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Hemiauchenia/Dickinsonia
Temporal range: Late Ediacaran, 567–550 Ma
Cast of Dickinsonia costata from Australia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: †Proarticulata
Class: †Dipleurozoa
Family: †Dickinsoniidae
Genus: †Dickinsonia
Sprigg, 1947
Type species
†Dickinsonia costata
Sprigg, 1947
Species
  • D. costata Sprigg, 1947
  • D. menneri Keller, 1976
  • D. tenuis Glaessner & Wade, 1966
Synonyms
Genus Synonymy
  • Chondroplon? Wade, 1971[1]
  • Papilionata Sprigg, 1947
  • Vendomia Keller, 1976[2]
D. costata Synonymy
  • Papilionata eyrei Sprigg, 1947
  • D. minima Sprigg, 1949
  • D. elongata Glaessner & Wade, 1966
  • D. spriggi Harrington & Moore, 1955
D. tenuis Synonymy
  • D. brachina Wade, 1972
  • D. lissa Wade, 1972
  • D. rex Jenkins, 1992

Dickinsonia is a genus of extinct organism that lived during the late Ediacaran period in what is now Australia, China, Russia and Ukraine, most likely a basal animal. The individual Dickinsonia typically resembles a bilaterally symmetrical ribbed oval. Its affinities are presently unknown; its mode of growth has been considered consistent with a stem-group bilaterian affinity,[3] It has also been suggested has been an "extinct kingdom".[4][5][6] The discovery of cholesterol molecules in fossils of Dickinsonia lends support to the idea that Dickinsonia was an animal,[7] though these results have been questioned.[8]

Description

[edit]

Dickinsonia fossils are known only in the form of imprints and casts in sandstone beds. The specimens found range from a few millimetres to about 1.4 metres (4 ft 7 in) in length, and from a fraction of a millimetre to a few millimetres thick.[9] They are nearly bilaterally symmetric, segmented, round or oval in outline, slightly expanded to one end (i.e. egg-shaped outline). The rib-like segments are radially inclined towards the wide and narrow ends, and the width and length of the segments increases towards the wide end of the fossil.[2][10] Often a midline ridge or groove is observed,[2][10] though this appears to be absent in some specimens.[11] Is it disputed whether the segments are offset from each other following glide reflection, and are thus isomers,[2][10][12] or whether the segments are continuous and symmetric, and thus follow true bilateral symmetry, as the specimens displaying the offset may be the result of taphonomic distortion.[11][13] The number of segments/isomer pairs varies from 12 in smaller individuals to 74 in the largest Australian specimens.[13]

The body of Dickinsonia is suggested to have been sack-like, with the outer layer being made of a resistant but unmineralised material.[14] Some specimens from Russia show the presence of branched internal structures.[15][14] Some authors have suggested that the underside of the body bore cilia, as well as bearing infolded pockets.[14]

Dickinsonia is suggested to have grown by adding a new segment/pair of isomers at the end opposite the unpaired "anterior most unit" presumed to represent the front of the animal.[11]

  • Ontogeny of Dickinsonia costata following the glide reflection intepretation
    Ontogeny of Dickinsonia costata following the glide reflection intepretation
  • Diagram of various Dickinsonia species
    Diagram of various Dickinsonia species
  • Diagram of branched internal structures observed in Russian specimens
    Diagram of branched internal structures observed in Russian specimens

Ecology

[edit]

Dickinsonia is suggested to have been a mobile marine organism that fed by consuming microbial mats using structures present its underside. Dickinsonia-shaped trace fossils, presumed to represent feeding impressions, sometimes found in chains demonstrating this behaviour have been observed.[14] These trace fossils have been assigned to the genera Epibaion and Phyllozoon.[16][17][18]

Discovery

[edit]

The first species and specimens of this fossil organism were first discovered in the Ediacara Member of the Rawnsley Quartzite, Flinders Ranges in South Australia. Reg Sprigg, the original discoverer of the Ediacaran biota in Australia,[19] described Dickinsonia, naming it after Ben Dickinson, then Director of Mines for South Australia, and head of the government department that employed Sprigg.[20] Additional specimens of Dickinsonia are also known from the Mogilev Formation in the Dniester River Basin of Podolia, Ukraine,[21] the Lyamtsa, Verkhovka, Zimnegory and Yorga Formations in the White Sea area of the Arkhangelsk Region, Chernokamen Formation of the Central Urals, Russia,[22] (these deposits have been dated to 567–550 Myr.[23][24][25]), the Dengying Formation in the Yangtze Gorges area, South China. (ca. 551–543 Ma).[26]

