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User:Diamantinasaurus/List of most luminous cool supergiants

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Most luminous known K- and M-type supergiants
Name Luminosity
(L☉) 		Effective temperature
(K) 		Spectral type Notes References
Stephenson 2 DFK 1 >630,000 3,200 M6 Almost certainly not a Stephenson 2 member, unreliable and almost certainly incorrect. It's literally just wrong. It's only here because membership can't be 100% ruled out. [1]
HR 5171 (maximum) 630,000 4,287 K0Ia-0 Distance unknown, can either be 1.5 or 3.6 kpc, the lower luminosity estimate is about 200,000 - 250,000 L☉ [2]
LGGS J013312.26+310053.3 575,000 4,055 [3]
LGGS J004520.67+414717.3 562,000 – M1I Likely not a member of the Andromeda Galaxy, should be treated with caution in regards to the H–D limit.[4] [4]
NGC1313-310 513,000 3,780 K5-M0 [5]
NGC253-222 501,000 3,750 M0-M2 [5]
LGGS J013339.28+303118.8 479,000 3,837 M1Ia [3]
PZ Cassiopeiae 450,000 3,605 M3Ia
Stephenson 2 DFK 49 390,000 4,000 K4 K-type yellow hypergiant. Another paper estimate a much lower luminosity (245,000 L☉)[6] [1]
HD 269551 A 389,000 3,800 K/M [7]
RSGC1-F04 380,000 3,800 M0-M1 [1]
WOH S170 380,000 3,750 M Large Magellanic Cloud membership uncertain. [7]
NGC7793-34 380,000 3,840 M0-M2 [5]
LGGS J013418.56+303808.6 363,000 3,837 [3]
SMC 18592 355,000[7] 4,050[7] K5–M0Ia
RW Cephei 339,000 – 409,000 4,200 – 4,400 K2Ia-0 A K-type yellow hypergiant. [8]
LGGS J004428.12+415502.9 339,000 – K2I [4]
RSGC1-F01 335,000[1] 3,450 M5 [9]
NGC247-154 332,000 3,570 M2-M4 [5]
AH Scorpii 331,000 3,682 M5Ia [10]
WLM 02 331,000 4,660 K2-3I [11]
MY Cephei 310,000 3,000–3,595 M3-M7I
LGGS J004539.99+415404.1 309,000 – M3I [4]
LGGS J013350.62+303230.3 309,000 3,800 [7]
HV 888 302,000 3,442[12]–3,500[13][14] M4Ia [15]
LGGS J013358.54+303419.9 295,000 4,050 [7]
GCIRS 7 295,000 3,600[16] M1I [17]
SP77 21-12 295,000 4,050 K5-M3 [7]
EV Carinae 288,000 3,574[18] M4.5Ia [19]
HV 12463 288,000 3,550 M Probably not a LMC member. [7]
LGGS J003951.33+405303.7 288,000 – [4]
LGGS J013352.96+303816.0 282,000 3,900 [7]
RSGC1-F13 290,000[1] 4,200 M3 - K2 [1]
WOH G64 282,000 3,400 M5I Likely the largest known star. [20]
Westerlund 1 W26 275,000 3,782 M0.5-M6Ia [21]
LGGS J004731.12+422749.1 275,000 – [4]
VY Canis Majoris 270,000 3,490 M3–M4.5 [22]
Mu Cephei 269,000 3,750 M2 Ia [23]
LGGS J004428.48+415130.9 269,000 M1I [4]
NGC247-155 263,000 3,510 M2-M4 [5]
LGGS J013241.94+302047.5 257,000 3,950 [7]
NGC300-125 257,000 3,350 M2-M4 [5]
HD 143183 254,000 3,605 M3 [24]
LMC 145013 251,000[15] 3,950[7] M2.5Ia–Ib
LMC 25320 251,000 3,800 M [7]
V354 Cephei 250,000 3,615 M1Ia-M3.5Ib [24]
  1. ^ a b c d e f Humphreys, Roberta M.; Helmel, Greta; Jones, Terry J.; Gordon, Michael S. (2020-09-02). "Exploring the mass-loss histories of the red supergiants". The Astronomical Journal. 160 (3): 145. arXiv:2008.01108. Bibcode:2020AJ....160..145H. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abab15. ISSN 1538-3881.
