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Other animals

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Within mammals, exercise training produces similar effects to humans, including in dogs [1] and rodents [2]. A number of studies of both rodents and humans have demonstrated that individual differences in both ability and propensity for exercise (i.e., voluntary exercise) have some genetic basis.[3][4] Several studies of rodents have demonstrated that maternal[5] or juvenile access to wheels that allow voluntary exercise can increase the propensity to run as adults.[6] These studies further suggest that physical activity may be more "programmable" (for discussion, see Thrifty phenotype) than food intake.[7] When rodent running wheels are placed outside, wild mice will voluntarily use them for comparable durations to laboratory mice, despite lack of any prior experience with these devices.[8]. Artificial selection experiments on mice has shown significant heritability in voluntary exercise levels[9], and "high-runner" lines show differences in VO2max[10], hippocampal neurogenesis[11], and muscle morphology[12]. The effects of sprint-speed training are less well-studied, though there is a negative correlation between artificial selection for endurance and sprint speed[13].

The effects of various exercise training types are heterogeneous across non-mammals, and sometimes inconsistent. No effect of endurance training has been found in most studies of lizards[14] (but see [15]), leading them to be termed "metabolically inflexible".[16] Indeed, damage from overtraining may occur following weeks of forced treadmill exercise in lizards.[16] Sprint training has never been found to have an effect in lizards.[17]

While studied less often, frogs show modest improvements with exercise.[18][19] Exercise training in fish shows some minor improvements on endurance, but far less than seen under comparable training regimes in mammals.[20][21]

Among archosaurs, both crocodiles and birds show improvements in aerobic capacity following exercise.[22][14] Eared grebes present an extreme version of this effect in wild populations, with prolonged periods of low exercise leading to large losses in flight muscle mass and consequent loss of flight ability; subsequent voluntary exercise bouts lead to full recovery of both muscle mass and sufficient flight ability for migration.[23]

  1. ^ https://www.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jappl.1985.59.1.183
  2. ^ https://www.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jappl.1983.54.3.789
  3. ^ Garland T, Schutz H, Chappell MA, Keeney BK, Meek TH, Copes LE, Acosta W, Drenowatz C, Maciel RC, van Dijk G, Kotz CM, Eisenmann JC (2011). "The biological control of voluntary exercise, spontaneous physical activity and daily energy expenditure in relation to obesity: human and rodent perspectives". J. Exp. Biol. 214 (Pt 2): 206–29. doi:10.1242/jeb.048397. PMC 3008631. PMID 21177942.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Kelly SA, Pomp D (June 2013). "Genetic determinants of voluntary exercise". Trends Genet. 29 (6): 348–57. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2012.12.007. PMC 3665695. PMID 23351966.
  5. ^ Eclarinal, J. D; Zhu, S; Baker, M. S; Piyarathna, D. B; Coarfa, C; Fiorotto, M. L; Waterland, R. A (2016). "Maternal exercise during pregnancy promotes physical activity in adult offspring". The FASEB Journal. 30 (7): 2541–2548. doi:10.1096/fj.201500018R. PMC 4904289. PMID 27033262.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ Acosta, W.; Meek, T. H.; Schutz, H.; Dlugosz, E. M.; Vu, K. T.; Garland Jr, T. (2015). "Effects of early-onset voluntary exercise on adult physical activity and associated phenotypes in mice". Physiology & Behavior. 149: 279–286. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.06.020. PMID 26079567.
  7. ^ Zhu, S.; Eclarinal, J.; Baker, M. S.; Li, G.; Waterland, R. A. (2016). "Developmental programming of energy balance regulation: is physical activity more "programmable" than food intake?". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 75 (1): 73–77. doi:10.1017/s0029665115004127. PMID 26511431.
  8. ^ http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/281/1786/20140210
  9. ^ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1021479331779
  10. ^ https://www.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jappl.1998.84.1.69
  11. ^ http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2003-08567-013
  12. ^ http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1554/0014-3820(2002)056%5B1267:EOASMP%5D2.0.CO%3B2
  13. ^ https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb03940.x
  14. ^ a b Owerkowicz T, Baudinette RV (2008). "Exercise training enhances aerobic capacity in juvenile estuarine crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus)". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 150 (2): 211–6. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.04.594. PMID 18504156.
  15. ^ http://jeb.biologists.org/content/218/6/899.long?utm_source=TrendMD&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=J_Exp_Biol_TrendMD_0
  16. ^ a b Garland T, Else PL, Hulbert AJ, Tap P (1987). "Effects of endurance training and captivity on activity metabolism of lizards". Am. J. Physiol. 252 (3 Pt 2): R450–6. PMID 3826409.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ http://jeb.biologists.org/content/218/6/899.long?utm_source=TrendMD&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=J_Exp_Biol_TrendMD_0
  18. ^ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00710002
  19. ^ http://www.jstor.org/stable/3891789?casa_token=5GKKuD1cqtIAAAAA:HTmmw-5aDaPCR2PiwBWWJNNIf0rHfqxzm8s4kpTR9ywQsbuFKDzuHVFMryuONm_4_thz8woUnSSwuDdPzHZ6ovw65ilSPCbz4RkxhH2YxoOc3Fis8A&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
  20. ^ Gallaugher, P.E., Thorarensen, H., Kiessling, A., Farrell, A.P., 2001. Effects of high intensity exercise training on cardiovascular function, oxygen uptake, internal transport and osmotic balance in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) during critical speed swimming. J. Exp. Biol. 204, 2861–2872.
  21. ^ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300962996002848
  22. ^ Butler, P.J., Turner, D.L., 1988. Effect of training on maximal oxygen uptake and aerobic capacity of locomotory muscles in tufted ducks, Aythya fuligula. J. Physiol. 401, 347–359
  23. ^ http://www.jstor.org/stable/4087994?casa_token=HMKM7v5k7KoAAAAA:5KDi-lmjEyISpg6DL3OBjMV5gDQy8BM5juaCQwzxKkWccKv47zjdwcjsw-NaYfJl2Ye1rxt-8gdVThUwvNv8j1E9Sf1a0HaMM5a1_ZgODzfzOt5RZA&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
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