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Republic of Mars
Republica de Marte
火星共和国
Flag of Mars
Motto: 
"Ad Astra per Aspera"Cite error: There are <ref> tags on this page without content in them (see the help page).
Mars in true color
True color photograph of Mars from orbit
CapitalBradbury
35°04′S 56°43′E / 35.06°S 56.71°E / -35.06; 56.71
Largest cityNew Tianjin
1°29′N 247°02′E / 1.48°N 247.04°E / 1.48; 247.04
Official languagesNone at federal level
National languageMartian, English, Spanish, Mandarin Chinese
Ethnic groups
(2160)
30.2% Hispanic or Latino
29.6% Han Chinese
19.1% White
9.3%Malay
8.2% Black or African
2.5% Arab
1.1% Other
Religion
(2160)
24.2% Chinese traditional religion
20.4% Christian
19.3% Muslim
17.3% Atheist or agnostic
9.8% Buddhist
6.4% Pagan
2.6% Other
Demonym(s)Martian, Marteano
GovernmentConstitutional republic
• President
Tito Armandos
Wang Yuanfu
Pauline Wu
Anna Helms
LegislaturePeople's Congress
• Upper house
Council of Scholars
• Lower house
House of Representatives
June 26, 2160
July 11, 2160
April 9, 2161
Area
• Total planetary area
144,798,500[fn 1][fn 2] km2 (55,907,000 sq mi)
Population
• 2160 estimate
15,812,981[fn 3][fn 2]
• Density
0.28/sq mi (0.1/km2)
GDP (PPP)2160 estimate
• Total
$17.896 trillion[1]
• Per capita
$123,592[2]
GDP (nominal)2160 estimate
• Total
$9.913 trillion[3]
• Per capita
$68,461
Gini (2160)Positive decrease 39.6[4]
medium inequality
CurrencyMartian dollar ($) (MRD)
Date formatdd/mm/yy
Drives onRight
Internet TLD.mars

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Grego, Peter (June 6, 2012). Mars and How to Observe It. Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4614-2302-7 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ a b Excluding disputed territorial claims in the Asteroid Belt and Trojans.
  3. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: July 1, 2160". Census.mars.

Kasei

[edit]

Kasei (火星) is the Japanese word for Mars. It may also refer to:

Places

[edit]

Transportation

[edit]
  • Mitsubishi Kasei, a World War II aircraft engine used on many Japanese warplanes
  • Kasei Station, a train station on the Fujikyuko Line in Tsuru, Yamanashi, Japan
  • Toritsu-Kasei Station, a train station on the Seibu Shinjuku Line in Nakano, Tokyo, Japan

Educational institutions

[edit]

Other

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Marketing of electronic cigarettes

[edit]
Various types of electronic cigarettes

The marketing of electronic cigarettes is legal in some jurisdictions,[5][page needed] and spending is increasing rapidly.[6][7][clarification needed]

Methods

[edit]

A 2014 review said, "the e-cigarette companies have been rapidly expanding using aggressive marketing messages similar to those used to promote cigarettes in the 1950s and 1960s."[6] E-cigarettes and nicotine are regularly promoted as safe and beneficial in the media and on brand websites.[8][clarification needed] While advertising of tobacco products is banned in most countries, television and radio e-cigarette advertising in some countries may be indirectly encouraging traditional cigarette smoking.[6] There is no evidence that the cigarette brands are selling e-cigarettes as part of a plan to phase out traditional cigarettes, despite some claiming to want to cooperate in "harm reduction".[6]

According to a 2014 review, e-cigarettes are aggressively promoted in the US, mostly via the internet, as a healthy alternative to smoking.[9]

There are concerns of claims that e-cigarettes are harmless, or even beneficial, to the user.[duplication?][8] E-cigarette companies commonly promote that their products contain only water, nicotine, glycerin, propylene glycol, and flavoring but this assertion is misleading.[6] It contains varying levels of heavy metals in the vapor, including chromium, nickel, tin, silver, cadmium, mercury, and aluminum.[10][relevant?] The assertion that e-cigarette emit "only water vapor" is false because the evidence indicates e-cigarette vapor contains possibly harmful chemicals such as nicotine, carbonyls, metals, and organic volatile compounds, in addition to particulates.[11]

Medical claims are also made, including "pharmaceuticalization", comparing e-cigarettes to nicotine inhalers.[12]

