User:KAVEBEAR/Victoria Kamāmalu

• Appoint to Kuhina Nui
• Amendment to Succession Including Lot and Victoria after Kamehameha IV

Bibliography

• Allen, Helena G. (1982). The Betrayal of Liliuokalani: Last Queen of Hawaii, 1838–1917. Glendale, CA: Arthur H. Clark Company. ISBN 978-0-87062-144-4. OCLC 9576325.
• Cooke, Amos Starr; Cooke, Juliette Montague (1937). Richards, Mary Atherton (ed.). The Chiefs' Children School: A Record Compiled from the Diary and Letters of Amos Starr Cooke and Juliette Montague Cooke, by Their Granddaughter Mary Atherton Richards. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. OCLC 1972890.
• Cracroft, Sophia; Franklin, Jane; Queen Emma (1958). Korn, Alfons L. (ed.). The Victorian Visitors: An Account of the Hawaiian Kingdom, 1861–1866, Including the Journal Letters of Sophia Cracroft: Extracts from the Journals of Lady Franklin, and Diaries and Letters of Queen Emma of Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. hdl:10125/39981. ISBN 978-0-87022-421-8. OCLC 8989368.

• Four years after the Monsarrat scandal, Sophia Cracroft described Kamāmalu as having once been "much with the Missionaries -- but no more."[21] Cracroft found the princess, in their first meeting, to be "tall and large and [she] will no doubt be very much bigger... in everything but colour she was like a European, and there is a good deal of stateliness about her."[22] Cracroft's second impression was equally mixed. The princess, although at home, was presumptuously dressed in "full-blown attire." She greeted her guests politely and with apparent good nature, "but has not a pleasant countenance, and a good deal might be written about her."[23]

• Ii, John Papa; Pukui, Mary Kawena; Barrère, Dorothy B. (1983). Fragments of Hawaiian History (2 ed.). Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-910240-31-4. OCLC 251324264.
• Kaeo, Peter; Queen Emma (1976). Korn, Alfons L. (ed.). News from Molokai, Letters Between Peter Kaeo & Queen Emma, 1873–1876. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii. hdl:10125/39980. ISBN 978-0-8248-0399-5. OCLC 2225064.
• Kanahele, George S. (1999). Emma: Hawaii's Remarkable Queen. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2240-8. OCLC 40890919.
• Kamakau, Samuel (1992) [1961]. Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii (Revised ed.). Honolulu: Kamehameha Schools Press. ISBN 0-87336-014-1. OCLC 25008795.

• Kameʻeleihiwa, Lilikalā (1992). Native Land and Foreign Desires. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. ISBN 0-930897-59-5. OCLC 154146650.

• Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1965) [1938]. The Hawaiian Kingdom 1778–1854, Foundation and Transformation. Vol. 1. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-87022-431-X. OCLC 47008868.
• Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1953). The Hawaiian Kingdom 1854–1874, Twenty Critical Years. Vol. 2. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-87022-432-4. OCLC 47010821.
• Liliuokalani (1898). Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen, Liliuokalani. Boston: Lee and Shepard. ISBN 978-0-548-22265-2. OCLC 2387226.
• Osorio, Jon Kamakawiwoʻole (2002). Dismembering Lāhui: A History of the Hawaiian Nation to 1887. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2549-7. OCLC 48579247.
• Parker, David "Kawika" (2008). "Crypts of the Ali`i The Last Refuge of the Hawaiian Royalty". Tales of Our Hawaiʻi (PDF). Honolulu: Alu Like, Inc. OCLC 309392477. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 11, 2013.
• Peterson, Barbara Bennett (1984). "Victoria Kamamalu". Notable Women of Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 192–194. ISBN 978-0-8248-0820-4. OCLC 11030010.

• KAMAMALU, Victoria (November 1, ^ 1838-May 29, 1866), a princess of Hawaii, kuhina nui (co-ruler) of the kingdom and heir to the throne, was the A daughter of Kinau, also kuhina nui, and U Kekuanaoa, governor of the island of W Oahu. Kamamalu was a granddaughter of Kamehameha 1 and the youngest and only daughter of Kinau's five children. She was born in the fort that faced Honolulu Harbor. Victoria Kamamalu * was named for Queen Kamamalu, a wife of Kamehameha II who died in London in 1824. Kinau nursed her daughter, a custom unusual among Hawaiian women of chiefly rank. Kamamalu was otherwise under the care of John Papa ʻĪʻī and his wife, Sarai, who acted as the infant's kahus, or royal guardians. This agreement was considered a covenant reached before God. John ʻĪʻī was a high chief who had long been associated with the Kamehamehas and was secretary and adviser to Kinau. The chiefs of the island of Hawaii wanted to adopt and raise Kamamalu, but this request was not acceded to since the baby was still an infant. In March 1839 Kinau became ill with the mumps and died a month later when her daughter was five months old. Before she died Kinau expressed the wish that Kamamalu receive an education and that she be betrothed to Prince William Lunalilo. Kinau's request was an impetus in establishing the Chiefs' Children's School. In 1840 Kamamalu, along with the children of other chiefs, entered the school, which was under the direction of the missionaries Amos Starr Cooke and his wife, Juliette. On April 29, 1850, the privy council officially voted Kamamalu the heir of Kaahumanu. Kaahumanu had been the first kuhina nui and was the aunt of Kamamalu. By this action of the council Kamamalu was assured of title to vast areas of land throughout the islands. In 1848 the Great Mahele, or division of lands, made it possible for individuals to hold land in fee simple. In late 1853 or 1854 Kamamalu traveled to the island of Hawaii, whose chiefs had once wanted to raise her. With her was John ʻĪʻī. They visited Kilauea Crater which was then erupting. From Kilauea they proceeded to Ka'u and then up the Kona Coast. Wherever they went they were received by crowds of people bearing gifts. While on the Kona Coast they learned that smallpox was raging over much of the island of Hawaii. As both Kamamalu and Ii had been vaccinated against the disease, they continued up the coast to Kohala and then crossed to Maui, where the smallpox epidemic prevented their landing. | 192 |

