User:BeatriceShore/sandbox
Issues affecting queer women
[edit]Reproductive and sexual health
[edit]Lesbian, bisexual, and queer women have many of the same reproductive and sexual health needs as heterosexual women. However, queer women face disparities when it comes to reproductive and sexual health. This may be in part due to lower socioeconomic status and lower rates of insurance, particularly for bisexual individuals.[1] Additionally, sex education (in the U.S.) is largely heteronormative and may not provide information relevant for LGBTQ individuals (see LGBT sex education). Health care providers may not have adequate education regarding sexual orientation, so may not be offering their queer patients appropriate and needed services.[2] Queer individuals may also face discrimination and bias in the health care setting (and in society more broadly), leading to lower quality health care or deterring individuals from seeking care at all. Given these factors, queer women have specific needs around reproductive and sexual health.
Cervical cancer
[edit]A lack of screening for cervical cancer is among the most obvious and most preventable risk factor for lesbians, bisexual, and queer women in the development of invasive late-stage cervical cancer.[3] Lesbian, bisexual, and queer women are less likely to receive appropriate screening for cervical cancer than heterosexual women,[4] which leads to later detection of cervical cancer.
Contraception
[edit]Lesbian, bisexual, and queer women need access to contraception, both to prevent pregnancy and for a variety of non-contraceptive benefits.[5] Estimates suggest that 3.8 million cisgender lesbian, bisexual and queer women may be using contraceptives in the United States.[6] However, lesbian, bisexual, and queer women are less likely to use contraceptive methods, even when they are engaging in sex that could result in pregnancy.[7][8]
Abortion
[edit]Lesbian, bisexual, queer, and women who identify with a sexual minority identity seek abortion care. The Guttmacher Institute estimates that approximately 5% of abortion patients in the United States identify as lesbian, bisexual, or queer.[9] Studies relying on measures of self-reported abortions suggest that abortion is common across queer women’s lives. Bisexual adolescents are more likely to terminate a pregnancy than their heterosexual counterparts, a difference that persists into adulthood.[10][11] Across their lifetimes, women who identify with a sexual minority identity were more likely than heterosexual women to experience an unwanted pregnancy or terminate a pregnancy.[12]
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- ^ "LGBT Poverty in the United States". Williams Institute. Retrieved 2020-07-14.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Fuzzell, Lindsay; Fedesco, Heather N.; Alexander, Stewart C.; Fortenberry, J. Dennis; Shields, Cleveland G. (2016). ""I just think that doctors need to ask more questions": Sexual minority and majority adolescents' experiences talking about sexuality with healthcare providers". Patient Education and Counseling. 99 (9): 1467–1472. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2016.06.004. ISSN 0738-3991.
- ^ Madison Salters, Help! I’m a lesbian—scan my cervix! (& other rainbow health concerns), Uncomfortable Revolution, 2019
- ^ Waterman, Lindsay; Voss, Joachim (2015). "HPV, cervical cancer risks, and barriers to care for lesbian women:". The Nurse Practitioner. 40 (1): 46–53. doi:10.1097/01.NPR.0000457431.20036.5c. ISSN 0361-1817.
- ^ "Noncontraceptive Benefits of Birth Control Pills". ReproductiveFacts.org. American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Retrieved 2020-07-23.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Reproductive Health Care and LBT Adults". Williams Institute. Retrieved 2020-07-14.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Charlton, Brittany M.; Corliss, Heather L.; Missmer, Stacey A.; Rosario, Margaret; Spiegelman, Donna; Austin, S. Bryn (2013). "Sexual orientation differences in teen pregnancy and hormonal contraceptive use: an examination across 2 generations". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 209 (3): 204.e1–204.e8. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2013.06.036. ISSN 0002-9378.
- ^ Everett, Bethany G.; Higgins, Jenny A.; Haider, Sadia; Carpenter, Emma (2018-10-27). "Do Sexual Minorities Receive Appropriate Sexual and Reproductive Health Care and Counseling?". Journal of Women's Health. 28 (1): 53–62. doi:10.1089/jwh.2017.6866. ISSN 1540-9996. PMC 6343198. PMID 30372369.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Jones, Rachel K.; Jerman, Jenna; Charlton, Brittany M. (2018). "Sexual Orientation and Exposure to Violence Among U.S. Patients Undergoing Abortion:". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 132 (3): 605–611. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002732. ISSN 0029-7844.
- ^ Tornello, Samantha L.; Riskind, Rachel G.; Patterson, Charlotte J. (2014). "Sexual Orientation and Sexual and Reproductive Health Among Adolescent Young Women in the United States". Journal of Adolescent Health. 54 (2): 160–168. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.08.018.
- ^ Everett, Bethany G.; McCabe, Katharine F.; Hughes, Tonda L. (2017). "Sexual Orientation Disparities in Mistimed and Unwanted Pregnancy Among Adult Women: Sexual Orientation and Unintended Pregnancy". Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 49 (3): 157–165. doi:10.1363/psrh.12032. PMC 5819992. PMID 28598550.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Charlton, Brittany M.; Everett, Bethany G.; Light, Alexis; Jones, Rachel K.; Janiak, Elizabeth; Gaskins, Audrey J.; Chavarro, Jorge E.; Moseson, Heidi; Sarda, Vishnudas; Austin, S. Bryn (2020). "Sexual Orientation Differences in Pregnancy and Abortion Across the Lifecourse". Women's Health Issues. 30 (2): 65–72. doi:10.1016/j.whi.2019.10.007. ISSN 1049-3867. PMC 7071993. PMID 31810786.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)