E-liquids and e-cigarettes[failed verification] marketed as "nicotine-free" have been found to contain nicotine.[13]

E-cigarette industry marketing strategy mostly targets the upper-middle class of people in trying to sell their products.[14][non-primary source needed]

Celebrity product endorsements

[edit]

Celebrity endorsements are also used to encourage e-cigarette use.[15][page needed][6] A national US television advertising campaign starred Steven Dorff exhaling a "thick flume" of what the ad describes as "vapor, not tobacco smoke", exhorting smokers with the message "We are all adults here, it's time to take our freedom back."[16] The ads, in a context of longstanding prohibition of tobacco advertising on TV, were criticized by organizations such as Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids as undermining anti-tobacco efforts.[16] Cynthia Hallett of Americans for Non-Smokers' Rights described the US advertising campaign as attempting to "re-establish a norm that smoking is okay, that smoking is glamorous and acceptable".[16] University of Pennsylvania communications professor Joseph Cappella stated that the setting of the ad near an ocean was meant to suggest an association of clean air with the nicotine product.[16]

Scale

[edit]

In the United States, six large e-cigarette businesses spent $59.3 million on promoting e-cigarettes in 2013.[7]

Marketing to youth

[edit]

Big tobacco heavily markets e-cigarettes to young people.[17] Exposure to e-cigarette marketing is associated with increased odds of e-cigarette use among adolescents.[18][19][20][21] The proportion of American youth who are exposed to e-cigarette marketing has risen by more than 10 percentage points since 2014.[21] There has been a sharp increase of 1.5 million more middle and high school students using e-cigarettes compared to 2017 according to the 2018 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS).[22][relevant?] From the analysis of the 2016 NYTS, the CDC and FDA were able to highlight some of the most common reasons why students use e-cigarettes, which included the various options of e-cigarette flavors and the false belief that they are safer than other tobacco products.[22][relevant?]

Marketing includes images associated with youth culture, endorsements by celebrities and social media influencers popular with youth, and themes that have been found to strongly appeal to youth (such as freedom and rebellion).[23] Youth are highly exposed to the marketing of electronic cigarettes from multiple sources: in 2016, 78.2 percent of American youth (20.5 million people) were exposed to e-cigarette advertising.[21] Advertisements come from many sources, such as retail stores, the internet, and television.[24] A 2018 analysis of the 2014, 2015, and 2016 NYTS data by the CDC found that retail stores were where most youth were exposed to e-cigarette advertisements, followed by online advertising, television advertising, and then newspaper and magazine advertising.[21] Many youth are also inadvertently exposed to television advertising for e-cigarettes: about 24 million American youth have been exposed to e-cigarette ads on cable TV as of 2014, primarily due to an ad campaign for blu e-cigarettes.[25]

Industry strategies also include cartoon characters and candy flavors to sell e-cigarettes.[26] Of these strategies, marketing flavored products has been shown to be particularly attractive to younger people.[27][non-primary source needed][28][non-primary source needed][29][non-primary source needed] Tobacco companies have been increasingly marketing many tobacco products that resembles different types of candy, like cotton-candy-flavored e-cigarettes.[30] In 2017, there were more than 15,500 different e-cigarette flavors available online,[30][relevant?] up from 7,700 in 2014, with over 240 new additional flavors being added each month.[30][relevant?] Fruit, candy, and dessert flavors are common,[31][relevant?] Marketing flavoured e-cigarette products has been shown to attract children.[31] Ads for flavored e-cigarettes have been shown to cause children to be more interested in buying and trying e-cigarettes, as compared to ads for non-flavored e-cigarettes.[32][non-primary source needed] Children's' belief that fruit-flavored e-cigarettes are less harmful also increases their appeal, and restrictions on advertising for flavoured e-cigarettes have also been urged on these grounds.[27][non-primary source needed] The branding of some e-liquids also attracts children.[relevant?] E-liquids have been sold in packaging that resembles kid-friendly foods, beverages, or candies.[33][relevant?] Some e-liquids are sold in packaging closely resembling Tree Top-brand juice boxes, Reddi-wip whipped cream, or Sour Patch Kids gummy candy, for example.[34][relevant?]

