User:Ihaveacatonmydesk/sandbox1

Fallacy Files

Nikzor

IEP

Baron

Table

Bias	Normative model	Explanation
I. ATTENTION
I. A. Availability, attention to here and now, easy, and compatible
errors in syllogisms	logic	limited search
four-card problem	logic	limited search
anchoring and underadjustment	right answer to the question asked	underadjustment
"availability in causes of death"	right answer	availability heuristic
"fault tree effect"	probability additivity	availability heuristic
asymmetric dominance	independence of irrelevant alternatives	neglect of difficult judgment
evaluability effect {see Choice#Evaluability_in_economics}	invariance principle	neglect of difficult judgment
dynamic inconsistency	consistent discounting	attention to short-term {temporal myopia? temporal discounting?}
"preference reversal for gambles"	invariance principle	response mode compatibility
identifiable victim effect	utilitarianism	proportionality heuristic*
planning fallacy	regression to the mean	individuating information
I. B. Heuristics based on imperfect correlations
gambler's fallacy	independence of events	representativeness heuristic
hindsight bias	right answer	availability heuristic
outcome bias	right answer	availability heuristic
information bias (psychology)	value of information	information heuristic
congruence bias	value of information	congruence heuristic
status-quo bias	invariance principle	status-quo heuristic
ambiguity effect	EU theory (sure-thing principle)	missing information heuristic
omission bias	EU theory or utilitarianism	do-no-harm heuristic
"punishment without deterrence"	utilitarianism	reciprocity heuristic
naturalness bias	utility theory	"naturalness heuristic"
proportionality bias	EU theory (linear in p)	proportionality heuristic
zero-risk bias	EU theory	proportionality heuristic
"extra cost effect"	utility theory (only future consequences matter)	confusion of marginal and total cost
sunk cost effect	utility theory (future)	no-waste heuristic
ex-ante equality	utilitarianism	equality heuristic
voter's illusion	cause-effect	cause-correlation confusion
diversification bias	utility theory	adaptation heuristic
I. C. Focus on one attribute with unawareness of others
neglect of priors (prior probability) {base rate neglect?[1]}	Bayes's theorem	representativeness heuristic
"nonregressiveness in prediction" (regression fallacy)	regression to the mean	representativeness heuristic
conjunction effect	logic and probability	representativeness heuristic
illusion of control	contingency	attention to outcome
prominence effect	invariance (principle?)	importance heuristic
neglect of ranges	multiattribute utility theory	importance heuristic
single mindedness	multiattribute utility theory	limited attention
failure to integrate	utility maximization	social isolation
fixed-pie assumption {negotiation}	multiattribute utility theory	failure to see tradeoffs
parochialism effect {parochialism}	utilitarianism	self-interest illusion
II. MOTIVATED BIAS - MYSIDE BIAS AND WISHFUL THINKING
inappropriate extreme confidence	calibration	myside bias in search regression to the mean
wishful thinking	independence of belief and value	effect of desire on belief
selective exposure	fairness toward evidence	selective exposure
biased assimilation {Assimilation effect? Confirmation_bias#Biased_interpretation?}	neutral evidence principle	biased assimilation
polarization effect	neutral evidence principle	biased assimilation
belief overkill {(redirects)}	uncorrelated beliefs	myside bias
illusory correlation	true correlation	biased assimilation
primacy effect	order principle	biased assimilation
distortion of fairness by self-interest	universalizability of morality	wishful thinking
morality as self-interest illusion	self-other distinction	belief overkill
III. PSYCHOPHYSICAL DISTORTIONS
certainty effect	EU theory (linear probability)	diminishing sensitivity
overweighting low probabilities	EU theory (linear probability)	diminishing sensitivity
declining marginal disutility	increasing marginal disutility (=declining marginal utility)	diminishing sensitivity
framing effect for gains and losses	invariance principle	diminishing sensitivity
dynamic inconsistency**	consistent discounting	diminishing sensitivity to time

Other

context independence = Independence of irrelevant alternatives ?
framing effect (doesn't redirect to Framing effect (psychology))
Expected utility theory (Expected utility)
Prospect theory
Pseudocertainty effect
Mental accounting
Appeal to nature
List_of_psychological_effects
willingness to accept/willingness to pay - endowment effect
dilution effect
Temporal discounting, Time preference, Time discounting, Delay discounting
- immediacy effect
Possibility effect
belief overkill, belief system overkill, belief-overkill, belief-system overkill (Jervis 1976, Ellsworth & Ross 1983) (also: irrational consistency)

Extensionality, invariance

extension=possibility set http://psy2.ucsd.edu/~mckenzie/TverskyKahneman1983PsychRev.pdf "the extension of "Linda is a bank teller whether or not she is active in the feminist movement" clearly includes the extension of "Linda is a bank teller and is active in the feminist movement." "

The principle that mere re-description should not affect our decisions, normatively, is called “extensionality” (Arrow, 1982) or “invariance” (Kahneman and Tversky, 1984).

invariance principle or principle of invariance or principle of extensionality or extensionality principle or description invariance ("the principle that mere re-description should not affect our decisions") (Kahneman and Tversky, 1984) ("Violations of the invariance principle are also called framing effects, because the choice made is dependent on how the situation is presented, or framed.") --- Representativeness_heuristic#Extensionality_violation

[...] the extensional notion that the probability of an event equals the sum of the probabilities of the different ways in which the event can occur. [2]

Extension_neglect

procedure invariance ???