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This timeline includes entries on the spread of COVID-19 misinformation and conspiracy theories related to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. This includes investigations into the origin of COVID-19, and the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 which is caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2. Social media apps and platforms, including Facebook, TikTok, Telegram, and YouTube, have contributed to the spread of misinformation. The Canadian Anti-Hate Network (CAHN) reported that conspiracy theories related to COVID-19 began on "day one".[1] CAHN reported on March 16, 2020 that far-right groups in Canada were taking advantage of the climate of anxiety and fear surrounding COVID, to recycle variations of conspiracies from the 1990s, that people shared over shortwave radio.[1]

Overview

[edit]

The 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum and the 2016 United States presidential election, highlighted the way in which digital technologies, such as "social media and microblogging platforms".[2] had changed the way in which people consumed and responded to the news,[2][3] bringing in the period of post-truth.[2]

Recycled conspiracy theories

[edit]

One the early conspiracy theories was that COVID-19 was a United Nation's plan to eliminate about 90% of the global population.[1] which is a variation on the the UN Agenda 21 conspiracy theories spread by the John Birch Society, Glenn Beck, Ted Cruz in the 2010s.[4][5] On his TV and radio broadcasts, Beck cautioned that the 1992 United Nations Agenda 21 sustainability plan was a disguised conspiracy to cut the world population by 85%, and a move towards totalitarian "government control on a global level"[4][6][a]

Preceding events

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2017

[edit]
  • March 21:
    • Stephen Downes, a researcher at the National Research Council of Canada's Digital Technologies Research Centre since 2003,[7] said that he did not see much hope for stopping the spread of "disinformation, fake news, malware and the rest" because of the role played by "major actors", including governments.[2]
    • A Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) reported their findings of their study on how Facebook users consumed news. The study, which analyzed 376 million Facebook users interactions in terms of news consumption, concluded that they way news is consumed and opinions are formed has been "radically changed" because of "social media and microblogging platforms".[2][3] The PNAS researchers concluded that users sought stories that fits their belief systems which made them more vulnerable to accepting misinformation.[2]
  • October 19: A 2017 Pew Research Center article published by the World Economic Forum, citing the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum and the 2016 United States presidential election, highlighted how the news had changed because of digital technologies. We live in the period of post-truth—Oxford Dictionaries 2016 word of the year.[2] People are grouping in "echo chambers" with others who share their beliefs while "unfriending" those with opposing opinions, according to retired New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) Information Science/Information Systems professor, Starr Roxanne Hiltz, who is co-author of The Network Nation. They share "rumors and fake news" that corresponds with their beliefs.[2]
  • October 28: On 4chan a user self-identifying as Q posted the first series of "cryptic" messages, saying that they were working "covertly" to support President Trump's secret struggle to bring the "global elite", "deep state" actors to justice, which includes anyone working against him.[8]: 3  By July 2020, 4,000 Qdrops had been made, according to a briefing paper by the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD).[8]: 3  On August 1, 2019, the FBI warned that QAnon was a domestic terrorism threat.[9] The ISD described QAnon "meta-conspiracy" theories as "lurid". By 2020, QAnon had connected "antivaccine, anti-5G conspiracies, antisemitic and anti-immigrant tropes" along with "bizarre theories" regarding global elites seeking world domination, associated with Satan and "ritualistic child sacrifice".[8]: 3 

