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List of suines

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Eight suine species (counter-clockwise from top left): red river hog (Potamochoerus porcus), collared peccary (Dicotyles tajacu), feral pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus), north Sulawesi babirusa (Babyrousa celebensis), wild boar (Sus scrofa), pygmy hog (Porcula salvanius), common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus), and Bornean bearded pig (Sus barbatus)

Suina, also known as Suiformes, is a suborder of omnivorous, non-ruminant hoofed mammals in the order Artiodactyla. A member of this clade is called a suine. It includes the family Suidae, termed suids or colloquially pigs or swine, as well as the family Tayassuidae, termed tayassuids or peccaries. Suines are largely native to Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia, with the exception of the wild boar, which is additionally native to Europe and Asia and introduced to North America and Australasia, including widespread use in farming of the domestic pig subspecies. Suines range in size from the 55 cm (22 in) long pygmy hog to the 210 cm (83 in) long giant forest hog, and are primarily found in forest, shrubland, and grassland biomes, though some can be found in deserts, wetlands, or coastal regions. Most species do not have population estimates, though approximately two billion domestic pigs are used in farming, while several species are considered endangered or critically endangered with populations as low as 100.

The 20 extant species of Suina are split between the Suidae family, containing 17 extant species belonging to six genera, and the Tayassuidae family, containing three species in three genera. All extant suids are members of the Suinae subfamily; extinct species have also been placed into Suinae as well as other subfamilies. Dozens of extinct Suina species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.[1][2]

Conventions

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IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (0 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (1 species)
 EN Endangered (4 species)
 VU Vulnerable (6 species)
 NT Near threatened (2 species)
 LC Least concern (7 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (0 species)
 NE Not evaluated (0 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the species's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct species or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

Classification

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The suborder Suina consists of 20 extant species in nine genera, divided into dozens of extant subspecies. These are split between the Suidae family, containing 17 species belonging to 6 genera, and the Tayassuidae family, containing 3 species in 3 genera. This does not include hybrid species such as boar–pig hybrids or extinct prehistoric species.

Suina  

Suines

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The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis. There are several additional proposals which are disputed, such as the creation of a fourth species of peccary, the giant peccary (Pecari maximus), which are not included here.[3]

Suidae

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Main article: Suidae
Genus Babyrousa – Perry, 1811 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Buru babirusa

Tusked suine skull

B. babyrussa
(Linnaeus, 1758) 		Buru, Mangole, and Taliabu islands in Indonesia
Map of range 		Size: 85–110 cm (33–43 in) long, plus 20–32 cm (8–13 in) tail[4]

Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands[5]

Diet: Fruit and browse[5] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[5]

North Sulawesi babirusa

Gray tusked suine

B. celebensis
(Deninger, 1909) 		Sulawesi and nearby Indonesian islands
Map of range 		Size: 85–110 cm (33–43 in) long, plus 20–32 cm (8–13 in) tail[6]

Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands[7]

Diet: Fruit and browse[7] 		 VU 


10,000 Population declining[7]

Togian babirusa

Gray and pink tusked suine

B. togeanensis
(Sody, 1949) 		Togian Islands of Indonesia
Map of range 		Size: Unknown, but likely the largest babirusa species[8][9]

Habitat: Forest, inland wetlands, and intertidal marine[10]

Diet: Fruit, rhizomes, tamarinds, cacao, herbs, and vegetables[8] 		 EN 


1,000 Population declining[10]

Genus Hylochoerus – Thomas, 1904 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Giant forest hog

Hairy brown suine

H. meinertzhageni
Thomas, 1904

Three subspecies
  • H. m. ivoriensis
  • H. m. meinertzhageni
  • H. m. rimator
Scattered central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 130–210 cm (51–83 in) long, plus 25–45 cm (10–18 in) tail[11]

Habitat: Forest[12]

Diet: Large variety of plants, particularly herbaceous plants[12] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[12]

Genus Phacochoerus – F. Cuvier, 1826 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Common warthog

