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Honorary Males in the Iron Age

Female burials in the La Tène culture in Western Europe, lasting from 450 BC to 380 BC, indicate the elite' status of some women. Indicators of elite status in Central and Southern Germany in this period included objects of power similar to those found in preceding periods. Graves of high status in the preceding period, the Hallstatt period (750 BC to 450 BC), included gold neck rings, bronze daggers, bronze drinking vessels, and four-wheeled wagons. Grave sights in the Hochdorf, Biberach region, excavated in 1970, found only elite' male burial objects before and during the Hallstat Period. However, in 480 BC, the number of elite male graves began dropping and were suddenly replaced by elite female graves. Around the same time these high status burials transitioned from majority men to women, war brought forth massive emigration of males, leaving behind women to fill the roles typically held by men.

Similar shifts in population occurred in the Celtic regions of Europe. As most of Celtic society in the Iron Age centered around agriculture, the landowning class dominated. The ruling class also made up the military elite. As Warfare in Medieval Scotland increased, women soon found themselves in roles of land ownership and power. Competitive feasting, large events held by the now landowning women, involved large quantities of alcohol and food. The quality of the feast represented the host's socio-economic status. Equipment, dress, and methods for performing these feasts also influenced laws and values. Gold neck rings, symbolizing the highest status of a successful feast host have been found in female graves indicating that women continued the practices traditionally upheld by men. Women assuming positions of power in this patriarchal society was made possible by a lower population of men, not an absence. According to Bettina Arnold, author of ‘Honorary males’ or women of substance? Gender, status, and power in Iron-Age Europe, archeological analysis of burial shows some women were honorary males as they were buried with both socio-economic as well as military symbols of power.

Source for section

Arnold, B. (1995). ‘Honorary males’ or women of substance? Gender, status, and power in Iron-Age Europe. Journal of European Archaeology Archive, 3(2), 153-168. doi:10.1179/096576695800703757

11/5/18:

Weaving original 6 sources from below into my own section, "Working around the double blind", and possibly a new section on literature's role in exploring Honorary Males. Possibly adding a section involving pop culture with 2 new sources:

The role storytelling has in identifying and analyzing "honorary male".

New Section: Literary and media history with Honorary Males.

In André Brinks, The Novel, Language and Narrative from Cervantes to Calvino, it is stated that a character's ability to speak is determined by each character's relation to power. From his Chapter, La Princesse de Cleves, "The only women who do speak their minds at times are those in positions of power, (The Queen, The Queen Mother..), because in these positions they function as honorary males." (Brink, 59) Proximity to power occurs in other forms of literature involving other honorary males.

Possible second piece of literature: The female detective in fiction:

The Amelia Butterworth Mysteries by Anna Katharine Green is a detective fiction based on Amelia Buttersworth, a wealthy, single women with limited family has the free time to solve mysteries. This character has been referred to as an Honorary Male in Feminism in Women's Detective Fiction by Glenwood Irons, "They work seamlessly in a male world, occassionally adding the friction of a woman in peril. These characters are anomalies...These two women detectives are clearly honorary males." (Irons, pg. 3)

Kathleen Gregory Klein’s 1988 The Woman Detective: Gender and Genre investigates the difficulties of creating a woman character while keeping true to the genre of the standard male detective theme. Klein is mentioned on this very issue in Glenwood Irons Feminism in Women's Detective Fiction stating, ‘Certainly a woman’s script did not include setting up professionally in a job which so clearly required acknowledged masculine virtues like physical strength, logical thinking, and worldly experience. Women might be successful amateur detectives so long as they employed the more stereotypically feminine talents of gossip and intuition, but they were barred from detective careers.' ''.

New sources added 9/04/18:

https://www.swantower.com/essays/craft/the-honorary-male/

This is an opinion article focusing on possible counters to the power structures which reinforce the term honorary male. This author writes, "society doesn’t always provide women with another option, but fiction can, and should."

Questions to ask editors or Dr. Smith Can I use a wikipedia article as a source for another wikipedia article I am editing? 6 sources on honorary male: 1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delusions_of_Gender Delusions of Gender: How Our Minds, Society, and Neurosexism Create Difference is a 2010 book by Cordelia Fine, written to debunk the idea that men and women are hardwired with different interests. Wikipedia Originally published: August 30, 2010 Author: Cordelia Fine Page count: 338 Genre: Non-fiction Country: United States of America ISBN: 0-393-06838-2

purpose of source: On page 52, the author, Cordelia Fine, explains how"antifemale attitudes" come about in male dominated fields: "The easiest solution to the problem of being female in a setting in which women are made to feel that they are inferior and do not belong is to become as unfeminine as possible."

