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User:MoRsE/Radars

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To do:

  • Cymberline
  • Watchman
  • Marconi gun laying radars of the 1950's
  • Aircraft radars, Draken, MiG-21, Hornet, Learjet, Do228, Helicopters (Mi-8, SuperPuma, NH-90)
  • Ericsson Microwave Systems Hard-3D: ItO 2005 pystyy toimimaan itsenäisesti kaikissa valaistusolosuhteissa. Järjestelmän valvontatutka mahdollistaa maalin havaitsemisen jo 20 km etäisyydeltä. Tutka on ns ”kuiskaava” tutka (LPI-tutka), jonka vuoksi tutkaa on hyvin vaikea havaita nykyaikaisilla tiedusteluvastaanottimilla. Tutkaan on liitetty NATO yhteensopiva omakonetunnuslaite. Järjestelmä on myös liitetty ilmapuolustuksen tulenjohtoverkkoon tuliasemapäätteellä.
  • Navy ship radars
    • Rauma Class: Sea Giraffe 150HC, C/X-dual band.
      • Ceros 200 K(J)-band monopulse tracker
    • Helsinki, Rauma, Pohjanmaa, 9GA209 antenna and 9LV200 fire control system
    • Helsinki: 9LV225 Mk.2
    • Pohjanmaa: 9LV120/220 Mk.2
    • Rauma: 9LV225 Mk.3
    • Hamina: 9LV325 Mk.3E
    • Plessey AWS-5 Watchman (7 units) S-band, 240 km range
  • Coastal infantry radars.
  • Coastal surveillance radars.
  • Civil radars?

German radar operations in Finland during WW2

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In the summer of 1942, the Germans informed their Finnish allies of their radar network in Northern Finland. The Germans operated 91 radar stations in Lapland.[1]

  • 13. FlaK Brigade, lead by Generalmajor Wolfgang Freytag and HQ in Rovaniemi
    • Flak-Regiment 142 - Flakgruppe Lappland; Kolosjoki: one FuSE 62D and eight 62C
    • Flak-Regiment 181 - Flakgruppe Finnland; Kemijärvi: two FuSE 62D and five 62C
    • Flak-Regiment 229 - Flakgruppe Eismeer; Luostari: four FuSE 62D and three 62C
    • additionally there were 7 surveillance radars in Northern Finland and more stations were placed close to the Finnish border in northern Norway.

Luftgaukommando Finnland operated in the northern territory of Finland from August 1943 and onwards, and on 2 November 1943 it was given a new name Stab/Kommandierende General der Deutschen Luftwaffe in Finnland. These organizations were in charge of air surveillance, nightfighter management and signals operations.[2]

The Germans generously offered not only radars, but their entire radar defence structure, and several officers and conscripts were trained in Germany to train on the system. Therefore the first Finnish radar system became a copy of the German structure, with long-range radars, gunlaying radars, command centers and all.[3]

As the Soviets began their offensives in 1944, the Germans concentrated night fighters units in Helsinki and Tallinn. A German night fighter guidance ship, the Togo, also sailed in the Gulf of Finland in 1944. Several German radar units were also stationed in Estonia.

Soviet radar operations in Finland during WW2

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The Soviets had at least one radar station on the island of Lavansaari in the Gulf of Finland.

Finnish Radar operations

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In the immediate aftermath of WW2, Finland had to lean on its remaining, operational radars. These were all of German origin, few in numbers, and spares were increasingly difficult to come by, as production had ceased with Germany's defeat. Some spares were found through cannibalization of units and the German designs were somewhat improved during the late 1940-ies by implementing US tube technology. This technology had to be smuggled via Denmark as there were export restrictions in place. The Finnish economy was also strained due to rebuilding efforts and war compensations and there were not much money for the defence forces.

With deteriorating US-Soviet relations and the start of the Cold War in 1947 the Soviet Union became the target of several US (and British) intelligence gathering flights. These flights often utilized the Finnish air space, as the Finns had virtually no possibility to detect or intercept the aircraft.

