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Africa

Farm tools from Malawi, where researchers studied Indigenous agriculture techniques.

Further information: Climate change in Africa

Climate change in Africa will lead to food insecurity, displacement of Indigenous persons, as well as increased famine, drought, and floods. The impact of climate change in Africa falls disproportionately on Indigenous people because they have limitations on their migration and mobility, are more negatively affected by decreased biodiversity, and have their agricultural land disproportionately degraded by climate change.

In Nigeria, the Niger Delta has been reported to be the most climate-vulnerable region in Nigeria. Instances of flooding have been recorded annually especially in settlements along the Niger River and its tributaries and this overwhelmed many towns and resulted into the displacement of people from their homes.

In southern Egypt and northern Sudan, Indigenous people still follow the Coptic calendar, which is an ancient pharaonic calendar used by farming populace. But nowadays, farmers are finding it hard to stand in front of climate change and its harsh impacts on nature. Normally, farmers in these regions would plant wheat at the end of August. But due to new high temperatures in this period, planting will be delayed and will affect the whole crop cycle. According to Ismail El Gizouli, a Sudanese scientist and former acting chair of the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): "Until 20 years ago, this calendar was almost perfect," but now "due to climate change there is variability from one year to another."

The northernmost and southernmost countries within the continent of Africa are considered subtropical. Drought is one of the most significant threats posed by climate change to subtropical regions. Drought leads to subsequent issues regarding the agricultural sector which has significant effects on the livelihoods of populations within those areas. Pastoralists throughout the continent have coped with the aridity of the land through the adoption of a nomadic lifestyle to find different sources of water for their livestock.

Edit Summary:

Capitalized Indigenous

Corrected Spelling Mistakes

Africa Regions Map

Created sections: Northern Africa, Central Africa, East Africa, West Africa and South Africa. Will divide them based off of the following labeled map:

East Africa

• Malawi
• Introduction of Indigenous Agriculture Techniques
• Traditional farming practices, including crop rotation, intercropping, and agroforestry, studied for their resilience to climate variability.
• Research Process:

• Field studies conducted in rural Malawi communities to document and understand the application of indigenous techniques.
• Interviews with local farmers to gather insights on the effectiveness and challenges of these practices.
• Findings:
• Indigenous techniques such as intercropping maize with legumes enhance soil fertility and resilience to drought.
• Agroforestry methods, like planting trees alongside crops, provide shade and moisture retention, mitigating the impact of heat stress.
• Sources: Study by Malawi Ministry of Agriculture, Interviews with Local Farmers

West Africa

• Nigeria
• The Niger Delta as the Most Climate-Vulnerable Region
• Reports from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency detailing the increased frequency of extreme weather events in the Niger Delta.
• Examples of Flooding and Displacement:
• Annual reports citing instances of flooding in settlements along the Niger River, leading to the displacement of thousands.
• Specific data on the rise in river levels, with measurements indicating a 20% increase in flooding severity over the past decade.
• Sources: Nigerian Meteorological Agency Reports, Data on Flooding Incidents

North Africa

• Southern Egypt and Northern Sudan
• Reference to the Coptic Calendar and Its Historical Significance
• Explanation of the Coptic calendar's relevance to agricultural cycles, particularly in the planting of wheat and other staple crops.
• Historical Context:
• Traditionally, planting of wheat would coincide with the end of August according to the Coptic calendar.
• Recent observations of delayed planting due to rising temperatures during this period, affecting crop yields.
• Impact of Climate Change:
• Ismail El Gizouli, Sudanese scientist and IPCC member, notes, "Until 20 years ago, this calendar was almost perfect," highlighting the shift in planting seasons.
• The observed variability in planting times due to climate change implications on agricultural productivity.
• Quote from Ismail El Gizouli: "Until 20 years ago, this calendar was almost perfect," but now "due to climate change there is variability from one year to another." - Ismail El Gizouli
• Sources: Historical Records of Planting Cycles, Interview with Ismail El Gizouli

Central Africa

• Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Republic of the Congo, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Sao Tome and Principe
• Challenges of Climate Change and Biodiversity Loss
• Impacts on Congo Basin Rainforest:
• Reports from the Central African Forests Commission (COMIFAC) highlighting increasing deforestation rates due to climate-induced pressures.
• Statistics on habitat loss, citing a 15% reduction in forest cover over the past decade.
• Species Endangerment:
• Research findings indicating a 30% decline in key wildlife populations, including forest elephants and great apes.
• Specific examples of endangered species and their habitats threatened by climate change.
• Importance for Global Climate Regulation:
• COMIFAC reports underscoring the Congo Basin's role as a critical carbon sink, absorbing an estimated 1.2 billion metric tons of CO2 annually.
• Implications of deforestation on global climate stability and the need for conservation efforts.
• Sources: COMIFAC Reports on Deforestation, Research on Wildlife Decline

Subtropical Africa (Northern and Southern)