JUUL is marketed in a design which can easily be mistaken for a flash drive.[35] JUUL is currently being investigated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for allegedly illegally marketing to minors in the US as of 2018.[36]

Marketing regulation

[edit]

As of 2014, 39 countries containing 31% of the world's population have comprehensive e-cigarette advertising, promotion and sponsorship bans, and 19 countries containing 5% of the world's populations require products like e-cigarettes to be reviewed before being placed on the market.[5][page needed] Easily circumvented age verification at company websites enables young people to access and be exposed to marketing for e-cigarettes.[37]

E-cigarettes have been listed as drug delivery devices in several countries because they contain nicotine, and their advertising has been restricted until safety and efficacy clinical trials are conclusive.[38] Since they do not contain whole tobacco, television advertising in the United States is not restricted.[39] In the European Union, on the other hand, advertising and promotion of e-cigarettes and refill containers in print (newspaper, magazine, periodical), television, or radio media is prohibited by the European Commission's 2014 Tobacco Products Directive (incorporated in British law by the 2016 Tobacco and Related Products Regulations[40]).[page needed] Additionally, warning labels stating that the products contain nicotine and should not be used by non-smokers are mandatory, and a leaflet must be provided "with instructions for use and information on adverse effects, risk groups, addictiveness and toxicity".[41][relevant?] However, billboard advertising, posters on domestic public transport, in the cinema, by leaflets or mail, and in trade media is still permitted.[40][page needed]

The marketing of these flavored products were targeted at youths and people of color.[42] San Francisco banned the sale of flavored nicotine products, including flavoured e-liquids, in 2018.[43][44]

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) took a stand on the sale of flavored e-cigarettes in 2018.[45][relevant?] The ban targeted the sale of flavored tobacco at certain establishments such as retail stores and gas stations.[46][relevant?]