2020

[edit]
  • January: The COVID-19 lab leak theory on the origins of virus SARS-CoV-2, which often referenced the Wuhan Institute of Virology as the source, was considered to be a "conspiracy theory built on misinformation and fear", from the pandemic's earliest days.[10] When Yuri Deigin, a Russian-born Canadian scientist and biotech entrepreneur, first read about the hypothesis in January, he too believed it was a conspiracy theory. As he set out to prove it was wrong using "cold, hard scientific facts," he compiled an original body of research that left him more open to the hypothesis. He published his 16,000-word essay in April in English on Medium and it was either "ignored" or "disparaged".[11] Geopolitics combined with conspiracy theories entangled COVID's origin story.[10] The lab leak theory was used by politicians to shift the blame away from their own "catastrophic" pandemic management.[10] Politics, not science, drove the debate on the potential origins of the virus when in March, US President Donald Trump and Mike Pompeo, the secretary of state said that the virus originated in Wuhan lab and referred to it as the China virus.[10] In her August 2021 book Elaine Dewar connected some of the "geopolitical interests to the spin" behind the theories on the virus' origins.[12]
  • January 25: Kyle Bass, a manager of a hedge fund in Texas, and a critic of China,[13], falsely claimed in a Twitter post that two married Chinese spies had sent stolen pathogens to China's Wuhan Institute of Virology from a high security infectious disease Canadian lab.[14] As misinformation spread online based on a distortion of a CBC report, Fuyuki Kurasawa who is the director of York University's Global Digital Citizenship Lab said that coronavirus disinformation is "creating a 'social panic' online".[15]
  • January 27: By Monday, January 27 the "baseless" "Stolen from Canadian lab" claim had been shared 6,000 times on one Facebook conspiracy theory page, and had over 350,000 views on the social media app TikTok, which is Chinese-owned. CBC reported that the claim Bass made had "no factual basis".[16]
  • January 30: False health advice on preventing and treating COVID-19 was widely circulated on WhatsApp and Facebook in Canada, as well as Pakistan and India.[17]
  • March: According to Anatoliy Gruzd, Canada Research Chair in Privacy Preserving Digital Technologies, there was a significant uptake in the use of social media starting in March, when the pandemic officially started and lockdowns began to be implemented. People used social media as a way of responding to social isolation by connecting with family, friends, and coworkers, and to keep informed on COVID.[18]
  • March 16:
    • Peter Downing, head of the western separatist movement Wexit Canada, now known as the Maverick Party, who was also one of the organizers of the February 20, anti-lockdown "Walk for Freedom Alberta" rally at the Alberta Legislature Building in Edmonton, Alberta, posted on Twitter that school and daycare shutdowns are a "ploy" to shut down the economy. The federal government had failed to do this through its "climate change scare". "Don't fall for the scare."[1] In January, Downing's Wexit party purchased anti-Trudeau billboards in Alberta accusing Prime Minister Justin Trudeau of "ISIS terrorist reintegration", "tax theft", "economic sabotage", "foreign interference" and "ethics violations.[19] The signs were removed because of concerns of violating the Charter"s anti-incitement clause in regards to "hate speech" and "offensive ads."[20]
  • April 3: A preprint by Caly et al. about ivermectin as a possible treatment for COVID-19 was published.[21] Experts questioned the methodological methods used.[22] In response the FDA issued a warning and the authors published an advisory saying, "Finally, it is critically important to remember that ivermectin as an antiviral is in a very early phase – under no circumstances should self-medication be considered without the guidance of a qualified physician, and especially not using therapeutics designed for veterinary purposes!"[23] A pre-print does not have the same validity as a peer-reviewed paper published in a scholarly journal.[22] Barcelona Institute for Global Health scientists said that the decision by governments in Latin America to use invermectin was based on the analysis in this pre-print.[22] Both invermectin and hydroxychloroquine, which have not been proven by clinical trials, are "widely available and relatively cheap" in most countries.[22]