• Description of Subtropical Climate
• Defining Subtropical Climate
• Explanation of subtropical climate zones characterized by semi-arid conditions and seasonal variations.
• Identification of Drought as a Significant Threat:
• Data from the African Climate Policy Centre highlighting increasing frequency of droughts in subtropical regions.
• Specific instances of prolonged dry seasons leading to water scarcity and crop failures.
• Pastoralist Adaptation Strategies:
• Examples of nomadic herding communities in Namibia and Botswana adapting to changing rainfall patterns.
• Use of rotational grazing, water storage techniques, and migration routes to mitigate the impact of drought.
• Sources: African Climate Policy Centre Report, Field Studies on Pastoralist Adaptation

Policy and Recommendations

• Boosting Climate Change Literacy
• Educational Integration:
• Calls for the integration of climate change education into school curricula across Africa.
• Recommendations for teacher training programs and educational materials focused on climate resilience.
• Sources: Policy Brief on Climate Literacy, Recommendations for Curriculum Integration
• Sectoral Focus and Gender Mainstreaming
• Prioritizing Vulnerable Sectors:

Gender Mainstreaming:

• Strategies to address gender disparities in climate impacts through targeted literacy programs.
• Examples of successful initiatives empowering women in climate-resilient agriculture.
• Sources: Sectoral Prioritization Report, Gender-Responsive Climate Programs
• Policy Alignment and Enhanced Services

Government Policy Alignment:

• Calls for national policies aligning with climate adaptation strategies and international agreements.
• Enhanced Climate Services:
• Recommendations to improve access to climate information through early warning systems.
• Examples of successful climate service programs benefiting local communities.
• Sources: Policy Alignment Framework, Case Studies on Climate Services

Unique Borderland Challenges:

• Discussion on the vulnerabilities of border regions to climate impacts and conflicts.
• Recommendations for cross-border cooperation and information sharing on climate risks.
• Sources: Analysis of Borderland Vulnerabilities, Recommendations for Cross-Border Initiatives
• Indigenous Perspectives and Climate Justice
• Political Positioning and Resource Development

Indigenous Sovereignty Frameworks:

• Explanation of how indigenous peoples within the U.S. navigate climate policies within federal frameworks.
• Examples of federally recognized tribes utilizing fossil fuel resources for economic development.
• Sources: Study on Indigenous Political Positioning, Reports on Resource Development
• Challenges and Rights of Indigenous Peoples

Disadvantages and Climate Impacts:

• Experiences of Alaska Native groups facing climate impacts and challenges in policy advocacy.
  • Discussions on the limitations of indigenous rights within existing legal frameworks.
• Sources: Alaska Native Climate Impact Studies, Advocacy Challenges for Indigenous Rights
  • Ethical Frameworks and Policy Adjustments
• Ethics of Place and Sustainability:
  • Proposal for holistic environmental policies based on indigenous land stewardship.
  • Calls for policy adjustments to consider indigenous rights and environmental risks.
• Sources: Ethical Frameworks for Policy, Recommendations for Policy Adjustments

Federally Recognized Tribal Governments

• Political Sovereignty:
  • Tribal governments with political sovereignty have rights to govern their lands and resources.
  • This sovereignty, combined with "cultural sovereignty," forms the basis of political and human rights for all indigenous peoples.
• Non-Recognized Tribes and Native Hawaiians:
  • Those not federally recognized rely on U.S. citizenship for engagement in governance, lacking the ability to enact environmental laws like recognized tribes.
• Nuanced Understanding:
  • Calls for nuanced understanding of indigenous rights, sovereignty, and climate change impacts.
  • Emphasizes merging international human rights frameworks with domestic sovereignty models for effective climate change strategies.
• Article Source: Article on Indigenous Rights and Climate Change

Implications in Africa

• Impact on Land Use:
  • Climate change affects indigenous peoples' traditional land use and tenure across Africa.
  • Legal frameworks often limit indigenous land rights, impacting their ability to adapt to changing conditions.
• Conservation Efforts:
  • Conservation initiatives, while important, can lead to displacement and loss of indigenous peoples' access to their lands.
  • Examples from Central Africa highlight challenges faced by groups like the Batwa due to conservation efforts.
• REDD+ and Land Tenure:
  • Implementation of REDD+ initiatives poses challenges to indigenous land tenure and use.
  • National legal frameworks often lack provisions to protect indigenous land rights in the context of climate change.
• Recommendations for Safeguards:
  • Calls for normative and institutional safeguards to protect indigenous peoples' land use and tenure.
  • Advocacy for the recognition of indigenous rights and engagement in climate-related matters.
  • Emphasis on the role of regional bodies like AMCEN and the African Commission in policy development.
  • Article Source: Article on Indigenous Land Rights and Climate Change
• Addressing Legal Frameworks
  • Normative Safeguards:
  • Policies should acknowledge climate change impacts on indigenous land use.
  • States urged to commit to protecting indigenous land rights per UNDRIP.
  • Engagement of indigenous peoples in climate discussions with benefits sharing emphasized.
• Institutional Support:
  • AMCEN should advocate and implement climate-related legislation accommodating indigenous norms.
  • African Commission to include indigenous experiences in climate discussions.
  • Harmonization of strategies between AMCEN and the African Commission crucial.
• Policy Recommendations:
  • Ensure respect, fulfillment, and protection of indigenous land rights in climate action.
  • Align national legislation with UNDRIP, recognizing indigenous land tenure.
  • Strengthen engagement of indigenous communities in climate policy development.
• Article Source: Recommendations for Safeguards