The infuriated Soviets, who feared that the US had found an easy way to fly its nuke-armed bombers into to Soviet airspace, demanded that Finland immediately should take steps to improve its air defence and threatened to take over the air defence of Finland if things were not corrected. The Finns quickly drew up plans to construct a modern network of radars, began planning to buy modern jet fighters and intended to pave at least one air strip at all the major airfields (12 in all), in order to allow modern aircraft to take off and land. Modern radars were listed first on the priority list of the Finnish Defence Force. The Soviets were said to plan the installation of 40-50 radar stations, about 700 observation posts and 15-20,000 men in Finland - effectively destroying Finland's status as a neutral country.[4]

However, there were som obstacles. The 13th paragraph of the 1947 Paris Peace Agreement had stipulated limitations in numbers of aircraft that the Finns were allowed to use, as well as missile weaponry and its origins - and thus also affecting associated and independent radar systems, and modern US or British radars were still not sold to Finland. Therefore a decision was made to try to build a domestic radar system from scratch, implementing experience gained from repairing and maintaining the German radars.

Some older US systems were however released for sale (such as the maritime surveillance radar SM-1 and the airspace surveillance radar TN/TPS-1E) and these were purchased in small numbers in the late 40-ies and early 50-ies, as stop-gap measures. Surface to Air missiles systems were still not allowed until the Note Crisis in 1968, and still there were no money for such systems for another decade.

Fortunately for the project, Finland had a very talented electronics engineer in DI Jouko Pohjanpalo. In the early 1950-ies, he designed and supervised the construction of the successful and innovative Finnish VRRTI/VRRTY radar network that was to be operational into the 1990-ies, and with constant modernization the system was even superseding newer designs in operational life.

Gun Laying Radars

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Name Manufacturer Description Systems Radar band Type Range References
FuSE62 Würzburg-D Telefunken 6 units were acquired in 1942 and arrived in May 1943, 4 were placed in the defence of Helsinki and 2 at Kotka. A further two units were later obtained. The Finnish designation was Irja. 8 25 km [5]

Airborne Radars

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Name Manufacturer Description Systems Radar band Type Range References
FuG 202 Liechtenstein Telefunken 8 units arrived in 1944. The Finnish designation was Liisa. They were never installed in any aircraft and they remained problematic in operation even after WW2. Never in operational use. 8 [6]

Target Acquisition Radars

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Name Manufacturer Description Systems Radar band Type Range References
FuSE65 Würzburg-Riese Telefunken Four units arrived in the spring of 1944 and two of these were placed in Porvoo and two in Koria. The Finnish designation was Riitta. Retired in 1955. 4 80 km [7]
9S35 The 9S35 is the target aquisition radar installed on each main launch unit vehicle in the BUK-M1 system. Its NATO name is "Fire Dome". 9 H/I-band Monopulse type radar 32 km, 22 km altitude
9S18M1 The 9S35 is the target aquisition radar installed on each TAR vehicle in the BUK-M1 system. Its NATO name is "Snow Drift". It is able to communicate with all the six launch vehicles (3 main launch units and 3 loading vehicles doubling as backup launchers) of a BUK-M1 battery at the same time. 3 160 km, 40 km altitude
AN/MPQ-64F2 Improved Sentinel ThalesRaytheonSystems The Improved Sentinel AN/MPQ-64 radar is associated with the Surface-Launched AMRAAM missile system providing early warning and target acquisition. The system was selected in 2009 and is expected to be operational together with the NASAMS 2 system from 2015. 12 X-band 3D Phased Array range-gated, pulse-Doppler system. 75+ km [8][9][10][11][12]

Surveillance Radars

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Stationary systems

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Name Manufacturer Description Systems Radar band Type Range References
FuMG 40 F Seetakt GEMA Marine surveillance radars. The Finnish designation was Maija. One unit was placed at Ristiniemi, one at Ulko-Tammio (had previously been at Jukkola) and one at Mäkiluoto. 3
FuMG 40 G Lz-Stand Freya GEMA The Finnish designation was Raija. Two units arrived in Helsinki on 1 April 1943 and one, that had been donated by the Germans, was placed in Koria. Retired in 1955. 3 150 km
SF-1 Surplus US marine surface surveillance radar system obtained in 1947. This was the first radar in Finland that operated on the microwave band (3 GHz) 1 [13]
VRRVI VTT Radiotechnical Laboratory Due to Pressure from the USSR and difficulties in obtaining modern systems or spare parts for exisiting systems, the Finns had to begin developing their own radars. DI Jouko Pohjanpalo developed a 3D radar named VRRVI (Viestiväline Radio Radar Valvonta Ilma). Also called "Pohjanpalo 1". An order for 10 systems was placed in 1952 and deliveries began in 1953. The system became operational in 1954 and the last system was delivered in 1956. Operated until the 1985. 10 250 km, 12 km altitude [14]
VRRVY VTT Finnish made radar, designed in 1958 by DI Jouko Pohjanpalo. The VRRVY (Viestiväline Radio Radar Valvonta Yleinen) was made to complement the VRRVI as an altitude radar. Also called "Pohjanpalo 2". The prototype was ready in 1955 and deliveries continued until 1959. Operated until 1990. 10 300 km, [15]
SR 1030 Marconi Radar Ltd. British long-range radar system bought in 1962 due to pressure from the USSR. The system reached operational status in the summer of 1967 and was retired in 1994. The entire system was called SK-tutka or Suurkantamatutka. 3 L-band 600 km, 30 km altitude [16]
SR 1000 Marconi Radar Ltd. British long-range radar system bought in 1962 due to pressure from the USSR. The system reached operational status in the summer of 1967 and was retired in 1994. 3 S-band 600 km, 30 km altitude [17]
S 2500 Marconi Radar Ltd. British altitude radar system bought in 1962 due to pressure from the USSR. The system reached operational status in the summer of 1967 and was retired in 1994. 3 L-band 600 km, 30 km altitude [18]
AN/UPX-6 Marconi Radar Ltd. British IFF radar system bought in 1962 due to pressure from the USSR. The system reached operational status in the summer of 1967 and was retired in 1994. 3 [19]