  • April 14: The origins of the conspiracy theory claiming falsely that Bill Gates would use microchips in a future COVID-19 vaccine to track people, can be traced to an April 6 question posed by a conservative White House news correspondent that was amplified by Fox News Laura Ingraham on April 8, according to Annenberg Public Policy Center's nonprofit FactCheck.org.[24][25]
  • April 29: An unsolicited April 29 8-page article, "How the Chinese Communist Party Endangered the World", by the anti-anti-Communist Party of China newspaper The Epoch Times, containing misinformation about the origin of the virus, was distributed to some Canadian, American and Australian customers..[26]
  • April: Statistics Canada launched the Canadian Perspectives Survey Series (CPSS), to track the experiences of Canadians during the COVID-19 pandemic.[27]
  • May 11: A Canada-wide online survey of 1,500 adults focused on "digital hygiene" and asked how often respondents had encountered misinformation related to COVID-19.[28]
  • May 2: During the first months of the pandemic, misinformation superspreaders like anti-vaxxer Robert F. Kennedy Jr., Roger Stone, and Fox News' Laura Ingraham contributed to replacing George Soros as the prime "bogeyman" of the right with Bill Gates. By May 2, 2020, COVID-19-related misinformation about Gates shared by conspiracy theorists, including anti-vaxxers and "science deniers", was "among the most widespread of all coronavirus falsehoods".[29]
  • July 20 to 26: Canadian Perspectives Survey Series (CPSS) undertook an online survey from July 20 to 26, 2020 on "Information Sources Consulted During the Pandemic".[27] The online CPSS focused on the kind of information Canadians over 15 in ten provinces found online to answer their questions about COVID-19. The survey included questions on information verification and sharing.[27]
  • July:
    • Anatoliy Gruzd, Canada Research Chair said in an interview that there was already a group of very organized and motivated anti-vaccination communities, including some based on conspiracy theories about the vaccines. This included false claims of a microchip built into the vaccine, that could control and track anyone who received the vaccine.[18]
    • A Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) report on QAnon said that Canada ranked second after the United States in the number of Tweets that mentioned QAnon in 2018, and remained in the top five list from 2019 through 2020. Other top content producers for QAnon included the United Kingdom, Australia and Russia.[8]: 9 
  • September: According to Queen's University's professor and Global Network on Extremism and Technology fellow Amarnath Amarasingam, when Prime Minister Trudeau used the term "reset" in his September 2020 United Nations speech referring to how the pandemic provided an opportunity for countries to "reimagine economic systems" and respond better to "poverty and climate change", QAnon online messaging boards lit up as they interpreted this to mean that he was a key player in the Great Reset conspiracy theory.[30]
  • November 20: The Conservative Party of Canada (CPC) MP for Carleton, Pierre Poilievre, who previously served in the cabinet of Premiership of Stephen Harper and is Opposition critic for finance in Parliament, posted He posted a "Stop the Great Reset" petition which garnered tens of thousands of signatures in response to Trudeau's "reset" comment. Poilievre called on Canadians to protect freedom fighting back" against "global financial elites" who are "pushing" their "agenda" by "preying on the fears and desperation of people to impose their power grab".[31][32] The Toronto Star said Poilievre was "giving oxygen" to conspiracy theorists.[31][32]