Borwn tusked suine

P. africanus
(Gmelin, 1788)

Four subspecies
  • P. a. aeliani (Eritrean warthog)
  • P. a. africanus (Nolan warthog)
  • P. a. massaicus (Central African warthog)
  • P. a. sundevallii (Southern warthog)
Sub-saharan Africa
Map of range 		Size: 90–150 cm (35–59 in) long[13]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[14]

Diet: Grass, as well as roots, berries, bark, and carrion[13][14] 		 LC 


250,000[15] Population declining[14]

Desert warthog

Diorama of several tusked suine

P. aethiopicus
(Pallas, 1766)

Two subspecies
  • P. a. aethiopicus (Cape warthog)†
  • P. a. delamerei
Eastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 100–145 cm (39–57 in) long[16]

Habitat: Savanna and shrubland[17]

Diet: A variety of grass, shrubs, and tubers, as well as fruit and insects[16][17] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[17]

Genus Porcula – Hodgson, 1847 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Pygmy hog

Small brown suine

P. salvania
(Hodgson, 1847) 		Southern Bhutan and northwest India Size: 55–71 cm (22–28 in) long, plus tail[18]

Habitat: Grassland[19]

Diet: Roots, grass, tubers, and invertebrates[20][19] 		 EN 


100–250 Unknown[19]

Genus Potamochoerus – Gray, 1854 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Bushpig

Hairy brown suine

P. larvatus
(F. Cuvier, 1822)

Six subspecies
  • P. l. edwardsi (Edwards' bushpig)
  • P. l. hassama (White-faced bushpig)
  • P. l. koiropotamus (Southern bushpig)
  • P. l. larvatus (Madagascar bushpig)
  • P. l. nyasae (Nyasan bushpig)
  • P. l. somaliensis (Somalian bushpig)
Southeastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 100–150 cm (39–59 in) long[21]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[22]

Diet: Roots, tubers, fruit, invertebrates, small vertebrates, and carrion[21][22] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[22]

Red river hog

Long-eared brown suine

P. porcus
(Linnaeus, 1758) 		Western Africa
Map of range 		Size: 100–150 cm (39–59 in) long, plus 30–40 cm (12–16 in) tail[23]

Habitat: Forest[24]

Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as carrion[24] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[24]

Genus Sus – Linnaeus, 1758 – eight species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Bornean bearded pig

Hairy-faced gray suine

S. barbatus
Müller, 1838

Two subspecies
  • S. b. barbatus
  • S. b. oi (Western bearded pig)
Southeast Asia Size: 100–170 cm (39–67 in) long, plus 20–50 cm (8–20 in) tail[25]

Habitat: Forest, inland wetlands, neritic marine, and intertidal marine[26]

Diet: Roots, fungi, invertebrates, small vertebrates, turtle eggs, carrion, and a variety of plants[26] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[26]

Celebes warty pig

Drawing of gray suine

S. celebensis
Müller, Schlegel, 1843

Three subspecies
  • S. c. celebensis
  • S. c. floresianus
  • S. c. timoriensis
Indonesian island of Sulawesi Size: 80–130 cm (31–51 in) long[27]

Habitat: Forest, grassland, and inland wetlands[28]

Diet: Roots, fallen fruit, leaves, and young shoots, as well as invertebrates, small vertebrates, and carrion[28] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[28]

Javan warty pig

Black-and-white picture of hairy suine

S. verrucosus
F. Boie, 1832

Two subspecies
  • S. v. blouchi
  • S. v. verrucosus
Indonesian islands of Java and Bawean Size: 90–190 cm (35–75 in) long[29]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[30]

Diet: Omnivorous; wide variety of plants and small vertebrates[29][30] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[30]

Oliver's warty pig


S. oliveri
Groves, 1997 		Philippines island of Mindoro Size: Specific measurements not available, but likely similar to the Philippine warty pig[31][32]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[33]

Diet: Believed to eat a wide variety of plant and animal matter[33] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[33]