In some cases,[clarification needed] regulations have not been explicit enough to prevent companies from marketing and selling e-cigarettes to minors,[7][needs update] particularly on the internet.[47][non-primary source needed]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "GDP, PPP (constant 2011 international $)". data.worldbank.org. World Bank.
  2. ^ "GDP per capita, PPP (current international $)". data.worldbank.org. World Bank.
  3. ^ "GDP (constant 2010 US$)". data.worldbank.org. World Bank.
  4. ^ "GINI index (World Bank estimate) | Data". data.worldbank.org. World Bank.
  5. ^ a b WHO. "Electronic nicotine delivery systems" (PDF). pp. 1–13. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Grana, R; Benowitz, N; Glantz, SA (13 May 2014). "E-cigarettes: a scientific review". Circulation. 129 (19): 1972–86. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.007667. PMC 4018182. PMID 24821826.
  7. ^ a b c "E-Cigarette use among children and young people: the need for regulation". Expert Rev Respir Med. 9 (5): 1–3. 2015. doi:10.1586/17476348.2015.1077120. PMID 26290119. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  8. ^ a b England, Lucinda J.; Bunnell, Rebecca E.; Pechacek, Terry F.; Tong, Van T.; McAfee, Tim A. (2015). "Nicotine and the Developing Human". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 49 (2): 286–93. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.01.015. ISSN 0749-3797. PMC 4594223. PMID 25794473.
  9. ^ Rom, Oren; Pecorelli, Alessandra; Valacchi, Giuseppe; Reznick, Abraham Z. (2014). "Are E-cigarettes a safe and good alternative to cigarette smoking?". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1340 (1): 65–74. Bibcode:2015NYASA1340...65R. doi:10.1111/nyas.12609. ISSN 0077-8923. PMID 25557889.
  10. ^ Hildick-Smith, Gordon J.; Pesko, Michael F.; Shearer, Lee; Hughes, Jenna M.; Chang, Jane; Loughlin, Gerald M.; Ipp, Lisa S. (2015). "A Practitioner's Guide to Electronic Cigarettes in the Adolescent Population". Journal of Adolescent Health. 57 (6): 574–9. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.07.020. ISSN 1054-139X. PMID 26422289.
  11. ^ Fernández, Esteve; Ballbè, Montse; Sureda, Xisca; Fu, Marcela; Saltó, Esteve; Martínez-Sánchez, Jose M. (2015). "Particulate Matter from Electronic Cigarettes and Conventional Cigarettes: a Systematic Review and Observational Study". Current Environmental Health Reports. 2 (4): 423–9. doi:10.1007/s40572-015-0072-x. ISSN 2196-5412. PMID 26452675.
  12. ^ Hendlin, Yogi Hale; Elias, Jesse; Ling, Pamela M. (2017-08-15). "The Pharmaceuticalization of the Tobacco Industry". Annals of Internal Medicine. 167 (4): 278–280. doi:10.7326/M17-0759. ISSN 0003-4819. PMC 5568794. PMID 28715843.
  13. ^ "New e-cigarette rules coming to Quebec". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
  14. ^ Basch, CoreyHannah; Mongiovi, Jennifer; Hillyer, GraceClarke; Ethan, Danna; Hammond, Rodney (2016). "An analysis of electronic cigarette and cigarette advertising in US women′s magazines". International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 7 (1): 103. doi:10.4103/2008-7802.190089. ISSN 2008-7802.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  15. ^ Linda Bauld; Kathryn Angus; Marisa de Andrade (May 2014). "E-cigarette uptake and marketing" (PDF). Public Health England. pp. 1–19.
  16. ^ a b c d Nasaw, Daniel (5 December 2012). "Electronic cigarettes challenge anti-smoking efforts". BBC News.
  17. ^ "E-cigarettes and Lung Health". American Lung Association. 2015.
  18. ^ Hammig, Bart; Daniel-Dobbs, Page; Blunt-Vinti, Heather (2017). "Electronic cigarette initiation among minority youth in the United States". The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 43 (3): 306–310. doi:10.1080/00952990.2016.1203926. ISSN 1097-9891. PMID 27494770.
  19. ^ Singh, Tushar; Agaku, Israel T.; Arrazola, René A.; Marynak, Kristy L.; Neff, Linda J.; Rolle, Italia T.; King, Brian A. (2016). "Exposure to Advertisements and Electronic Cigarette Use Among US Middle and High School Students". Pediatrics. 137 (5): e20154155. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-4155. ISSN 1098-4275. PMID 27244815.
  20. ^ Mantey, Dale S.; Cooper, Maria R.; Clendennen, Stephanie L.; Pasch, Keryn E.; Perry, Cheryl L. (2016). "E-Cigarette Marketing Exposure Is Associated With E-Cigarette Use Among US Youth". The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 58 (6): 686–690. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.03.003. ISSN 1879-1972. PMC 4900536. PMID 27080732.
  21. ^ a b c d Marynak, Kristy (2018). "Exposure to Electronic Cigarette Advertising Among Middle and High School Students — United States, 2014–2016". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 67 (10): 294–299. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6710a3. ISSN 0149-2195. PMC 5857199. PMID 29543786.
  22. ^ a b Products, Center for Tobacco. "Youth & Tobacco - Youth Tobacco Use: Results from the National Youth Tobacco Survey". www.fda.gov. Retrieved 2018-11-20.
  23. ^ Franck, Caroline; Filion, Kristian B.; Kimmelman, Jonathan; Grad, Roland; Eisenberg, Mark J. (2016). "Ethical considerations of e-cigarette use for tobacco harm reduction". Respiratory Research. 17 (1): 53. doi:10.1186/s12931-016-0370-3. ISSN 1465-9921. PMC 4869264. PMID 27184265.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  24. ^ "Get the Facts on E-cigarettes". Know the Risks: E-Cigarettes and Young People. U.S. Surgeon General. Retrieved 2018-11-08.