Taphonomy

[edit]

As a rule, Dickinsonia fossils are preserved as negative impressions ("death masks") on the bases of sandstone beds. Such fossils are imprints of the upper sides of the benthic organisms that have been buried under the sand.[27][28] The imprints formed as a result of cementation of the sand before complete decomposition of the body. The mechanism of cementation is not quite clear; among many possibilities, the process could have arisen from conditions which gave rise to pyrite "death masks"[28] on the decaying body, or perhaps it was due to the carbonate cementation of the sand.[29] The imprints of the bodies of organisms are often strongly compressed, distorted, and sometimes partly extend into the overlying rock. These deformations appear to show attempts by the organisms to escape from the falling sediment.[30][31][32]

Rarely, Dickinsonia have been preserved as a cast in massive sandstone lenses, where it occurs together with Pteridinium, Rangea and some others.[33][34][35][36] These specimens are products of events where organisms were first stripped from the sea-floor, transported and deposited within sand flow.[33][36] In such cases, stretched and ripped Dickinsonia occur. The first such specimen was described as a separate genus and species, Chondroplon bilobatum[37] and later re-identified as Dickinsonia.

Taxonomy

[edit]

Species

[edit]

Since 1947, a total of nine species have been described, of which three are currently considered valid:[38]

Species Authority Location Status Notes
Dickinsonia brachina [39] Wade, 1972 Australia invalid Synonym of Dickinsonia tenuis
Dickinsonia costata [40] Sprigg, 1947 Australia, Russia and Ukraine valid Unlike other species, D. costata has comparatively rounded body and fewer, wider segments / isomers.
Dickinsonia elongata [41] Glaessner & Wade, 1966 Australia invalid Synonym of Dickinsonia costata
Dickinsonia lissa[39] Wade, 1972 Australia invalid Synonym of Dickinsonia tenuis
Dickinsonia menneri[42] Keller, 1976 Russia valid D. menneri is a small organism up to 8 mm in length, and strongly resembles juvenile specimens of D. costata with its small number of isomers and well-marked head. D. menneri differs from juvenile D. costata by its slightly more elongated form.

Originally classified as Vendomia, it was re-identified as Dickinsonia by Ivantsov (2007)[43]

Dickinsonia minima [44] Sprigg, 1949 Australia invalid Synonym of Dickinsonia costata
Dickinsonia rex [45] Jenkins, 1992 Australia invalid Synonym of Dickinsonia tenuis
Dickinsonia spriggi [46] Harrington & Moore, 1955 Australia invalid Synonym of Dickinsonia costata
Dickinsonia tenuis [41] Glaessner & Wade, 1966 Australia and Russia valid Strongly resembles D. costata, but differs from it by more narrow and numerous segments, sparingly lengthened oval form of the body.

External relationships

[edit]

