User:Microbio15/sandbox

Morphology:

Outer membrane protein:

Human Pathogenicity:

How the disease is diagnosed:

Currently, in best practices, the disease is diagnosed by a microscopic agglutination test, MAT, but this test is unable to detect the disease during early stages.^[1] Combining diagnostic tests with a MAT, such as a PCR test, improves the diagnosis of the disease during its early stages.^[2] Recent studies are improving the PCR tests in hopes to increase the diagnostic accuracy by utilizing tests that target 16S ribosomal RNA and lipl32 genes.^[3]

Utilizing Koch's Postulates, the Loa22 gene has been classified as a virulence factor.^[4]

Sentence structure change:

The spirochete pathogen Leptospira interrogans is the main cause of human leptospirosis. In humans, disease caused by L. interrogans is classified as either icteric or anicteric.

The spirochete pathogen Leptospira interrogans is the main cause of human leptospirosis. In humans, symptoms caused by L. interrogans are biphasic, icteric or anicteric.^[5]

Papers to cite :

Verma, V.; Kala, D.; Gupta, S.; Kumar, H.; Kaushal, A.; Kuˇca, K.; Cruz-Martins, N.; Kumar, D. Leptospira interrogans Outer Membrane Protein-Based Nanohybrid Sensor for the Diagnosis of Leptospirosis. Sensors 2021, 21, 2552. https://doi.org/10.3390/ s21072552

Ristow, Paula et al. “The OmpA-like protein Loa22 is essential for leptospiral virulence.” PLoS pathogens vol. 3,7 (2007): e97. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0030097

References

^ Behera, Sujit Kumar; Sabarinath, Thankappan; Ganesh, Balasubramanian; Mishra, Prasanta Kumar K.; Niloofa, Roshan; Senthilkumar, Kuppusamy; Verma, Med Ram; Hota, Abhishek; Chandrasekar, Shanmugam; Deneke, Yosef; Kumar, Ashok; Nagarajan, Muruganandam; Das, Deepanker; Khatua, Sasmita; Sahu, Radhakrishna (2022-06-13). "Diagnosis of Human Leptospirosis: Comparison of Microscopic Agglutination Test with Recombinant LigA/B Antigen-Based In-House IgM Dot ELISA Dipstick Test and Latex Agglutination Test Using Bayesian Latent Class Model and MAT as Gold Standard". Diagnostics. 12 (6): 1455. doi:10.3390/diagnostics12061455. ISSN 2075-4418.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
^ Philip, Noraini; Affendy, Norliza Bahtiar; Masri, Siti Norbaya; Yuhana, Muhamad Yazli; Than, Leslie Thian Lung; Sekawi, Zamberi; Neela, Vasantha Kumari (2020-09-11). Natarajaseenivasan, Kalimuthusamy (ed.). "Combined PCR and MAT improves the early diagnosis of the biphasic illness leptospirosis". PLOS ONE. 15 (9): e0239069. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239069. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7485768. PMID 32915919.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
^ Thaipadunpanit, Janjira; Chierakul, Wirongrong; Wuthiekanun, Vanaporn; Limmathurotsakul, Direk; Amornchai, Premjit; Boonslip, Siriphan; Smythe, Lee D.; Limpaiboon, Roongrueng; Hoffmaster, Alex R.; Day, Nicholas P. J.; Peacock, Sharon J. (2011-01-24). "Diagnostic Accuracy of Real-Time PCR Assays Targeting 16S rRNA and lipl32 Genes for Human Leptospirosis in Thailand: A Case-Control Study". PLoS ONE. 6 (1): e16236. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016236. ISSN 1932-6203.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
^ Verma, Vivek; Kala, Deepak; Gupta, Shagun; Kumar, Harsh; Kaushal, Ankur; Kuča, Kamil; Cruz-Martins, Natália; Kumar, Dinesh (2021-01). "Leptospira interrogans Outer Membrane Protein-Based Nanohybrid Sensor for the Diagnosis of Leptospirosis". Sensors. 21 (7): 2552. doi:10.3390/s21072552. ISSN 1424-8220. PMC 8038715. PMID 33917354. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
^ Haake, David A.; Levett, Paul N. (2015), Adler, Ben (ed.), "Leptospirosis in Humans", Leptospira and Leptospirosis, vol. 387, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 65–97, doi:10.1007/978-3-662-45059-8_5, ISBN 978-3-662-45058-1, PMC 4442676, PMID 25388133, retrieved 2022-10-02{{citation}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)

This is a user sandbox of Microbio15. You can use it for testing or practicing edits.
This is not the sandbox where you should draft your assigned article for a dashboard.wikiedu.org course.
To find the right sandbox for your assignment, visit your Dashboard course page and follow the Sandbox Draft link for your assigned article in the My Articles section.

Get Help

[1] Behera, Sujit Kumar; Sabarinath, Thankappan; Ganesh, Balasubramanian; Mishra, Prasanta Kumar K.; Niloofa, Roshan; Senthilkumar, Kuppusamy; Verma, Med Ram; Hota, Abhishek; Chandrasekar, Shanmugam; Deneke, Yosef; Kumar, Ashok; Nagarajan, Muruganandam; Das, Deepanker; Khatua, Sasmita; Sahu, Radhakrishna (2022-06-13). "Diagnosis of Human Leptospirosis: Comparison of Microscopic Agglutination Test with Recombinant LigA/B Antigen-Based In-House IgM Dot ELISA Dipstick Test and Latex Agglutination Test Using Bayesian Latent Class Model and MAT as Gold Standard". Diagnostics. 12 (6): 1455. doi:10.3390/diagnostics12061455. ISSN 2075-4418.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[2] Philip, Noraini; Affendy, Norliza Bahtiar; Masri, Siti Norbaya; Yuhana, Muhamad Yazli; Than, Leslie Thian Lung; Sekawi, Zamberi; Neela, Vasantha Kumari (2020-09-11). Natarajaseenivasan, Kalimuthusamy (ed.). "Combined PCR and MAT improves the early diagnosis of the biphasic illness leptospirosis". PLOS ONE. 15 (9): e0239069. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239069. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7485768. PMID 32915919.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[3] Thaipadunpanit, Janjira; Chierakul, Wirongrong; Wuthiekanun, Vanaporn; Limmathurotsakul, Direk; Amornchai, Premjit; Boonslip, Siriphan; Smythe, Lee D.; Limpaiboon, Roongrueng; Hoffmaster, Alex R.; Day, Nicholas P. J.; Peacock, Sharon J. (2011-01-24). "Diagnostic Accuracy of Real-Time PCR Assays Targeting 16S rRNA and lipl32 Genes for Human Leptospirosis in Thailand: A Case-Control Study". PLoS ONE. 6 (1): e16236. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016236. ISSN 1932-6203.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[4] Verma, Vivek; Kala, Deepak; Gupta, Shagun; Kumar, Harsh; Kaushal, Ankur; Kuča, Kamil; Cruz-Martins, Natália; Kumar, Dinesh (2021-01). "Leptospira interrogans Outer Membrane Protein-Based Nanohybrid Sensor for the Diagnosis of Leptospirosis". Sensors. 21 (7): 2552. doi:10.3390/s21072552. ISSN 1424-8220. PMC 8038715. PMID 33917354. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[5] Haake, David A.; Levett, Paul N. (2015), Adler, Ben (ed.), "Leptospirosis in Humans", Leptospira and Leptospirosis, vol. 387, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 65–97, doi:10.1007/978-3-662-45059-8_5, ISBN 978-3-662-45058-1, PMC 4442676, PMID 25388133, retrieved 2022-10-02{{citation}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]