Conservation Challenges

• Impact on Indigenous Peoples:
• Conservation efforts often lead to displacement and loss of land access for indigenous groups.
• Legal frameworks sometimes prioritize state control over land, limiting indigenous ownership.
• REDD+ Implementation:
• Challenges exist in how REDD+ initiatives address indigenous land tenure and rights.
• Lack of specific provisions in international climate response policies regarding indigenous land rights.
• Regional Initiatives:
• Emerging activities within the AU and AMCEN could lead to regional policies safeguarding land rights.
• Need for stronger legal protections and policy measures to respect and uphold indigenous land rights.
• Article Source: Conservation Impact on Indigenous Peoples
• Dumping of Hazardous Waste
• Trafigura Incident:
• Highlight of the 2006 Trafigura incident, showing African countries as dumping grounds.
• Concept of "Toxic colonialism" discussed, with African nations bearing waste disposal burdens.
• Complicity and Risks:
• African governments sometimes complicit in allowing hazardous waste dumping.
• E-Waste dumping poses significant risks to health and environment, especially for children.

Global Implications:

• Africa's vulnerability to climate change and waste dumping linked to global environmental responsibilities.
• Calls for accountability and fair practices from developed nations contributing to these issues.
• Article Source: Hazardous Waste Dumping
• Gender, Climate Change, and Africa
• Climate Vulnerability of Women:
• Women in Africa, especially rural areas, disproportionately affected by climate change.
• Gender roles lead to increased vulnerability to food insecurity, health risks, and workload.
• Adaptation and Resilience:
• Women play key roles in adaptation efforts, using indigenous knowledge for sustainable practices.
• Calls for empowerment, resources, and inclusion in policy-making for effective climate action.
• Global Responsibility:
• Developed nations urged to support African women and communities in climate adaptation.
• Need for environmental justice, fair trade practices, and technology transfer to address climate impacts.

Bibliography

Hansungule, Michelo, and Ademola Oluborode Jegede. “The Impact of Climate Change on Indigenous Peoples’ Land Tenure and Use: The Case for a Regional Policy in Africa.” International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, vol. 21, no. 2, 2014, pp. 256–91. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24676529. Accessed 19 Feb. 2024.

This is a peer reviewed journal published by an international journal and should be a reliable source. It covers the topic we are trying to expand on thoroughly making it helpful in establishing notability.

SIMPSON, NICK, and SARAH ROSENGAERTNER. Boosting Adaptation Through Climate Change Literacy in Africa. South African Institute of International Affairs, 2023. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep48783. Accessed 19 Feb. 2024.

This is a peer reviewed article published by a South African Institute journal and should be a reliable source. It covers the topic we are trying to expand on thoroughly making it helpful in establishing notability.

Tsosie, Rebecca. “Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples: Comparative Models of Sovereignty.” Tulane Environmental Law Journal, vol. 26, no. 2, 2013, pp. 239–57. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24673668. Accessed 19 Feb. 2024.

This is a peer reviewed journal published by an international journal and should be a reliable source. It covers the topic we are trying to expand on thoroughly making it helpful in establishing notability.

Steady, Filomina Chioma. “Women, Climate Change and Liberation in Africa.” Race, Gender & Class, vol. 21, no. 1/2, 2014, pp. 312–33. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43496976. Accessed 19 Feb. 2024.

This is a peer reviewed book chapter published by a national journal press and should be a reliable source. It covers the topic we are trying to expand on thoroughly making it helpful in establishing notability.

Abate, Randall S., and Elizabeth Ann Kronk. “Commonality Among Unique Indigenous Communities: An Introduction to Climate Change and Its Impacts on Indigenous Peoples.” Tulane Environmental Law Journal, vol. 26, no. 2, 2013, pp. 179–95. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24673665. Accessed 19 Feb. 2024.

This is a peer reviewed journal published by an university journal and should be a reliable source. It covers the topic we are trying to expand on thoroughly making it helpful in establishing notability.

Reid, Hannah. “Africa: A Crucible for Climate Change and Poverty.” How to Make Poverty History: The Central Role of Local Organizations in Meeting the MDGs, edited by Tom Bigg and David Satterthwaite, International Institute for Environment and Development, 2005, pp. 157–74. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep16511.10. Accessed 19 Feb. 2024.

This is a journal article published by an international journal and should be a reliable source. It covers the topic we are trying to expand on a bit so it might not be the most effective at establishing notability.