2)Dorothea Salo, Sexism and group formation Article link: http://cavlec.yarinareth.net/2006/08/28/sexism-and-group-formation/ purpose of source: Language used to describe workplace and complex interactions arise in many forms of media. The more thoughtful the work, the more thoughtful the interpersonal description. Quote from the article:"Meredith used the word “subtle” to characterize sexism in systems librarianship. I’m going to use the word “insidious” instead, and try to explain why. “Subtle” carries the connotation “intentional” to me, and I don’t believe that’s warranted. I don’t know a single librarian of either gender capable of even thinking anything like that absurd Forbes article (which from me gets no linklove, nuh-uh, no way)." 3)Definition of Honorary and Honorary Girl https://dictionary.reverso.net/english-definition/honorary+girl purpose of source: allows for deconstruction and more specific analysis of language use in current period. 4)'Honorary Males' or Women of Substance? Gender, Status, and Power In Iron-Age Europe» link: https://www.academia.edu/358436/Honorary_Males_or_Women_of_Substance_Gender_Status_and_Power_In_Iron-Age_Europe_ Purpose: This source is produced by the Journal of European Archaeology published in 1995 analyzes its current gender issues looking towards power. Quote from first page, "There are three sources of information regarding the social, political, and economic status of women in the European Iron Age." This source also defines many key terms necessary in understanding related categories tied to this article. 5)Lesbian Ethics: Toward New Value Sarah Lucia Hoagland Abstract given by Hoagland Lesbian Ethics seems to address a need for an alternative to heteropatriarchal ethics. That need appears to have two suspect sources: a concept of agency which requires that agents know what is right; and a notion women may have that by being "good" we can escape the degraded status of females and achieve a status of citizeness, or honorary male. Instead of providing such an ethic, the book may show us how to live without it. 6) Working across cultures: a model for practice in developing countries by Barbara Parfitt. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020748999000383 Purpose of source: My previous sources have theorized the qualms and conditions of honorary male. This source can direct me toward a pragmatic ethic in solving or further problematizing this topic. Keywords Expatriate nursesPrimary health careDeveloping countriesDependenceCultural valuesWorking

Honorary male From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Ambox scales.svg This article has been nominated to be checked for its neutrality. Discussion of this nomination can be found on the talk page. (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) An honorary male or honorary man is a woman who is accorded the status of a man without disrupting the patriarchal status quo. Such a woman might be considered "one of the guys" by the men she associates with.[1]

The honorary man, Carolyn Heilbrun writes in "Non-Autobiographies of 'Privileged' Women: England and America" (1988), must isolate herself from the common run of women to maintain her "privileged" status. In this way, she exchanges one form of confinement (the domestic sphere) for another (the male realm).[2]

Queen Hatshepsut of Egypt ruled as full pharaoh from 1479 BCE -- 1458 BCE.[3]

Queen Elizabeth I, whose prestige did not further the standing of women in her country.[4]

Contents 1 Ancient Egypt 2 Prior to 1900s 3 1900s to present 4 The double bind 5 See also 6 References Ancient Egypt Queen Hatshepsut was the first female ruler of ancient Egypt to act as a full pharaoh. Ruling in the New Kingdom, Hatshepsut depicted and asserted herself as a male ruler. In artwork and sculpture of Hatshepsut, she is represented in the traditional pharaoh headdress, kilt, and false beard—a symbol of kingship; her breasts are reduced and deemphasized, and her shoulders are broad and manly.[5] Hatshepsut executed several building projects and military campaigns and brought Egypt into a period of peace and prosperity. Hatshepsut's actions to improve the status of women during this time are unknown, although women in ancient Egypt could decide their own professions, marry whomever they desired, contract prenuptial agreements that favored them, divorce their husbands, own real estate, enter the clergy, and had access to birth control and abortions. Women in Egypt during this time were respected and esteemed more than their counterparts in other countries and more than Egyptian women would be in later centuries with the rise of Christianity in the 4th century CE and later Islam in the 7th century CE.[6]

Prior to 1900s In "Queen Elizabeth I and the Persistence of Patriarchy", Allison Heisch describes honorary males as women who accept the values and practices of the male society in which they function, and internalize and follow them. She notes that honorary males tend to support rather than subvert patriarchal governance, and cites as an example Queen Elizabeth I, whose reign had little to no impact on the status of women in England. She also cites the example of Gertrude Stein sitting in her salon, smoking cigars and conversing with the men. Stein's participation temporarily modifies the after-dinner ritual in which men smoke cigars and talk amongst themselves, but does not permanently alter it.[4] An exception is made for her because she is seen as different from other women; Ernest Hemingway once wrote in a letter, "Gertrude Stein and me are just like brothers".[7]

1900s to present Comparing male domination of the political sphere in Zambia to that in the United States in 1998, Sara Hlupekile Longwe writes that honorary males are often also queen bees who have been "schooled to believe that women already have equality—because they themselves have reached the top"; she calls this the Thatcher syndrome. Such women, she claims, do not wish to empower other women, but rather to preserve their own exceptional status among the men.[8]

Margaret Atwood described the results of a study of book reviews conducted in 1972:

We also found that, if a man's book was being praised, it tended to attract excess-of-malehood adjectives; the writer was an ultra-man. If dispraised, the poor guy would be allotted adjectives from the Quiller-Couch "female" slate. If female and unsatisfactory, a woman writer would be more female than female; if admired, she would "transcend her sex" (that's a quote) and would be raised to the status of non-woman, or honorary man. "She thinks like a man" was a compliment.[9]

