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Terminology
[edit]The first known natural satellite was the Moon, which was considered one of the planets and not part of a distinct class.
With the discovery of the Galilean satellites in 1610, natural satellites became considered as a subclass of planets,[1] and various terms were established to describe them. Johannes Kepler coined the word satellite in his pamphlet Narratio de Observatis a se quatuor Iouis satellitibus erronibus ("Narration About Four Satellites of Jupiter Observed") in 1610, deriving the term from the Latin word satelles, meaning "attendant" or "companion", because the satellites accompanied their primary planet in their journey through the heavens.[2] Galileo coined the category term moon in his book Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems through analogy with Earth's moon.
Terminology
[edit]The first known natural satellite was the Moon, but it was considered a "planet" until Copernicus' introduction of De revolutionibus orbium coelestium in 1543. Until the discovery of the Galilean satellites in 1610 there was no opportunity for referring to such objects as a class. Galileo chose to refer to his discoveries as Planetæ ("planets"), but later discoverers chose other terms to distinguish them from the objects they orbited.[citation needed]
The first to use the term satellite to describe orbiting bodies was the German astronomer Johannes Kepler in his pamphlet Narratio de Observatis a se quatuor Iouis satellitibus erronibus ("Narration About Four Satellites of Jupiter Observed") in 1610. He derived the term from the Latin word satelles, meaning "guard", "attendant", or "companion", because the satellites accompanied their primary planet in their journey through the heavens.[3]
The term satellite thus became the normal one for referring to an object orbiting a planet, as it avoided the ambiguity of "moon". In 1957, however, the launching of the artificial object Sputnik created a need for new terminology.[3] The terms man-made satellite and artificial moon were very quickly abandoned in favor of the simpler satellite, and as a consequence, the term has become linked primarily with artificial objects flown in space.[citation needed]
Because of this shift in meaning, the term moon, which had continued to be used in a generic sense in works of popular science and fiction, has regained respectability and is now used interchangeably with natural satellite, even in scientific articles. When it is necessary to avoid both the ambiguity of confusion with Earth's natural satellite the Moon and the natural satellites of the other planets on the one hand, and artificial satellites on the other, the term natural satellite (using "natural" in a sense opposed to "artificial") is used. To further avoid ambiguity, the convention is to capitalize the word Moon when referring to Earth's natural satellite (a proper noun), but not when referring to other natural satellites (common nouns).
- ^ Metzger, Philip T.; Grundy, W.M.; Sykes, Mark V.; Stern, Alan; Bell, James F.; Detelich, Charlene E.; Runyon, Kirby; Summers, Michael (2022). "Moons are planets: Scientific usefulness versus cultural teleology in the taxonomy of planetary science". Icarus. 374. Elsevier BV: 114768. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114768. ISSN 0019-1035.
- ^ Sparavigna, Amelia Carolina (2016-01-29). "The Word Satellite, Its Origin from Etruscan and Its Translation into Greek". Social Science Research Network. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
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