  2. ^ Wittkowski, M.; Arroyo-Torres, B.; Marcaide, J. M.; Abellan, F. J.; Chiavassa, A.; Guirado, J. C. (2017-01-01). "VLTI/AMBER spectro-interferometry of the late-type supergiants V766 Cen (=HR 5171 A), σ Oph, BM Sco, and HD 206859". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 597: A9. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629349. ISSN 0004-6361.
  3. ^ a b c Drout, Maria R.; Massey, Philip; Meynet, Georges (2012-04-18). "The yellow and red supergiants of M33". The Astrophysical Journal. 750 (2): 97. arXiv:1203.0247. Bibcode:2012ApJ...750...97D. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/750/2/97. ISSN 0004-637X.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g McDonald, Sarah L.E.; Davies, Ben; Beasor, Emma R. (2022-01-08). "Red supergiants in M31: the Humphreys–Davidson limit at high metallicity". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 510 (3): 3132–3144. arXiv:2111.13716. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3453. ISSN 0035-8711.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Wit, S. de; Bonanos, A. Z.; Antoniadis, K.; Zapartas, E.; Ruiz, A.; Britavskiy, N.; Christodoulou, E.; De, K.; Maravelias, G.; Munoz-Sanchez, G.; Tsopela, A. (2024-09-01). "Investigating episodic mass loss in evolved massive stars - II. Physical properties of red supergiants at subsolar metallicity". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 689: A46. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449607. ISSN 0004-6361.
  6. ^ Davies, Ben; Figer, Don F.; Kudritzki, Rolf-Peter; MacKenty, John; Najarro, Francisco; Herrero, Artemio (2007-12-01). "A Massive Cluster of Red Supergiants at the Base of the Scutum-Crux Arm". The Astrophysical Journal. 671 (1): 781–801. arXiv:0708.0821. Bibcode:2007ApJ...671..781D. doi:10.1086/522224. ISSN 0004-637X.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Massey, Philip; Neugent, Kathryn F.; Ekström, Sylvia; Georgy, Cyril; Meynet, Georges (2023-01-01). "The time-averaged mass-loss rates of red supergiants as revealed by their luminosity functions in M31 and M33". The Astrophysical Journal. 942 (2): 69. arXiv:2211.14147. Bibcode:2023ApJ...942...69M. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aca665. ISSN 0004-637X.
  8. ^ Anugu, Narsireddy; Gies, Douglas R.; Roettenbacher, Rachael M.; Monnier, John D.; Montargés, Miguel; Mérand, Antoine; Baron, Fabien; Schaefer, Gail H.; Shepard, Katherine A. (2024-08-21), Time-Evolution Images of the Hypergiant RW Cephei During the Re-brightening Phase Following the Great Dimming, doi:10.48550/arXiv.2408.11906, retrieved 2024-09-12
  9. ^ Decin, Leen; Richards, Anita M. S.; Marchant, Pablo; Sana, Hugues (January 2024). "ALMA detection of CO rotational line emission in red supergiant stars of the massive young star cluster RSGC1 -- Determination of a new mass-loss rate prescription for red supergiants". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 681: A17. arXiv:2303.09385. Bibcode:2024A&A...681A..17D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244635. ISSN 0004-6361.
  10. ^ Arroyo-Torres, B.; Wittkowski, M.; Marcaide, J.M.; Hauschildt, P.H. (June 2013). "The atmospheric structure and fundamental parameters of the red supergiants AH Scorpii, UY Scuti, and KW Sagittarii". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 554: A76. arXiv:1305.6179. Bibcode:2013A&A...554A..76A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220920. ISSN 0004-6361.
  11. ^ academic.oup.com. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1611 https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/505/3/4422/6294474. Retrieved 2024-09-12. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  12. ^ Ren, Yi; Jiang, Bi-Wei (2020-07-01). "On the Granulation and Irregular Variation of Red Supergiants". The Astrophysical Journal. 898 (1): 24. arXiv:2006.06605. Bibcode:2020ApJ...898...24R. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9c17. ISSN 0004-637X.