2021

[edit]
  • February 2:
    • The World Health Organization (WHO) published their report on managing infodemics, which included understand the origins, evolution and spread of information, identifying "actors, influencers, platforms and channels", and how misinformation affects how people behave.[33]
    • Based on the CPSS July 2020 survey on "Information Sources Consulted During the Pandemic", Statistics Canada found that almost all Canadians had seen COVID-19 misinformation online.[27]
  • February 14: In a Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) statement, Canada's Chief Medical Officer, Dr. Teresa Tam, called on Canadians to equip themselves to counter COVID-19 disinformation and misinformation by developing and using skills related to digital literacy and the media.[34] This includes the ability to recognize misinformation.[34] Sites that spread disinformation and misinformation use official looking logos and headlines, and explicitly attempt to exploit the anxiety and fear associated with the pandemic, according to the statement.[34] They aim to erode trust in institutions and in our communities, to weaken social cohesion.[34] Dr. Tam recommended  SPOTFakeNews.ca, ScienceUpFirst, and [MediaSmarts].[34]
  • February 15: WHO Director General, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, said that the infodemic of COVID-19 medical disinformation and misinformation was also a global public health emergency. He said that, "Fake news spreads faster and more easily than this virus, and is just as dangerous."[35]
  • April 14: By April 2021, a once little known church of 400 congregants, GraceLife near Edmonton, Alberta, became a "flashpoint" in the province's "battle against COVID-19".[36] James Coates, GraceLife's pastor since in 2010, studied at John MacArthur's "The Master’s Seminary" theological school in Los Angeles, California. Much of GraceLife’s theological foundation was laid at the Seminary.[36] Grace Church's founder, John MacArthur, is one the "most successful evangelical preachers" in the United States. His megachurch, Grace Community Church in Sun Valley, Los Angeles, has 7,000 congregants. MacArthur, who had followed public health guidelines during the first weeks of their implementation, changed his approach by April 28, 2020. He began to echo the conservative media and President Donald Trump, saying that COVID-19 was just a flu that the media was "overhyping". He said it was a government ploy to control Christians. The data were wrong regarding the number of people who had died from COVID.[37] MacArthur held indoor services with thousands in attendance in defiance of public health orders. In an August 30, 2020 sermon he told his congregation that Satan was behind a virus of deception that he had let loose in the world.[37] By June 2020, Coates had changed his approach to COVID, saying his initial reaction of compliance had been mistaken. When Alberta Premier Jason Kenney referred to COVID as an 'influenza' that normally only leads to death in those who are already sick and elderly, Coates shifted his approach.[36] By February 2021, GraceLife posted a message on its website, in which church leaders said the science supporting the COVID-19 public health restrictions was "suspect and selective." They cautioned that, "[b]y the time the so-called 'pandemic' is over, if it is ever permitted to be over, Albertans will be utterly reliant on government, instead of free, prosperous, and independent."[36]
  • May: The CCCA was founded by Ira Bernstein, Jennifer Hibberd, a dentist and David Ross, who is an accountant.[38]
  • May 13: In a UBC Medical Journal article debunking myths about suicide rates during the pandemic, University of British Columbia's assistant clinical professor, Tyler Black, a psychiatrist who works with children and adolescents, reported that there was no increase in child and adolescent suicides during the pandemic.<name="Black_Kutcher_20210513">Black, Tyler; Kutcher, Stan (May 13, 2021). "Suicide during COVID-19: Myths, realities and lessons learned". UBC Medical Journal. 12 (2). Retrieved March 8, 2022.</ref>
  • May 14: A letter signed by Canadian epidemiologist and 17 other was published in Science calling for additional research on both hypotheses on the origins of SARS-CoV-2—zoonotic spillover—the virus spilled over from animals or was accidentally released in a lab.[11] The scientists found that the 300-page WHO report, released in March 2021, did not provide enough evidence to rule out either the hypothesis that the virus spilled over from animals, or the idea that it was accidentally released from a laboratory.[11]
  • June: In a Royal Society of Canada 54-page report by the University of Toronto's infectious disease expert, Tara Moriarty, on excess all cause mortality in Canada between February to November 2020, concluded that COVID-19-related deaths in certain provinces had been under-reported.[39][40]