• at several ports. When the epidemic passed Kamamalu returned to school where she remained until February 1855. It was probably during the previous year that she became a member of Kawaiahao Church, where her mother and other relatives had been members before her. She was considered a good pianist and also was an accomplished chanter and composer of Hawaiian chants. She was founder and lifetime president of the Kaahumanu Society, an organization for the relief of elderly, ill Hawai- ians. In December 1854 Kamehameha III died and was succeeded by Kamamalu's brother Alexander Liholiho, who ruled as Kamehameha IV. The will of Kamehameha III named Kamamalu to follow Lot Kamehameha, another brother, to the throne. In a privy council meeting on January 16, 1855, Kamamalu, then sixteen years of age, was named kuhina nui. Her official name was Victoria Kamamalu Kaahumanu. Chief Justice William L. Lee administered the oath of office at the same meeting. Between the death of Kinau and the swearing in of Kamamalu the office of kuhina nui had been held by Miriam Kekaulu- ohi, an aunt, and then by John Young II, a son of one of Kamehameha's most trusted advisers. In the constitution of 1852 the importance of the position of kuhina nui was clearly stated. "All business connected with the special interests of the Kingdom, which the King wishes to transact, shall be done by the Kuhina Nui under the authority of the King." Kamamalu's conduct as kuhina nui was carefully observed since she had been named an heir to the throne. When Kamamalu was an infant her mother had expressed the hope her daughter would someday marry Prince William Lunalilo. When they were young adults the marriage was planned, but the prince backed out of the arrangement. David Kalakaua later proposed marriage, but Kamamalu refused his offer. She never married. In 1861 an English woman, Sophia Cracroft, visited Hawaii and noted Victoria "is tall and large . . . there is a good deal of stateliness about her." Juliette Cooke thought Kamamalu set a good Christian example as kuhina nui: "Victoria is doing very much with her people to counteract evil influences. She is a worthy successor of her worthy aunt, Kaahumanu, and her mother, Kinau." Kamamalu remained kuhina nui until late 1863 when her brother, Kamehameha V, ascended the throne. At that time the new king appointed their father, Kekuanaoa, as kuhina nui. Victoria Kamamalu maintained several households together with appropriate staffs. Her expenses were considerable and her sources of income limited. Because of this she sold or leased a great deal of her extensive land holdings to sugar and ranching interests to support herself. In July 1864 she appointed Charles Harris to act as | 193 |

• In July 1864 she appointed Charles Harris to act as trustee for her in personal business matters. Kamamalu became ill during a party given in Honolulu in February 1866. The illness continued and resulted in paralysis in early May. She died in Honolulu on May 29, 1866. Her body lay in state in the throne room of Iolani Palace for some four weeks. Her remains were clothed in white satin with a head band of white feathers entwined with orange blossoms. The ceiling and walls of the room were draped in black. Six kahili bearers stood on either side of the casket as thousands of citizens filed through the room. There was much wailing and each day a new song was composed and chanted in her honor. Services were conducted at Kawaiahao Church and she was buried in the Royal Mausoleum in Nuuanu Valley. She was twenty-seven years of age.

• Taylor, Albert Pierce (October 15, 1929). "Intrigues, conspiracies and accomplishments in the era of Kamehameha IV and V and Robert Crichton Wyllie". Papers of the Hawaiian Historical Society. 16. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 16–32. hdl:10524/978.
• Taylor, Albert Pierce (1922). Under Hawaiian Skies: A Narrative of the Romance, Adventure and History of the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu: Advertiser Publishing Company, Ltd. OCLC 479709.
• Twain, Mark (1872). Roughing it. Hartford, CN: American Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87052-707-4. OCLC 19256406.
• Van Dyke, Jon M. (2008). Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawaiʻi?. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-6560-3. OCLC 257449971 – via Project MUSE. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
• Young, Kanalu G. Terry (1998). Rethinking the Native Hawaiian Past. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8153-3120-9. OCLC 0815331207.