User:C.DelFabbro/Coppery titi monkey

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I will be adding missing pieces from the article. This includes interesting studies like possible self-medication and other behaviors, as well as basic information like lifespan. The coppery titi monkey Wikipedia page is only a stub article since it is not the most known non-human primate and there has not been much research on the monkey. Though, there have been fairly recent articles that came out about the monkeys that can be added to the Wikipedia article.

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1) There have been observations of the Coppery titi monkeys using the Psychotria leaf to self-medicate through fur rubbing. This ritual is rare and does not happen often. They do this by chewing on the plant and rubbing it on their abdomen for about five minutes. This behavior can be interpreted as self-medication since the plant is known for being used as a medical herb in traditional medicine, as well as having anti-viral and anti-bacterial properties.

2)Their vocalizations come in different frequencies and pitches, making it so that if studied or with careful listening, you can identify them individually when they chirp or duet. Adults are identifiable through an 83% accuracy and infants with a 48% accuracy with a leave-one-out cross validation. Therefore, one were to sit and observe the monkeys for a period of time, they would be able to identify them individually and adults will be easier to identify individually than infants. This is beneficial for territorial boundaries and being able to identify their other pair when vocalizing from farther distances in instances where they cannot use other senses to identify the other.

3) Females will show similar behaviors of their bonded pair to same-sex intruders to show a strong relationship. If successful, the intruder will go away, resulting in reproductive success for the monogamous bonded pair.

4) They have a lifespan of a little over 20 years. They can be heard up to one kilometer.

5) Another observation that has been conducted is anti-predatory behavior. These monkeys have been seen to have a "mobbing behavior" towards possible predators. The possible predators include ocelots, boas, tayras, an unidentified hawk, gray-headed kites, and other non-human primate species. The mobbing behavior starts with one male starting an alarm call, this will trigger others to join and in two to three minutes there is a group alarm call that is surrounding the predator. The monkeys move around the predator sporadically, continuing this alarm call, lashing their tails, and swaying their heads. During this phenomenon they also get goose bumps. The reasoning behind it is believed to reduce attacks and increase the chances of the predator leaving. This "mobbing behavior" usually happens without infants involved. When there is an infant involved the coppery titi monkey will hide farther away, though still making the alarm calls. Out of all observations, the longest alarm call went over 40 minutes. When there is a threat in the area, it is usually the male making the call, and if there is an infant, he is protecting the infant.

- Another name that is used to describe the Plecturocebus cupreus is the red titi monkey.

6) Once there has been an offspring introduced to a couple, the activity budget of these monkeys will change. The mother will feed more and rest less, and the male will feed less and rested more. This is because the females will forage more to feed the baby, and the male would hold the baby more to protect them.

References

Theara, G. K., Ruíz Macedo, J., Zárate Gómez, R., Heymann, E. W., & Dolotovskaya, S. (2022, May 17). Fur rubbing in plecturocebus cupreus – an incidence of self-medication? Primate Biology. https://doi.org/10.5194/pb-9-7-2022.

2) Lau, A. R., Clink, D. J., & Bales, K. L. (2020). Individuality in the vocalizations of infant and adult coppery titi monkeys (plecturocebus cupreus). American Journal of Primatology, 82(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23134.

3) Mercier, F., Witczak, L. R., & Bales, K. L. (2020). Coppery titi monkey (plecturocebus cupreus) pairs display coordinated behaviors in response to a simulated intruder. American Journal of Primatology, 82(7). https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23141

4) Titi Monkey. Smithsonian's National Zoo. (2022, March 23). https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/titi-monkey#:~:text=Like%20most%20Neotropical%20primates%2C%20titi,live%20into%20their%20early%2020s.

5) Dolotovskaya, S., Flores Amasifuen, C., Haas, C. E., Nummert, F., & Heymann, E. W. (2019, June 5). Active anti-predator behaviour of red titi monkeys (plecturocebus cupreus). Primate Biology. Retrieved December 1, 2022, from https://doi.org/10.5194/pb-6-59-2019.

6) Dolotovskaya, S., & Heymann, E. W. (2020). Do less or eat more: strategies to cope with costs of parental care in a pair-living monkey. Animal Behaviour, 163, 163–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.03.012.