  • July 8: The Canadian Covid Care Alliance, which was co-founded by Ira Bernstein, was calling for doctors and scientists to become new members. The CCCA promotes the use of the drug used on animals to treat parasites, ivermectin, as a treatment for COVID-19, in spite of "overwhelming research" demonstrating that it does not work. By March 2022, Bernstein was being investigated by the Ontario College of Physicians.[41]
  • August: Health Canada began to receive reports that some Canadians were using veternary ivermectin, which has a much higher dose than the prescription drug ivermectin to treat parasitic worms in humans. The first warning was issued advising Canadians that side effects of taking the medication intended for large animals included seizures and even death.Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page).
  • August 3: On August 10 Snopes rated a widely-shared video "Canadian Court victory proves Covid-19 is a hoax and all restrictions have now been dropped" as false.[42] Reuters also fact-checked the video clip, an interview with Pat King, on a show hosted by Stew Peters, who is known for his coronavirus disinformation and other conspiracy theories.[43] In the video, King, falsely claimed that COVID-19 restrictions had been lifted in Alberta on July 28, 2021 as a result of a subpoena he had issued to Alberta's chief medical officer of health (CMOH), Dr. Deena Hinshaw, in which she failed to prove that "Covid-19 Virus exists".[44][45] King had represented himself before a Justice of the Peace, who dismissed King's subpoena. In a Justice Centre for Constitutional Freedoms (JCCF) explainer, the JCCF said that it was unclear that King fully understood the legal process in which he was involved.[42] According to Snopes, King was charged and fined for violating a COVID-19 order under the Public Health Act.[45] He didn't win; he had to pay a fine, and "COVID-19 is not a hoax."[42] Some public health restrictions had been lifted in Alberta because the adult vaccination rate in the province reached the medical experts' goal of 70%.[46][45] In a Canadian Anti-Hate Network (CAHN) article, which described the 2022 anti-vaccine mandate 2022 anti-vaccine mandate convoy protests, as a "vehicle for the far right", King was listed as one of the fund-raisers.[44]
  • October 1: University of Toronto's professor of psychiatry and pharmacology, Roger McIntyre, the lead author of an October 1, 2021 Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine report on strategies for suicide reduction during the COVID-19 pandemic, said that the suicide mortality rate in Canada decreased by a "remarkable" 32% during in the first year of the pandemic—March 2019 to February 2021—compared to the March 2018 to February 2020, in spite "isolating lockdowns" and a sharp increase in unemployment.[47][48] This represents Canada's "lowest suicide mortality rate" since about 2010.[48] McIntyre said that the results of their study show that public policies can impact suicide rates and Canadians need to rethink policies based on what they learned during the pandemic.[48] The report credited the federal governments' Canadian Emergency Response Benefit (CERB), the Canadian Emergency Student Benefit, as well the Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation "mortgage forbearance" for contributing to the decrease.[47]
  • November:
    • The number of members of a Facebook group that spreads COVID-19 misinformation, "Canada Unity", rose from had 32,000 to 40,500 in a month, on Telegram, "Vaccine Choice Canada" followers increased from about 14, 700 to 15, 700; "Unvaxxed Canada", which had 750 members, spawned about 15 regional groups.[49]
    • Toronto, Ontario physician and cofounder of Canadian Covid Care Alliance, Ira Bernstein, launched Canadian Covid Telehealth, at the address of his Toronto practice, as a "covert prescription network" where he and his colleagues could prescribe ivermectin. In a November video announcing the creation of Canadian Covid Telehealth, Bernstein admitted that Health Canada has not approved the drug. He said, without evidence, that Health Canada and the regulators were not basing their claims against the use of ivermictin on "any credible science."[50]
  • November 3: The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario (CPSO) took Dr. Celeste Jean Thirlwell, Dr. Rochagne Kilian, Dr. Mary Elizabeth O’Connor, and Dr. Mark Raymond Trozzi to court over their issuance of testing and vaccine exemptions.[51] The exemptions were sold by some doctors using the website Enable Air, which calls the vaccine certificate a "fascist document".[51] One of the doctors described the so-called COVID-19 vaccinations as "gene therapy experiments" that were "being administered to humanity without informed consent".[51]
  • November 15: Ontario MPP Randy Hillier falsely claimed on his Facebook page that Public Health Ontario (PHO) had undertaken investigations into "37 possible deaths" caused by COVID-19 vaccines, according to a 2021 Global News article on the role of COVID-19 misinformation in "radicalizing Canadians".[49]
  • November 21: A CBC News article on misinformation in the courts, reported an increase in coronavirus cases in 2021.[46][b]