Palawan bearded pig

Illustration of hairy suine

S. ahoenobarbus
Huet, 1888 		Philippines Size: 100–160 cm (39–63 in) long[34]

Habitat: Forest[35]

Diet: Omnivorous; wide variety of plants, invertebrates, small vertebrates, and carrion[34][35] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[35]

Philippine warty pig

Hairy gray suine

S. philippensis
Nehring, 1886

Two subspecies
  • S. p. mindanensis
  • S. p. philippensis
Western Philippines Size: Specific measurements not available[31][36]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[37]

Diet: Tubers, fruit, and invertebrates[36][37] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[37]

Visayan warty pig

Gray suine

S. cebifrons
Heude, 1888

Two subspecies
  • S. c. cebifrons (Cebu warty pig)†
  • S. c. negrinus (Negros warty pig)
Visayan Islands in the Philippines Size: 90–125 cm (35–49 in) long, plus 23 cm (9 in) tail[38]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[39]

Diet: Omnivorous; wide variety of plants and small vertebrates[38][39] 		 CR 


Unknown Population declining[39]

Wild boar

Hairy brown suine

S. scrofa
Linnaeus, 1758

Seventeen subspecies
 Eurasia and North Africa; introduced to parts of United States, South America, and Oceania
Map of range 		Size: 90–200 cm (35–79 in) long, plus 15–40 cm (6–16 in) tail[40]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, and desert[41]

Diet: Omnivorous; variety of plants, small vertebrates, invertebrates, and carrion[40][41] 		 LC 


Unknown
(about 2 billion S. s. domesticus used in farming)[42] Unknown[41]

Tayassuidae

[edit]
Main article: Tayassuidae
Genus Catagonus – Ameghino, 1904 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Chacoan peccary

Brown suine

C. wagneri
Rusconi, 1930 		Gran Chaco region of central South America
Map of range 		Size: 96–118 cm (38–46 in) long[43]

Habitat: Savanna and shrubland[44]

Diet: Cacti, as well as roots, fruit, and forbs[44] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[44]

Genus Dicotyles – Cuvier, 1816 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Collared peccary

Brown suine

D. tajacu
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Fourteen subspecies
  • D. t. angulatus
  • D. t. bangsi
  • D. t. crassus
  • D. t. crusnigrum
  • D. t. humeralis
  • D. t. nanus
  • D. t. nelsoni
  • D. t. niger
  • D. t. nigrescens
  • D. t. patira
  • D. t. sonoriensis
  • D. t. tajacu
  • D. t. torvus
  • D. t. yucatanensis
South America, Central America, and southern North America
Map of range 		Size: 80–100 cm (31–39 in) long[45]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[46]

Diet: Roots, tubers, fruits, seeds, as well as green plants, insects, and small animals[46] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[46]

Genus Tayassu – Fischer von Waldheim, 1814 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
White-lipped peccary

Two brown suines

T. pecari
(Link, 1795)

Five subspecies
  • T. p. aequatoris
  • T. p. albirostris
  • T. p. pecari
  • T. p. ringens
  • T. p. spiradens
South America and Central America
Map of range 		Size: 75–100 cm (30–39 in) long, plus 1–6 cm (0–2 in) tail[47]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[48]

Diet: Fruit, as well as a variety of plants, invertebrates, fungi and fish[48] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[48]