Dickinsonia is classified as part of the group Proarticulata or Dickinsoniomorpha.[14] Proarticulata includes a number of morphologically similar organisms, such Spriggina, Yorgia, Andiva and Cephalonega, which share the same segmented articulation.[47] The affinities of Proarticulata to other organisms, including to other members of the Ediacaran biota, like rangeomorphs, have long been contentious.[7] Gregory Retallack has proposed that the fossils of Dickinsonia and other Ediacaran biota represent lichens that were deposited in a terrestrial environment,[48] but this has been broadly rejected by other authors.[7][49] Other proposal have included giant protists, as proposed by Adolf Seilacher.[50] Many researchers suggest that Dickinsonia and other proarticulatans are likely to be animals, likely belonging to Eumetazoa.[11][14] A chemical study of Russian specimens found that they were enriched with cholesterol, which is only produced by animals, supporting an animal affinity,[7] though these results have been questioned by other authors.[8] Within Eumetazoa, a number of affinities have been proposed, including as stem-eumetazoans forming a clade with rangeomorphs,[51] to Placozoa,[52] and to Cnidaria.[53] A number of reseachers have proposed close affinities to Bilateria, based on the bilateral or nearly bilateral organisation of proarticulatans,[14][3] though proarticulatans are not likely to be a member of the bilaterian crown group.[11]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ a b c d Ivantsov, A. Y. (2007). "Small Vendian transversely articulated fossils". Paleontological Journal. 41 (2): 113–122. doi:10.1134/S0031030107020013. S2CID 86636748.
  3. ^ a b Gold, D. A.; Runnegar, B.; Gehling, J. G.; Jacobs, D. K. (2015). "Ancestral state reconstruction of ontogeny supports a bilaterian affinity for Dickinsonia". Evolution & Development. 17 (6): 315–397. doi:10.1111/ede.12168. PMID 26492825. S2CID 26099557.
  4. ^ Pflug (1973). "Zur fauna der Nama-Schichten in Südwest-Afrika. IV. Mikroscopische anatomie der petalo-organisme". Palaeontographica (B144): 166–202.
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  31. ^ Ivantsov, A.Y. (2013). "Trace Fossils of Precambrian Metazoans "Vendobionta" and "Mollusks"". Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation. 21 (3): 252–264. Bibcode:2013SGC....21..252I. doi:10.1134/S0869593813030039. S2CID 128638405.
  32. ^ Runnegar, Bruce (1982). "Oxygen requirements, biology and phylogenetic significance of the late Precambrian worm Dickinsonia, and the evolution of the burrowing habit". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 6 (3): 223–239. doi:10.1080/03115518208565415.
  33. ^ a b Grazhdankin, Dima (2004). "Patterns of distribution in the Ediacaran biotas: facies versus biogeography and evolution" (PDF). Paleobiology. 30 (2): 203–221. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2004)030<0203:PODITE>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 129376371.
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  41. ^ a b Glaessner, M.F.; Wade, M. (1966). "The late Precambrian fossils from Ediacara, South Australia" (PDF). Palaeontology. 9 (4): 599.
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  43. ^ Ivantsov, A. Y. (2007). "Small Vendian transversely articulated fossils". Paleontological Journal. 41 (2): 113–122. doi:10.1134/S0031030107020013. S2CID 86636748.
  44. ^ Sprigg, R.C. (1949). "Early Cambrian "jellyfishes" of Ediacara, South Australia, and Mount John, Kimberley District, Western Australia" (PDF). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 73: 72–99.[permanent dead link‍]
  45. ^ Jenkins, R.J.F. (1992). "Functional and ecological aspects of Ediacarian assemblages". In Lipps, J.; Signor, P.W. (eds.). Origin and early evolution of the Metazoa. New York, NY: Springer. pp. 131–176. ISBN 978-0-306-44067-0. OCLC 231467647.
  46. ^ Harrington, N.J.; Moore, R.C. (1955). "Kansas Pennsylvanian and other jellyfishes". Bull. Kansas Geol. Surv. 114 (5): 153–163.
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  48. ^ Retallack, Gregory J. (2013-01). "Ediacaran life on land". Nature. 493 (7430): 89–92. doi:10.1038/nature11777. ISSN 0028-0836. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  49. ^ Xiao, Shuhai; Droser, Mary; Gehling, James G.; Hughes, Ian V.; Wan, Bin; Chen, Zhe; Yuan, Xunlai (2014-03). "Affirming life aquatic for the Ediacara biota in China and Australia: REPLY". Geology. 42 (3): e326–e326. doi:10.1130/G35364Y.1. ISSN 1943-2682. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  50. ^ Seilacher, A. (2007-01). "The nature of vendobionts". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 286 (1): 387–397. doi:10.1144/SP286.28. ISSN 0305-8719. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  51. ^ Hoyal Cuthill, Jennifer F.; Han, Jian (2018-11). Álvaro, Javier (ed.). "Cambrian petalonamid Stromatoveris phylogenetically links Ediacaran biota to later animals". Palaeontology. 61 (6): 813–823. doi:10.1111/pala.12393. ISSN 0031-0239. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  52. ^ Sperling, Erik; et al. (2008). "A placozoan affinity for Dickinsonia and the evolution of late Precambrian metazoan feeding modes". Geological Society of America. Abstracts with Programs. 40 (6): 508. Archived from the original on 2018-02-28. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
  53. ^ J.W. Valentine Dickinsonia as a polypoid organism Paleobiology, 18 (1992), pp. 378-382
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