  13. ^ Groenewegen, M. A. T.; Sloan, G. C. (2018-01-01). "Luminosities and mass-loss rates of Local Group AGB stars and red supergiants". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 609: A114. arXiv:1711.07803. Bibcode:2018A&A...609A.114G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731089. ISSN 0004-6361.
  14. ^ Kamath, D.; Wood, P. R.; Van Winckel, H. (2015-12-01). "Optically visible post-AGB stars, post-RGB stars and young stellar objects in the Large Magellanic Cloud". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 454 (2): 1468–1502. arXiv:1508.00670. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.454.1468K. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1202. ISSN 0035-8711.
  15. ^ a b Davies, Ben; Crowther, Paul A.; Beasor, Emma R. (2018-08-01). "The luminosities of cool supergiants in the Magellanic Clouds, and the Humphreys-Davidson limit revisited". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 478 (3): 3138–3148. arXiv:1804.06417. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.478.3138D. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1302. ISSN 0035-8711.
  16. ^ Paumard, T.; Pfuhl, O.; Martins, F.; Kervella, P.; Ott, T.; Pott, J. -U.; Le Bouquin, J. B.; Breitfelder, J.; Gillessen, S.; Perrin, G.; Burtscher, L.; Haubois, X.; Brandner, W. (2014-08-01). "GCIRS 7, a pulsating M1 supergiant at the Galactic centre . Physical properties and age". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 568: A85. arXiv:1406.5320. Bibcode:2014A&A...568A..85P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423991. ISSN 0004-6361.
  17. ^ Guerço, Rafael; Smith, Verne V.; Cunha, Katia; Ekström, Sylvia; Abia, Carlos; Plez, Bertrand; Meynet, Georges; Ramirez, Solange V.; Prantzos, Nikos; Sellgren, Kris; Hayes, Cristian R.; Majewski, Steven R. (2022-09-13). "Evidence of deep mixing in IRS 7, a cool massive supergiant member of the Galactic nuclear star cluster". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 516 (2): 2801–2811. arXiv:2208.10529. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2393. ISSN 0035-8711.
  18. ^ van Loon, J. Th.; Cioni, M. -R. L.; Zijlstra, A. A.; Loup, C. (2005-07-01). "An empirical formula for the mass-loss rates of dust-enshrouded red supergiants and oxygen-rich Asymptotic Giant Branch stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 438 (1): 273–289. arXiv:astro-ph/0504379. Bibcode:2005A&A...438..273V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042555. ISSN 0004-6361.
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference Davies-Beasor-2020 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ Ohnaka, K.; Driebe, T.; Hofmann, K.-H.; Weigelt, G.; Wittkowski, M. (2008-06-01). "Spatially resolved dusty torus toward the red supergiant WOH G64 in the Large Magellanic Cloud". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 484 (2): 371–379. arXiv:0803.3823. Bibcode:2008A&A...484..371O. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200809469. ISSN 0004-6361.
  21. ^ Arévalo, Aura (2019-01-22). The red supergiants in the supermassive stellar cluster Westerlund 1 (Mestrado em Astronomia thesis). São Paulo, Brazil: Universidade de São Paulo. doi:10.11606/d.14.2019.tde-12092018-161841.
  22. ^ Wittkowski, M.; Hauschildt, P.H.; Arroyo-Torres, B.; Marcaide, J.M. (April 2012). "Fundamental properties and atmospheric structure of the red supergiant VY Canis Majoris based on VLTI/AMBER spectro-interferometry". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 540: L12. arXiv:1203.5194. Bibcode:2012A&A...540L..12W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219126. ISSN 0004-6361.
  23. ^ Davies, Ben; Beasor, Emma R. (March 2020). "The 'red supergiant problem': the upper luminosity boundary of Type II supernova progenitors". MNRAS. 493 (1): 468–476. arXiv:2001.06020. Bibcode:2020MNRAS.493..468D. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa174. S2CID 210714093.
  24. ^ a b academic.oup.com https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/529/4/3630/7630209?login=false. Retrieved 2024-08-14. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
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