Ursula K. Le Guin once said in an interview, "I read the Norton Anthology of Literature by Women from cover to cover. It was a bible for me. It taught me that I didn't have to write like an honorary man anymore, that I could write like a woman and feel liberated in doing so."[10]

This phenomenon can be seen in academia. Barbara Bagihole, the Director of Studies for MA in Women's Studies at the University of Loughborough, England, conducted a study that revealed that the women she interviewed felt the need to disassociate themselves from their female colleagues in order to succeed in their male dominated field.[11]

Women in the military face a similar problem. Recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have allowed women combat roles. However, in order for women in the military to be accepted and considered successful, they feel they must become "one of the guys." Otherwise they face sexual and gender based ridicule that, in some cases, led to women ending their military careers.[1] Feminist theorist Cynthia Enloe argues that the institution of the military is not comparable to those of education or business because of its inherent violent and hyper-masculine characteristics. She states that this environment is so harmful for women that they can never fully assimilate.[12]

The double bind The double bind is essentially the double standard held against women candidates and political leaders. A woman's ability to overcome the double bind enables her to obtain the status of an honorary man. To overcome the double bind women candidates and political leaders must enhance their masculine qualities and reduce their feminine qualities to be perceived as capable for the job. Women must not appear too masculine to the point where they seem "bitchy" nor too feminine to the point where they seem "weak". Dolan, Deckman, and Swers discuss in their book Women and Politics that a woman candidate must successfully overcome the double bind to participate in the masculine political realm.[13]

In the 2008 United States presidential election, Hillary Clinton and Sarah Palin faced unique double binds in their races to presidential and vice-presidential office, respectively. Both candidates had to successfully balance their feminine and masculine images as well as other challenges of public opinion. Clinton was able to overcome the double bind through portraying herself as tough and experienced (masculine) and compassionate and likable (feminine). The Clinton campaign emphasized her involvement in Washington, D.C. and her knowledge on the issues. Her campaign also tried to portray her as a sincere person who cared about the American people. However, Clinton failed to reach the public as a trustworthy individual who can connect and relate to the average person.[14]

Palin also skillfully navigated the double bind, showing herself as a tough political outsider and a family woman. Palin criticized Obama and reiterated her image as a regular hockey mom, not a career politician. Palin's emphasis on her position as a political outsider helped her gain the trust of the people and convinced them that she could be a possible agent of political change—a belief Clinton could not seem to convey to many of her opponents. However, Palin's position as a political outsider backfired on her and revealed her actual lack of qualifications for the office.[15]

See also Androcentrism Bacha posh Hegemonic masculinity Honorary Aryan Honorary white Male privilege Social hierarchy Sociology of gender References

King, Anthony. "The female combat soldier". European Journal of International Relations. 22 (1). doi:10.1177/1354066115581909.
Parati, Graziella (1996). Public History, Private Stories: Italian Women's Autobiography. U of Minnesota Press. p. 161. ISBN 9780816626069.
Mark, Joshua J. (November 4, 2016). "Women in Ancient Egypt". Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
Heisch, Allison (1980). "Queen Elizabeth I and the Persistence of Patriarchy". Feminist Review. 4: 45–56.
Harris, Dr. Beth; Zucker, Dr. Steven (August 9, 2015). "Mortuary Temple and Large Kneeling Statue of Hatshepsut". Smarthistory. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
Mark, Joshua J. "Women in Ancient Egypt". Last modified November 04, 2016. Ancient History Encyclopedia.
Hemingway, Ernest (2003). Baker, Carlos, ed. Ernest Hemingway Selected Letters 1917-1961. Simon and Schuster. p. 62. ISBN 9780743246897.
Longwe, Sara Hlupekile (1998). "Education for women's empowerment or schooling for women's subordination?". In Sweetman, Caroline. Gender, Education, and Training. Oxfam. p. 24. ISBN 9780855984007.
Atwood, Margaret (1994). "Not Just a Pretty Face". The Women's Review of Books. 11 (4): 6–7. JSTOR 4021722.
Freedman, Carl Howard (2008). Conversations with Ursula K. Le Guin. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 100. ISBN 9781604730944.
Bagilhole, Barbara. "Survivors in a male preserve: A study of British women academics' experiences and perceptions of discrimination in a UK university". Higher Education. 26 (4): 431–447. doi:10.1007/BF01383737. ISSN 0018-1560.
Duncanson, Claire; Woodward, Rachel. "Regendering the military: Theorizing women's military participation". Security Dialogue. 47 (1). doi:10.1177/0967010615614137.
Dolan, Julie, et al. Women And Politics. Traci Crowell, Molly White. 3rd Edition. Rowman & Littlefield. 2016. p. 112.
Dolan, Julie; et al. (2016). Cromwell, Traci; White, Molly, eds. Women and Politics (3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 129–133.
Dolan, Julie; et al. (2016). Cromwell, Traci; White, Molly, eds. Women and Politics (3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 133–136.

Categories: Female gender nonconformityGender rolesPatriarchyPrivilege (social inequality)Role statusWomen's rightsWomen's studies

Jack:

Really great job with the edits, they're thorough and add a lot of good information to the article. (I especially like the addition of Pop Culture)