FIKA The FIKA maritime surveillance radar is used by the Finnish Coastal Artillery. It was taken into use in the 1970-ies and reached full operational capability in the 1980-ies. The system was designed in Sweden and the designation is FIKA (Finsk Kustartilleriradar). A replacement for the system was ordered in 2009. [20]
NE-18045-X Navielektro Ky Maritime surveillance radar, which is used by the Finnish Navy. It is a commercial replacement system for the FIKA system (although much efficient) and was ordered in 2009 for a total value of 1.5 M€. X-band [21][22]
NE-PRA3000 Navielektro Ky Maritime surveillance radar, which is used by the Finnish Navy. It is a commercial replacement system for the FIKA system (although much efficient) and was ordered in 2009 for a total value of 1.5 M€. X-band [23][24]
TRS 22XX Thales The TRS 22XX, also known as Teresa 22XX, is a stationary, long range air identification and surveillance 3D radar. An order for the system was placed in 1988 and the units were delivered in 1993-95. Full operational readiness was achieved in 1998. An MLU program was ordered in 2009 and the system is expected to be operational into the 2020-ies. The Finnish designation is KAVA (Kaukovalvontatutka) 5 S-band 470 km, 30 km altitude [12][25][26]

[27]

Mobile systems

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Name Manufacturer Description Systems Radar band Type Range References
AN/TPS-1E S.p.A. Microlambda Purchased in 1958 as a gap filler. Finnish designaation is Tepsu. Retired in 1993. 16 L-band 300 km, 5 km [28][29][30][31]
P-12 Yensisei SKB Design Bureau Also referred to by the NATO reporting name "Spoon Rest" in the west, is an early warning and ground control radar obtained in 1977 with the SA-3 missile system. Operational in 1979. 1 200 km, 25 km [28]
P-15 Tropa Also referred to by the NATO reporting name "Flat Face A" in the west, is a 2D UHF radar developed and operated by the former Soviet Union. in 1977 with the SA-3 missile system. Operational in 1979. 1 G/H-band 250 km, 5 km [28]
PRV-11 Also referred to by the NATO reporting name "Side Net" in the west. Obtained in 1977 with the SA-3 missile system. Operational in 1979. 1 E-band Max range 28 km, max altitude 32 km [28][32]
MVT Viestikeskuskorjaamo The KEVA (Keskivalvontatutka) system (also known as Matalavalvontatutka, or MVT) is a domestically produced, moveable, long range air identification and surveillance radar system, consisting of two radars, which gives position and altitude. It replaced the aging VRRVI and VRRVY systems. Altitude measurements are either done with the domestic KMA/80 system or with the French Thompson CSF VT 150 XOB radars (4 systems). An order was placed in 1972 and the first prototype unit was ready in 1975. Series production began in 1977 after initial testing and deliveries began in 1978. The last unit was delivered in 1985. 20 radar stations with a total of 38 radars (25 V, 4 XOB and 9 KMA antennae). The system is planned to be retired in 2015. 20 S-band 550 km, 40 km altitude [27][33]
Giraffe-40 Ericsson Microwave Systems The Giraffe-40 (sometimes named Giraffe IV) is a mobile, medium range air identification and surveillance radar. The system was selected in 1987 and was taken into use in 1988. Combined with a Jantronic J-1000 target acquisition system, it is mounted on Sisu XA-182 APCs. A MLU programme valued 10M€ was ordered in 2007. The Finnish designation is Maalinosoitustutka 87. 15 G/H-band [28][34]
Giraffe-100 Ericsson Microwave Systems The Giraffe-100 is a mobile, medium range air identification and surveillance radar. The system, which is locally designated LÄVÄ (Lähivalvontatutka) or Maalinosoitustutka 95, was selected in 1991 and was taken into use between 1993 and 1995. It is mounted on Sisu SK 242 6x6 trucks. The system can also be used as a backup system for civil air traffic control and has a dedicated secondary radar for that purpose.

