continued to speak a branch of Hittite now called Luwian.
  120. ^ Schwemer, Daniel (2024). Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazköi (in German). Vol. 71. Mainz: Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur. p. XIX.
  121. ^ "Historical Memory about Migration of the Kaskians in Western Georgia". p. 335. Retrieved 2024-05-06. The Kaška first appear on the territory of the Hittite empire in the 15th c. B.C. and are mentioned till 8th c. B.C.
  122. ^ "Kassites". Crystalinks. Retrieved 15 August 2024. Kassite (Cassite) was a language spoken by Kassites in northern Mesopotamia from approximately the 18th to the 4th century BC.
  123. ^ Stilo, D. L. (1994). Phonological systems in contact in Iran and Transcaucasia. Ibex Publishers, Inc. p. 90. As to the present status of Kilit, it is a moribund, or more likely extinct, language mentioned and transcribed two or three times by nonlinguists from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries. The last known data collected was in the 1950s when speakers numbered only a few old men using it probably only as a trade jargon or secret language.
  124. ^ "Hieroglyphic Luwian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2024. 2nd-1st Millennium BC.
  125. ^ "Topical Bible: Lycaonia". Bible Hub. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  126. ^ "Lycian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024. 500 BC to about 200 BC.
  127. ^ "Lydian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024. 8th to ? 3rd century BC.
  128. ^
  129. ^ "Median". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 2024-03-13. 500 BC - 100 AD.
  130. ^ "Milyan". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-06. First millennium BC.
  131. ^ "Minaic". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 26 August 2012. Retrieved 2024-05-20. 100 BC - 600 AD.
  132. ^ "Minoan". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 2024-03-05. Circa 1800 and 1450 BC.
  133. ^ History of Humanity: From the Third Millennium to the Seventh Century B.C. UNESCO. 31 December 1996. p. 196. ISBN 978-92-3-102811-3. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
  134. ^ "The Neo-Aramaic Languages" (PDF). Retrieved 2024-05-08. Ibrahim Ḥanna was the last speaker of the Mlaḥso language, as the village was destroyed in 1915 during the Armenian genocide. He died in 1999 in Qāmišli in Syria
  135. ^ "Moabite". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-05. Earlier half of the 1st Millennium BC.
  136. ^ "FROM PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN TO MYCENAEAN GREEK:A PHONOLOGICAL STUDY" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024. ... no tablets or any other inscribed vessels were found from ca. 1200 BC onwards.
  137. ^ "Mysian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 2024-03-06. Before 1st Century AD.
  138. ^ "Palaic". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024. 2nd Millennium BC.
  139. ^ "THE ARABIC WORDS IN PALMYRENE INSCRIPTIONS". ResearchGate. Retrieved 11 May 2024. The earliest dated Palmyrene inscription is from the year 44 BC and the latest discovery has been dated to the year 274 AD.
  140. ^ Maeir, Aren M.; Hitchcock, Louise A. "The Appearance, Formation and Transformation of Philistine Culture: New Perspectives and New Finds". Retrieved 2024-08-13. Thereafter, accordingly, over a period of approximately two centuries, this culture became increasingly influenced by the local, Levantine cultures until somewhere in the IA IIA (sometime after 1000 BCE), the unique, foreign attributes of the Philistine culture disappeared.
  141. ^ "Phoenician". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 2024-03-05. 2nd - 1st Millennium BC.
  142. ^ Swain, Simon; Adams, J. Maxwell; Janse, Mark (2002). Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Word. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. p. 252. ISBN 0-19-924506-1. The last mention of Phrygian in use dates from the fifth century AD.
  143. ^ "Pisidian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 2024-03-06. 2nd-3rd century BC.
  144. ^ "Qatabanic". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 2024-03-06. 100 BC - 600 AD.
  145. ^ "Sabaic". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024. 100 BC - 600 AD.
  146. ^ The Lingua Franca. Natalie Operstein. 2021.
  147. ^ Al-Jallad, Ahmad. "Al-Jallad. 2020. The month ʾdr in Safaitic and the status of spirantization in "Arabian" Aramaic". Academia.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-29. A minority of dated texts suggest that the practice of carving Safaitic inscriptions spanned at least from the second century BCE to the third century CE.
  148. ^ "The Sam'alian Language". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 31 August 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2024. 820-730 BC.
  149. ^ "Sidetic". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-06. 3rd - 2nd centuries BC.
  150. ^ ברוך מרגלית (Oct 1998). "עלילות בלעם בר-בעור מעמק סוכות" (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on December 21, 2014. Retrieved 2024-08-20.
  151. ^ "Sumerian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 2024-03-05. The language continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language until the 1st century AD.
  152. ^ Kootstra-Ford, Fokelien. "The Language of the Taymanitic Inscriptions and its Classification". Academia.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-08. Therefore, at least part of the Taymanitic corpus can safely be dated to the second half of the 6th century BCE.
  153. ^ Al-Jallad, Ahmad. "Al-Jallad. 2018. The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification". Academia.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-10. These inscriptions are concentrated in northwest Arabia, and one occurs alongside a Nabataean tomb inscription dated to the year 267 CE.
  154. ^ Koerner, E. F. K. (1 January 1998). First Person Singular III: Autobiographies by North American Scholars in the Language Sciences. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 33. ISBN 978-90-272-4576-2.
  155. ^ "Ugaritic". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-05. 15th to 13th Century BC.
  156. ^ "Urartean". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-06. Ist Millennium BC.
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