2022

[edit]
  • January 3: A 40-minute long video released by the anti-vaccine Canadian Covid Care Alliance (CCCA)—"The Pfizer Inoculations For COVID-19 – More Harm Than Good"—on Rumble, which is a Canadian video-sharing website, was viewed over 800,000 times.[52] Agence France-Presse's AFP Fact Check debunked five false claims in the video.[52]
  • January 7: Allegations were made by the by College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario (CPSO) in late 2021 against four defendants, Ontario physicians, Rochagne Kilian, Mary O’Connor, Mark Trozzi and Patrick Phillips, that they "issued false medical exemptions for the COVID-19 vaccine".[38] At their January 7, 2022, hearing before Ontario Superior Court of Justice, Edward Morgan, only one of the defendants, Mary O’Connor and her lawyer Michael Swinwood showed up for the Zoom meeting.[38] During the hearing, Swinwood claimed that the the COVID-19 pandemic was a "planned exercise in population control", and that the restrictions in place in Canada were "akin to Nazi Germany regulations".[38] Swinwood's defence included anti-vaccine rhetoric and conspiracy theories.[38]
  • February 7: In a PBS NewsHour interview, Washington, DC-based Lucy McBride, a prominent member of the physicians group, "Urgency of Normal", who is an and an expert in internal medicine, was asked about her views on masking children in schools in the US.[53]
  • February: On Twitter, Tyler Black challenged the US-based group of physicians called the "Urgency of Normal" for promoting COVID-19-related "false and misleading information" including a claim that youth suicide rates increased during the pandemic.[41]
  • January 18: A Global News investigation revealed links between Canadian doctors who share COVID-19 misinformation. [38]
  • January 19: In response to the Global News report, Ontario Health Minister Christine Elliott called on the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario (CPSO) to "put an end" to the unacceptable behaviour of doctors in that province who were spreading COVID-19 misinformation.[54]
  • January 20: Dr. Martha Fulford, who is a member of the "Urgency of Normal" group, was interviewed by Dr. Richard Tytus in a YouTube video that was viewed 30, 000 times. Dr. Fulford said in a YouTube video that if we had treated our children three years ago, the way we are now it would be "labelled child abuse". It would have been shocking that teachers wear N95 masks and face shields, and that children can't move out of their seats and don't go outside for six hours. The effort to make classrooms safe is not "rational behaviour"; "[children] are not at risk. We're not seeing transmission in schools."[55] Dr. Fulford joined Dr. Khrista Boylan, Dr. Richard Tytus and Dr. Dennis DiValentino to discuss COVID restrictions.[56]
  • January 24: In a press conference on Monday, Saskatchewan’s premier Scott Moe said that the data in an infectious disease expert, Tara Moriarty's Royal Society of Canada report that was peer-reviewed by David Fisman and David Naylor—who are among the most prominent epidemiologists in Canada— was "nothing more than misinformation and it should be challenged. He said the report was "nothing short of some of the most egregious misinformation I’ve seen throughout this pandemic."[40][57]
  • January 25: In response to "Urgency of Normal's" false claims that "deaths from child suicide vastly outnumbering deaths from COVID and are increasing", Dr. Tyler Black posted on Twitter that the claim "is about as awful as it gets. I consider it ghoulish to wield child suicide statistics inaccurately to make advocacy points."[58]
  • February 24: Dr. Fulford denied that the $1,000 donation to the Canada convoy protest, listed under her name, was made by her, according to an article in The Hamilton Spectator.[59] The Spectator said that Dr. Fulford had been outspoken about her views in which she questioned COVID-19 measures such as lockdowns, vaccine mandates, school closures, and masking for children in school.[59]
  • February: The CPSO said in a statement that they were investigating over forty physicians because they were promoting misinformation. At that time seven of these had lost their medical licenses.[41]
  • March 5: In an email to the Globe and Mail, the University of Alberta's Timothy Caulfield, who is a Canada Research Chair in health law and policy, cautioned that when doctors and scientists, who are a "trusted source", spread misinformation, the effects are very damaging. They become influential by answering complex questions with false claims and simple answers that people who are tired of the lengthy pandemic want to hear. Caulfied said that these professionals are forming associations of deniers, and are capturing the "narrative" by saying that their contested views on science are simply "facts". Some are using their influence to "sell vaccine exemption cards" and to push their treatments. Caulfield is calling on the colleges of physicians to do more to protect the public.[41]
  • March 6: A Globe and Mail article said that a "small number" of Canadian physicians sharing COVID-19 misinformation were contributing to the erosion of trust in Canadian officials and institutions, including the nation's healthcare system.[41]
  • March 8: Simon Fraser University's Carmen Celestini, with the Disinformation Project said that on COVID-19 misinformation has been replaced with misinformation in the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis on some anti-vaccine mandate pro-convoy online forums.[60]
[edit]
  • "Myths and facts". Together 4 Health. Retrieved March 8, 2022. Alberta Health Service (AHS) "COVID Fact or Fiction" interactive online service to respond to questions related to COVID.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The United Nations Agenda 21, non-binding action plan of the United Nations with regard to sustainable development was a product of the Earth Summit (UN Conference on Environment and Development) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992.