The Giraffe is a frequency agile, low to medium altitude pulse doppler air search radar and combat control center which can be used in mobile or static short to medium range air defense applications. Giraffe is designed to detect low-altitude, low cross-section aircraft targets in conditions of severe clutter and electronic countermeasures. When equipped as an air-defense command center Giraffe provides an air picture to each firing battery using manpack radio communication. GIRAFFE uses Agile Multi-Beam (AMB), which includes an integrated Command, control and communication (C3) system. This enables GIRAFFE to act as the command and control center in an air defense system, it can also be integrated into a sensor net for greater coverage. It is normally housed in a single 6m long shelter mounted on an all-terrain vehicle for high mobility.

4 G/H-band Pulse Doppler 100 km, 5 km altitude [27]
Ground Master 403 ThalesRaytheonSystems The GM 400 is a highly mobile, fully digital air surveillance radar suitable against high, medium and low altitude targets. The system is transported by heavy-duty 4-axle trucks of SISU E13TP 8x8 model series. The GM400 features Digital Beam Forming; Stacked beam (maximum time on target); S-Band (high part 2.9 / 3.3 GHz); 2 Doppler modes; Electronic Counter-CounterMeasures (ECCM) capabilities; and tactical ballistic missile (TBM) detection capability. The system, which is locally designated KEVA 2010 was selected in 2009 in a joint process involving Estonia. The system is expected to be operational from 2012. 12 S-band 3D AESA 5-390km (470km), 30km+ altitude [35][36][37][27]

References

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  1. ^ Lehto, Martti (9 September 2012) [2012]. Suomen ilmavoimien johtamisjärjestelmän evoluutio ilmasotateorian, kansallisten instituutioiden ja johtamisjärjestelmän ulkomaisen kehityksen näkökulmasta (PDF) (in Finnish). Vol. 1. p. 91. ISBN 978-951-25-2359-7. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  2. ^ Lehto, p.232
  3. ^ Lehto, p.253
  4. ^ Lehto, p.273
  5. ^ Lehto, p.91
  6. ^ Lehto, p.92, 94
  7. ^ Lehto, p.92
  8. ^ Defence Update: Finland Selects Norwegian/U.S. NASAMS for SA-11 Replacement
  9. ^ ADA: Sentinel
  10. ^ Defense Update
  11. ^ Raytheon
  12. ^ a b DefenseIndustryDaily: Finland Updating Its Air Defense Systems
  13. ^ Flightforum
  14. ^ Lehto, p.98
  15. ^ Lehto, p.98
  16. ^ Lehto, p.101
  17. ^ Lehto, p.101
  18. ^ Lehto, p.101
  19. ^ Lehto, p.101
  20. ^ [http://www.puolustusvoimat.fi/wcm/4bedb8004b2db42b94e9bd65732193f3/Ruotuv%C3%A4ki+0609+s4.pdf?MOD=AJPERES Ruotuväki 06/09: Merivoimat uusii valvontatutkansa]
  21. ^ Ruotuväki 06/09: Merivoimat uusii valvontatutkansa
  22. ^ Navielectro webpage
  23. ^ Ruotuväki 06/09: Merivoimat uusii valvontatutkansa
  24. ^ Navielectro webpage
  25. ^ AIN Online: Radar systems business thriving for ThalesRaytheon
  26. ^ Lehto, p.107
  27. ^ a b c d Finnish Defence Forces' radar webpage
  28. ^ a b c d e SIPRI Arms Transfer Database
  29. ^ Spaningsradar PS-41
  30. ^ Ilmatorjuntamuseo: Tutkat
  31. ^ Lehto, p.99
  32. ^ Global Security
  33. ^ Lehto, pp.102-105
  34. ^ IT Viikko: Patria osoittaa maaleja Puolustusvoimille
  35. ^ Radar Tutorial
  36. ^ Defence Update: Finland Selects Norwegian/U.S. NASAMS for SA-11 Replacement
  37. ^ Deagel: Ground Master 400
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