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Beveridge Report
A book's title page
Title page of the first edition
AuthorWilliam Beveridge
Original titleSocial Insurance and Allied Service
SeriesWhite papers
Release number
Cmd. 6404
SubjectFuture of social welfare in the United Kingdom
Publication date
1 December 1942
Pages299

The Beveridge Report, officially entitled Social Insurance and Allied Service (Cmd 6404), was a government report published by the economist William Beveridge in 1942 on the future of social welfare in the United Kingdom.

Full Employment in a Free Society (1944)

Background

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Post-war planning

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Reception

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Labour Party attempted to identify itself with the Beveridge Committee from its foundation in May 1941.[1]

Nearly all analyses of Labour's election victory [in 1945] note that the public associated the party with Beveridge, despite Beveridge's standing as a Liberal candidate. This was not a coincidence. From its conception, the party actively sought to link itself in the public mind with the Beveridge committee and its conclusions.[1]

https://www.cairn.info/revue-histoire-politique-2014-3-page-24.htm#

International reception

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There was significant international interest in the Beveridge Report from its publication. 150,000 copies of the report were sold overseas; almost a quarter of the number sold in the United Kingdom itself.[2] 50,000 were purchased in the United States alone.[3] It was widely promoted internationally in British propaganda, including to German-occupied Europe. Details of the report were broadcast on the BBC European Service in 22 languages, and copies were airdropped by the Royal Air Force and it was widely discussed in underground media published by the resistance. A summary of the report was discovered in Hitler's Bunker in Berlin in May 1945 which contrasted it favorably with Nazi Germany's own system, introduced in 1940.[3]

Accordingly, Beveridge's conception of social welfare would be influential in the forms of social security adopted in Europe after the conflict. The post-war systems introduced in Belgium, France, Netherlands, and Norway were noticeably influenced by Beveridge's ideas.[4]

Canada Beveridge's 1944 book was widely copied in Australia's white paper "Full Employment in Australia", published in 1945 which defined the country's economic policy until 1975.[5]


"The Beveridge report was to social policy in the 1940s, what the Atlantic Charter of 1941, or the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights were to international affairs. Beveridge was read all around the world, from London to Bombay, from Canada to the USA, to France to Italy, to Australia and New Zealand, to Germany and South America."

References

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  1. ^ a b Beers 2009, p. 680.
  2. ^ Smith 2015, p. 556.
  3. ^ a b Boyle, Darren (23 May 2014). "Why Britain bombed Germany with copies of the Beveridge report: Dream of a welfare state 'helped bring down Hitler'". Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  4. ^ Smith 2015, pp. 557–8.
  5. ^ Smith 2015, p. 557.

Bibliography

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  • Smith, Timothy B. (2015). "Renegotiating the Social Contract". The Cambridge History of the Second World War. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 552–74. ISBN 9781107039957.
  • Beers, Laura (2009). "Labour's Britain, Fight for It Now!". The Historical Journal. 52 (3): 667–695. doi:10.1017/S0018246X09990070. JSTOR 40264195. S2CID 155051476.
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International Brigades

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  • International Brigades
  • Not all foreign volunteers who served with the Spanish Republic were part of the International Brigades. Notably the Soviet Union which sent about 2,150 military advisers during the conflict, though never exceeding about 800 at any one time.[1]
  • Anthony Beevor considered the estimate compiled by Michel Lefebvre and Rémi Skoutelsky in 2003 to be the "most accurate figures by country, but still uncertain".[2]
  • Approximately 1 in 10 are Jewish.[3]
  • 7,000 killed during the conflict.[3]