  2. ^ The CBC News article received support from Journalists for Human Rights' Misinformation Project with funding from the McConnell Foundation, the Rossy Foundation and the Trottier Foundation.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Phillips, Kurt (March 16, 2020). "Far-Right Coronavirus Conspiracies". Canadian Anti-Hate Network. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Anderson, Janna; Rainie, Lee (October 19, 2017). "The Future of Truth and Misinformation Online". Pew Research Center. Internet, Science and Tech. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
  3. ^ a b Schmidt, Ana Lucía; Zollo, Fabiana; Del Vicario, Michela; Bessi, Alessandro; Scala, Antonio; Caldarelli, Guido; Stanley, H. Eugene; Quattrociocchi, Walter (March 21, 2017). "Anatomy of news consumption on Facebook". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (12): 3035–3039. doi:10.1073/pnas.1617052114. ISSN 0027-8424. Retrieved March 9, 2022."Social media heavily changed the way we get informed and shape our opinions. Users’ polarization seems to dominate news consumption on Facebook. Through a massive analysis on 920 news outlets and 376 million users, we explore the anatomy of news consumption on Facebook on a global scale. We show that users tend to confine their attention on a limited set of pages, thus determining a sharp community structure among news outlets."
  4. ^ a b "Agenda 21: The UN, Sustainability and Right-Wing Conspiracy Theory". Southern Poverty Law Center. April 1, 2014. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
  5. ^ Hinkes-Jones, Llewellyn (August 29, 2012). "The Anti-Environmentalist Roots of the Agenda 21 Conspiracy Theory". Archived from the original on October 1, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
  6. ^ Kaufman, Leslie; Kate Zernike (February 4, 2012). "Activists Fight Green Projects, Seeing U.N. Plot". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 30, 2013.
  7. ^ "NRC Experts and Staff: Stephen Downes". National Research Council of Canada. April 16, 2003. Archived from the original on September 7, 2012. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
  8. ^ a b c d Gallagher, Aoife; Davey, Jacob; Hart, Mackenzie (July 2020). The Genesis of a Conspiracy Theory (PDF). Institute for Strategic Dialogue (Report). p. 20.
  9. ^ "FBI document warns conspiracy theories are a new domestic terrorism threat". Yahoo News. August 1, 2019. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  10. ^ a b c d Ryan, Jackson (April 15, 2021). "How the coronavirus origin story is being rewritten by a guerrilla Twitter group". CNET. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  11. ^ a b c Gollom, Mark (May 28, 2021). "Why the Wuhan lab-leak origin theory of the COVID-19 virus is being taken more seriously". CBC. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  12. ^ Dewar, Elaine (August 11, 2021). On the Origin of the Deadliest Pandemic in 100 Years: An Investigation. Biblioasis. ISBN 978-1-77196-426-5.
  13. ^ Matthews, Chris (April 26, 2019). "Kyle Bass, Steve Bannon accuse Wall Street of 'funding the Chinese Communist Party's' economic war on the U.S." MarketWatch. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
  14. ^ Spencer, Saranac Hale (January 28, 2020). "Coronavirus Wasn't Sent by 'Spy' From Canada". FactCheck.org. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  15. ^ Pauls, Karen; Yates, Jeff (January 28, 2020). "Online claims that Chinese scientists stole coronavirus from Winnipeg lab have 'no factual basis'". CBC News. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
  16. ^ Pauls, Karen; Yates, Jeff (January 27, 2020). "Online claims that Chinese scientists stole coronavirus from Winnipeg lab have 'no factual basis'". CBC News. Archived from the original on February 8, 2020. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  17. ^ "China coronavirus: Misinformation spreads online about origin and scale". BBC News. January 30, 2020. Archived from the original on February 4, 2020. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  18. ^ a b Nadine Habib (host), Anatoliy Gruzd (guest). Episode 17: The year of misinformation and its impact on COVID-19. Ryerson University. Like Nobody's Business. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  19. ^ Dryden, Joel (January 12, 2020). "After anti-Trudeau billboards spark outrage, ad company says it will re-evaluate vetting process". CBC News. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
  20. ^ Franklin, Michael (January 11, 2020). "Anti-Trudeau billboards advertising Alberta Wexit campaign cause an uproar". CTV News. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
  21. ^ Caly, Leon; Druce, Julian D.; Catton, Mike G.; Jans, David A.; Wagstaff, Kylie M. (April 3, 2020). "The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro". Antiviral Research. 178: 104787. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104787. ISSN 0166-3542. PMC 7129059. PMID 32251768. Retrieved March 6, 2022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  22. ^ a b c d Charpentrat, Julie (January 15, 2021). "'Miracle' drug ivermectin unproven against COVID, scientists warn". CTV News. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  23. ^ Bray, Mike; Rayner, Craig; Noël, François; Jans, David; Wagstaff, Kylie (June 2020). "Ivermectin and COVID-19: A report in Antiviral Research, widespread interest, an FDA warning, two letters to the editor and the authors' responses". Antiviral Research. 178: 104805. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104805. ISSN 0166-3542. PMC 7172803. PMID 32330482. Retrieved March 6, 2022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  24. ^ Hartlaub, Peter (October 24, 2004). "Web sites help gauge the veracity of claims; Online resources check ads, rumors". San Francisco Chronicle. p. A1. Retrieved March 18, 2009.
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{{Hate in Canada

{{COVID-19 pandemic {{COVID-19 pandemic in Canada [[Category:Anti-immigration politics in Canada [[Category:Canadian far-right political movements [[Category:Canadian nationalism [[Category:COVID-19 pandemic in Canada [[Category:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics [[Category:QAnon [[Category:Canadian far-right political movements [[Category:Justin Trudeau controversies

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