Smart environment

Smart environments link computers and other smart devices to everyday settings and tasks. Smart environments include smart homes, smart cities, and smart manufacturing.

Introduction

Smart environments are an extension of pervasive computing. According to Mark Weiser, pervasive computing promotes the idea of a world that is connected to sensors and computers.^[1] These sensors and computers are integrated with everyday objects in peoples' lives and are connected through networks.^[1]

Definition

Cook and Das, define a smart environment as "a small world where different kinds of smart devices are continuously working to make inhabitants' lives more comfortable."^[2] Smart environments aim to satisfy the experience of individuals from every environment, by replacing hazardous work, physical labor, and repetitive tasks with automated agents. Poslad^[3] differentiates three different kinds of smart environments for systems, services, and devices: virtual (or distributed) computing environments, physical environments, and human environments, or a hybrid combination of these:

Smart manufacturing
Virtual computing environments enable smart devices to access pertinent services anywhere and anytime.^[4]
Physical environments may be embedded with various smart devices of different types including tags, sensors, and controllers, and have different form factors ranging from nano- to micro- to macro-sized.
Human environments: humans, either individually or collectively, inherently form a smart environment for devices. However, humans themselves may be accompanied by smart devices such as mobile phones, use surface-mounted devices (wearable computing), and contain embedded devices (e.g., pacemakers to maintain a healthy heart operation or AR contact lenses)^[5]

Features

Smart environments encompass a range of features and services across various domains, including smart homes, smart cities, smart health, and smart factories. Some of the key features of smart environments are:

Sensors and Actuators: Smart environments are equipped with an assembly of sensors and actuators that collect data and initiate actions to provide services for the betterment of human life.^[6]^[7]

Interconnected Systems: These environments consist of interconnected systems that enable seamless communication and coordination among various devices and components.^{[citation needed]}

Data-Driven Technologies: Smart environments leverage data-driven technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), to obtain information from the physical world, process it, and perform actions accordingly.^{[citation needed]}

Efficiency and Sustainability: They are designed to improve efficiency, sustainable practices, and resource management across different settings, such as energy efficiency in smart homes and environmental quality management in smart cities.^[6]

Diverse Requirements: Different types of smart environments have diverse requirements and technology choices, influencing the processing and utilization of data within a specific environment.^[8]

Technologies

Building a smart environment involves technologies of

Wireless communication
Algorithm design, signal prediction & classification, information theory
Multilayered software architecture, Corba, middleware
Speech recognition
Image processing, image recognition
Sensors design, calibration, motion detection, temperature, pressure sensors, accelerometers
Semantic Web and knowledge graphs
Adaptive control, Kalman filters
Computer networking
Parallel processing
Operating systems

Existing projects

The Aware Home Research Initiative at Georgia Tech "is devoted to the multidisciplinary exploration of emerging technologies and services based in the home" and was launched in 1998 as one of the first "living laboratories."^[9] The Mav Home (Managing an Adaptive Versatile Home) project, at UT Arlington, is a smart environment-lab with state-of-the-art algorithms and protocols used to provide a customized, personal environment to the users of this space. The Mav Home project, in addition to providing a safe environment, wants to reduce the energy consumption of the inhabitants.^[10] Other projects include House at the MIT Media Lab and many others.

References

^ ^a ^b "The origins of ubiquitous computing research at PARC in the late 1980s" (PDF). 1999.
^ Cook, Diane; Das, Sajal (2005). Smart Environments: Technology, Protocols and Applications. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 0-471-54448-5.
^ Poslad, Stefan (2009). Ubiquitous Computing Smart Devices, Smart Environments and Smart Interaction. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-03560-3.
^ Rousselle, P.; Tymann, P.; Hariri, S.; Fox, G. (1994). "The virtual computing environment". Proceedings of 3rd IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing. IEEE Comput. Soc. Press. pp. 7–14. doi:10.1109/HPDC.1994.340265. ISBN 978-0-8186-6395-6.
^ McKenna, H. (2020-04-27). "Human-Smart Environment Interactions in Smart Cities: Exploring Dimensionalities of Smartness". Future Internet. 12 (5): 79. doi:10.3390/fi12050079. ISSN 1999-5903.
^ ^a ^b Gomez, Carles; Chessa, Stefano; Fleury, Anthony; Roussos, George; Preuveneers, Davy (30 January 2019). "Internet of Things for enabling smart environments: A technology-centric perspective". Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments. 11 (1): 23–43. doi:10.3233/AIS-180509. hdl:2117/127793.
^ Khosrow-Pour, d.b.a., Mehdi, ed. (2018). Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-2255-3. hdl:2299/27236. ISBN 978-1-5225-2255-3.
^ Paskaleva, Krassimira (2013). "Smart cities: a nexus for open innovation?". In Deakin, Mark (ed.). Smart Cities. pp. 123–145. doi:10.4324/9780203076224. ISBN 978-0-203-07622-4.
^ "Aware Home About US". 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-03-15.
^ "MavHome". 2004. Archived from the original on 2005-09-13.

[Weiser-99-1] "The origins of ubiquitous computing research at PARC in the late 1980s" (PDF). 1999.

[Cook-Sajal-2] Cook, Diane; Das, Sajal (2005). Smart Environments: Technology, Protocols and Applications. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 0-471-54448-5.

[Poslad-3] Poslad, Stefan (2009). Ubiquitous Computing Smart Devices, Smart Environments and Smart Interaction. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-03560-3.

[4] Rousselle, P.; Tymann, P.; Hariri, S.; Fox, G. (1994). "The virtual computing environment". Proceedings of 3rd IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing. IEEE Comput. Soc. Press. pp. 7–14. doi:10.1109/HPDC.1994.340265. ISBN 978-0-8186-6395-6.

[5] McKenna, H. (2020-04-27). "Human-Smart Environment Interactions in Smart Cities: Exploring Dimensionalities of Smartness". Future Internet. 12 (5): 79. doi:10.3390/fi12050079. ISSN 1999-5903.

[:0-6] Gomez, Carles; Chessa, Stefano; Fleury, Anthony; Roussos, George; Preuveneers, Davy (30 January 2019). "Internet of Things for enabling smart environments: A technology-centric perspective". Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments. 11 (1): 23–43. doi:10.3233/AIS-180509. hdl:2117/127793.

[7] Khosrow-Pour, d.b.a., Mehdi, ed. (2018). Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-2255-3. hdl:2299/27236. ISBN 978-1-5225-2255-3.

[8] Paskaleva, Krassimira (2013). "Smart cities: a nexus for open innovation?". In Deakin, Mark (ed.). Smart Cities. pp. 123–145. doi:10.4324/9780203076224. ISBN 978-0-203-07622-4.

[9] "Aware Home About US". 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-03-15.

[10] "MavHome". 2004. Archived from the original on 2005-09-13.

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