Brigadiers by country of origin

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Europe

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Flag/s Estimate Notes
France 8,962[4]–9,000[5][6]
Italy 3,000[4][6]–3,350[7]
Germany, including Austria 3,000[5]–5,000[6] Beevor quotes 2,217 Germans and 872 Austrians.[4] See Thälmann Battalion
Poland 3,000[5][6]–3,113[4]
Balkan countries 2,095[4] See Dimitrov Battalion
 United Kingdom 2,500 [8]
 Belgium 1,600[6]–1,722[4] See Sixth of February Battalion
Yugoslavia 1,500[5]–1,660[6] See Yugoslav volunteers in the Spanish Civil War.
Czechoslovakia 1,006[4]–1,500[5][6]
Baltic states 892[4]
 Netherlands 628[4]
 Denmark 550 220 died.
Hungary 528[4]–1,500[5]
 Sweden 500[9] Est. 799[4]–1,000[7] from Scandinavia (of whom 500 were Swedes.[9])
Romania 500 Even some Romanian communist leaders like Petre Borilă and Emil Bodnăraș
Bulgaria 462
  Switzerland 408[4]–800[10]
 Lithuania
Irish Free State 250 Split between the British Battalion and the Lincoln Battalion which included the famed Connolly Column
 Norway 225 100 died.[12][13][14]
 Finland 225 Including 78 Finnish Americans and 73 Finnish Canadians, ca. 70 died.[15]
Estonia 200[16]
Greece 290–400[17]
Portugal 134[4]
 Luxembourg 103 Livre historiographic d'Henri Wehenkel: D'Spueniekämfer (1997)
Cyprus 60[17] Mixed with the British, as a British colony
Albania 43 Organised in the "Garibaldi Battalion" together with Italians. They were led by the kosovar revolutionary Asim Vokshi

The Americas

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Flag/s Estimate Notes
 United States 2,341[4]–2,800[6][7] See Abraham Lincoln brigade.
 Canada 1,546–2,000[6] Thomas estimates 1,000.[7] See Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion
 Cuba 1,101[18][19]
 Argentina 500–600[20] The most complete list of Argentine volunteers in all part of the Republican armies includes 540 names. Raanan Rein argues that approximately 10 percent of these were Jewish.[20]
 Mexico 90
 Costa Rica 24[5]

Asia, Africa and Australasia

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Flag/s Estimate Notes
China 100[21] Organised by the Chinese Communist Party, members were mostly overseas Chinese led by Xie Weijin.[22]
Ethiopia Mixed into the Garibaldi Bn
Palestine Mandate Zionists from the Yishuv
 Australia 60[23] Of whom 16 killed.[23]
Philippines 50 [24][25]
New Zealand "Perhaps 20"[26] Mixed into British units
South Africa
Others 1,122[4]

References

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  1. ^ Beevor, p. 163.
  2. ^ Beevor 468.
  3. ^ a b Tremlett, Giles (22 October 2020). "The contested legacy of the anti-fascist International Brigades". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Lefebvre (2003), p. 16. Quoted by Beevor (2006), p. 468.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Cite error: The named reference Thomas 2003 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Quoted in Alvarez (1996).
  7. ^ a b c d Thomas (1961), pp. 634–639.
  8. ^ Richard Baxell, British Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War, 2012
  9. ^ a b Thomas 2003, p. 943
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference Swissinfo_2008 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ "Lietuviai Ispanijos pilietiniame kare – Praeities paslaptys". www.praeitiespaslaptys.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 2018-08-01.
  12. ^ Moen, Jo Stein og Sæther, Rolf: Tusen dager – Norge og den spanske borgerkrigen 1936-1939, Gyldendal 2009, ISBN 978-82-05-39351-6
  13. ^ "frifagbevegelse.no - Nyheter fra arbeidslivet og fagbevegelsen". Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  14. ^ "Tusen dager". Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  15. ^ Juusela, Jyrki: Suomalaiset Espanjan sisällissodassa, Atena Kustannus 2003, ISBN 951-796-324-6
  16. ^ Kuuli, (1965).
  17. ^ a b efor. "The Greek antifascist volunteers in the Spanish Civil War". EAGAINST.com. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  18. ^ "Los voluntarios cubanos en la GCE". Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  19. ^ "New book on Cubans in SCW". Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  20. ^ a b Rein 2014, p. 176.
  21. ^ "朱德等赠给国际纵队中国支队的锦旗". National Museum of China. 31 May 2012.
  22. ^ "战斗在西班牙反法西斯前线的中国支队". Luobinghui. 30 March 2005. Archived from the original on 6 July 2008.
  23. ^ a b "Serving in Spain". Australia & the Spanish Civil War: Activism & Reaction. Australian National University. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  24. ^ "Spanish Civil War - Filipino Involement [sic]". Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  25. ^ "SPANISH FALANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES, 1936-1945". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  26. ^ "The Spanish Civil War". New Zealand History. New Zealand Government. Retrieved 29 April 2019.

Sources

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  • Rein, Raanan (2014). "A Trans-National Struggle with National and Ethnic Goals: Jewish-Argentines and Solidarity with the Republicans during the Spanish Civil War". Journal of Iberian and Latin American Research. 20 (2): 171–82. doi:10.1080/13260219.2014.939124. S2CID 145640016.
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