  25. ^ Duke, Jennifer C.; Lee, Youn O.; Kim, Annice E.; Watson, Kimberly A.; Arnold, Kristin Y.; Nonnemaker, James M.; Porter, Lauren (July 2014). "Exposure to Electronic Cigarette Television Advertisements Among Youth and Young Adults". Pediatrics. 134 (1): –29–e36. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-0269. ISSN 1098-4275. PMID 24918224. Retrieved 2019-01-16.
  26. ^ "Myths and Facts About E-cigarettes". American Lung Association. 2015.
  27. ^ a b Pepper, J K; Ribisl, K M; Brewer, N T (November 2016). "Adolescents' interest in trying flavoured e-cigarettes". Tobacco Control. 25 (Suppl 2): ii62–ii66. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053174. PMC 5125087. PMID 27633762.
  28. ^ Vasiljevic, Milica; Petrescu, Dragos C; Marteau, Theresa M (December 2016). "Impact of advertisements promoting candy-like flavoured e-cigarettes on appeal of tobacco smoking among children: an experimental study". Tobacco Control. 25 (e2): –107–e112. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052593. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 5284337. PMID 26781305.
  29. ^ Ford, Allison; MacKintosh, Anne Marie; Bauld, Linda; Moodie, Crawford; Hastings, Gerard (2016). "Adolescents' responses to the promotion and flavouring of e-cigarettes". International Journal of Public Health. 61 (2): 215–224. doi:10.1007/s00038-015-0769-5. ISSN 1661-8556. PMC 4819499. PMID 26650455.
  30. ^ a b c Hsu, Greta; Sun, Jessica Y; Zhu, Shu-Hong (12 March 2018). "Evolution of Electronic Cigarette Brands From 2013-2014 to 2016-2017: Analysis of Brand Websites". Journal of Medical Internet Research. 20 (3): e80. doi:10.2196/jmir.8550. ISSN 1439-4456. PMC 5869180. PMID 29530840.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  31. ^ a b Bach, Laura (September 13, 2018). "Flavored Tobacco Products Attract Kids" (PDF). Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. Retrieved October 13, 2018.
  32. ^ Vasiljevic, Milica; Petrescu, Dragos C.; Marteau, Theresa M. (December 2016). "Impact of advertisements promoting candy-like flavoured e-cigarettes on appeal of tobacco smoking among children: an experimental study". Tobacco Control. 25 (e2): e107–e112. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052593. ISSN 1468-3318. PMC 5284337. PMID 26781305.
  33. ^ Gottlieb, Scott (23 August 2018). "Companies cease sales of e-liquids with labeling or advertising that resembled kid-friendly foods following FDA, FTC warnings" (Press release). Silver Spring, MD: Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  34. ^ "E-Liquids Misleadingly Labeled or Advertised as Food Products". Center for Tobacco Products. FDA. 25 September 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  35. ^ Suppe, Ryan (July 25, 2018). "Vaping company JUUL investigated by Massachusetts for allegedly marketing to minors". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2018-11-02.
  36. ^ Richtel, Matt; Kaplan, Sheila (August 27, 2018). "Did Juul Lure Teenagers and Get 'Customers for Life'?". The New York Times.
  37. ^ ""Smoking revolution": a content analysis of electronic cigarette retail websites". American Journal of Preventative Medicine. 46 (4): 395–403. 2014. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.12.010. PMC 3989286. PMID 24650842. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  38. ^ Cervellin, Gianfranco; Borghi, Loris; Mattiuzzi, Camilla; Meschi, Tiziana; Favaloro, Emmanuel; Lippi, Giuseppe (2013). "E-Cigarettes and Cardiovascular Risk: Beyond Science and Mysticism". Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 40 (1): 060–065. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1363468. ISSN 0094-6176. PMID 24343348.
  39. ^ Maloney, Erin K.; Cappella, Joseph N. (2015). "Does Vaping in E-Cigarette Advertisements Affect Tobacco Smoking Urge, Intentions, and Perceptions in Daily, Intermittent, and Former Smokers?". Health Communication. 31 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1080/10410236.2014.993496. ISSN 1041-0236. PMID 25758192.
  40. ^ a b Rough, Elizabeth; Barber, Sarah (31 October 2017). "Briefing Paper No. 8114" (PDF). researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk. House of Commons Library. pp. 3, 10–12. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  41. ^ "Electronic cigarettes". Public Health. European Commission. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  42. ^ "Prop E - Flavored Tobacco Ban". SPUR. 2018-04-09. Retrieved 2018-11-08.
  43. ^ "San Francisco first city to ban e-cigarette flavors". Washington Examiner. 2018-06-26. Retrieved 2018-11-02.
  44. ^ "Editorial: Yes on Prop. E to uphold SF tobacco ban". SFChronicle.com. 2018-04-08. Retrieved 2018-11-08.
  45. ^ "FDA Cracks Down On E-Cigarette Sales To Curb Teen Vaping". NPR. November 9, 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
  46. ^ Kaplan, Sheila (8 November 2018). "F.D.A. Plans to Ban Most Flavored E-Cigarette Sales in Stores". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
  47. ^ Williams, Rebecca S.; Derrick, Jason; Ribisl, Kurt M. (2 March 2015). "Electronic Cigarette Sales to Minors via the Internet". JAMA Pediatrics. 169 (3): e1563. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.63. PMC 4408777. PMID 25730697.

Category:Tobacco advertising Category:Electronic cigarettes

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