References

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  1. ^ "Fossilworks: Suidae". Paleobiology Database. University of Wisconsin–Madison. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
  2. ^ "Fossilworks: Tayassuidae". Paleobiology Database. University of Wisconsin–Madison. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
  3. ^ Gongora, J.; Biondo, C.; Cooper, J. D.; Taber, A.; Keuroghlian, A.; Altrichter, M.; Ferreira do Nascimento, F.; Chong, A. Y.; Miyaki, C. Y.; Bodmer, R.; Mayor, P.; González, S. (2011). "Revisiting the species status of Pecari maximus van Roosmalen et al., 2007 (Mammalia) from the Brazilian Amazon" (PDF). Bonn Zoological Bulletin. 60 (1): 95–101.
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  5. ^ a b c Macdonald, A. A.; Burton, J.; Leus, K. (2008). "Babyrousa babyrussa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T2461A9441445. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T2461A9441445.en.
  6. ^ Burnie, p. 219
  7. ^ a b c Leus, K.; Macdonald, A.; Burton, J.; Rejeki, I. (2016). "Babyrousa celebensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136446A44142964. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136446A44142964.en.
  8. ^ a b Wilson, Mittermeier, pp. 275–276
  9. ^ Melletti, Meijaard, p. 77
  10. ^ a b Macdonald, A.; Leus, K.; Masaaki, I.; Burton, J. (2016). "Babyrousa togeanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136472A44143172. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136472A44143172.en.
  11. ^ Melletti, Meijaard, p. 115
  12. ^ a b c d'Huart, J.; Reyna, R. (2016) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Hylochoerus meinertzhageni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41769A44140722. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41769A44140722.en.
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  18. ^ Oliver, pp. 108–109
  19. ^ a b c Meijaard, E.; Narayan, G.; Deka, P. (2019). "Porcula salvania". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T21172A44139115. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T21172A44139115.en.
  20. ^ Saha, Mazumdar, p. 18
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  23. ^ Wund, Matthew (2000). "Potamochoerus porcus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
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  27. ^ Noel, Nicole (2004). "Sus celebensis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
  28. ^ a b c Burton, J.; Mustari, A.; Rejeki, I. (2020). "Sus celebensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T41773A44141588. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T41773A44141588.en.
  29. ^ a b McMahon, Sara (2002). "Sus verrucosus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
  30. ^ a b c Semiadi, G.; Rademaker, M.; Meijaard, E. (2016). "Sus verrucosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21174A44139369. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T21174A44139369.en.
  31. ^ a b Wilson, Mittermeier, pp. 283–290
  32. ^ Melletti, Meijaard, p. 163
  33. ^ a b c Schütz, E. (2016). "Sus oliveri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136340A44142784. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136340A44142784.en.
  34. ^ a b Melletti, Meijaard, p. 171–172
  35. ^ a b c Meijaard, E.; Widmann, P. (2017). "Sus ahoenobarbus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T21177A44140029. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T21177A44140029.en.
  36. ^ a b Melletti, Meijaard, p. 159
  37. ^ a b c Heaney, L.; Meijaard, E. (2017). "Sus philippensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T21176A44139795. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T21176A44139795.en.
  38. ^ a b Melletti, Meijaard, p. 151–153
  39. ^ a b c Meijaard, E.; Oliver, W. R. T.; Leus, K. (2017). "Sus cebifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T21175A44139575. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T21175A44139575.en.
  40. ^ a b "Eurasian Wild Pig (Sus scrofa)". IUCN Wild Pig Specialist Group. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
  41. ^ a b c Keuling, O.; Leus, K. (2019). "Sus scrofa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41775A44141833. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T41775A44141833.en.
  42. ^ "Wild Pigs of the World". IUCN Wild Pig Specialist Group. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
  43. ^ "Catagonus Wagneri – Chacoan Peccary". Vertebrate Collection. University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
  44. ^ a b c Altrichter, M.; Taber, A.; Noss, A.; Maffei, L.; Campos, J. (2015). "Catagonus wagneri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T4015A72587993. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T4015A72587993.en.
  45. ^ Ingmarsson, Lisa (1999). "Pecari tajacu". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
  46. ^ a b c Gongora, J.; Reyna-Hurtado, R.; Beck, H.; Taber, A.; Altrichter, M.; Keuroghlian, A. (2011). "Pecari tajacu". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T41777A10562361. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T41777A10562361.en.
  47. ^ Csomos, Rebecca Ann (2001). "Tayassu pecari". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
  48. ^ a b c Keuroghlian, A.; Desbiez, A.; Reyna-Hurtado, R.; Altrichter, M.; Beck, H.; Taber, A.; Fragoso, J. M. V. (2013). "Tayassu pecari". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T41778A44051115. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T41778A44051115.en.

Sources

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