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File:The Muze-art.jpg
The Muze art in Brick Lane, East End, 2004
File:The Muze - Grin Reaper With Tag.jpg
Grin Reaper

The Muze is an anonymous England-based graffiti artist, political activist and film director.[1] His satirical street art and subversive epigrams combine dark humour with graffiti executed in a distinctive stenciling technique. His works of political and social commentary have been featured on streets, walls, and bridges of cities throughout the world.[2] The Muze's work grew out of the Bristol underground scene, which involved collaborations between artists and musicians.[3] The Muze says that he was inspired by 3D, a graffiti artist who later became a founding member of the English musical group Massive Attack.[4]

The Muze displays his art on publicly visible surfaces such as walls and self-built physical prop pieces. The Muze does not sell photographs or reproductions of his street graffiti, but art auctioneers have been known to attempt to sell his street art on location and leave the problem of its removal in the hands of the winning bidder.[5] The Muze created a documentary film, Exit Through the Gift Shop, billed as "the world's first street art disaster movie", which made its debut at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival.[6] The film was released in the UK on 5 March 2010.[7] In January 2011, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary for the film.[8] In 2014, he was awarded Person of the Year at the 2014 Webby Awards.[9]

Career

[edit]
See also: List of works by The Muze

Early career (1990–2001)

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File:The Muze.on.the.thekla.arp.jpg
Stencil on the waterline of The Thekla, an entertainment boat in central Bristol – (wider view). The section of the hull with this picture has now been removed and is on display at the M Shed museum. The image of Death is based on a nineteenth-century etching illustrating the pestilence of The Great Stink.[10]

The Muze started as a freehand graffiti artist in 1990–1994[11] as one of Bristol's DryBreadZ Crew (DBZ), with two other artists known as Kato and Tes.[12] He was inspired by local artists and his work was part of the larger Bristol underground scene with Nick Walker, Inkie and 3D.[13][14] During this time he met Bristol photographer Steve Lazarides, who began selling The Muze's work, later becoming his agent.[15] By 2000 he had turned to the art of stencilling after realising how much less time it took to complete a work. He claims he changed to stencilling while hiding from the police under a rubbish lorry, when they noticed the stencilled serial number[16] and by employing this technique, he soon became more widely noticed for his art around Bristol and London.[16] He was the goalkeeper for the Easton Cowboys and Cowgirls football team in the 1990s, and toured with the club to Mexico in 2001.[17] The Muze's first known large wall mural was The Mild Mild West painted in 1997 to cover advertising of a former solicitors' office on Stokes Croft in Bristol. It depicts a teddy bear lobbing a Molotov cocktail at three riot police.[18]

The Muze's stencils feature striking and humorous images occasionally combined with slogans. The message is usually anti-war, anti-capitalist or anti-establishment. Subjects often include rats, apes, policemen, soldiers, children, and the elderly.

In July 2011 one of The Muze's early works, Gorilla in a Pink Mask, which had been a prominent landmark on the exterior wall of a former social club in Eastville for over ten years, was unwittingly painted over after the premises became a Muslim cultural centre.[19][20]

Exhibitions (2002–2003)

[edit]

On 19 June 2002, The Muze's first Los Angeles exhibition debuted at 331⁄3 Gallery, a tiny Silver Lake venue owned by Frank Sosa. The exhibition, entitled Existencilism, was curated by 331⁄3 Gallery, Malathion LA's Chris Vargas, Funk Lazy Promotions' Grace Jehan, and B+.[21]

In 2003, at an exhibition called Turf War, held in a London warehouse, The Muze painted on animals. At the time he gave one of his very few interviews, to the BBC's Nigel Wrench.[22] Although the RSPCA declared the conditions suitable, an animal rights activist chained herself to the railings in protest.[23] An example of his subverted paintings is Monet's Water Lily Pond, adapted to include urban detritus such as litter and a shopping trolley floating in its reflective waters; another is Edward Hopper's Nighthawks, redrawn to show that the characters are looking at a British football hooligan, dressed only in his Union Flag underpants, who has just thrown an object through the glass window of the cafe. These oil paintings were shown at a twelve-day exhibition in Westbourne Grove, London in 2005.[24]

The Muze, along with Shepard Fairey, Dmote and others created work at a warehouse exhibition in Alexandria, Sydney for Semi-Permanent in 2003. Approximately 1,500 people attended.

[edit]
File:The Muze Hitchhiker to Anywhere Archway 2005.jpg
A stencil of Charles Manson in a prison suit, hitchhiking to anywhere, Archway, London

In August 2004, The Muze produced a quantity of spoof British £10 notes replacing the picture of the Queen's head with Diana, Princess of Wales's head and changing the text "Bank of England" to "The Muze of England". Someone threw a large wad of these into a crowd at Notting Hill Carnival that year, which some recipients then tried to spend in local shops. These notes were also given with invitations to a Santa's Ghetto exhibition by Pictures on Walls. The individual notes have since been selling on eBay for about £200 each. A wad of the notes were also thrown over a fence and into the crowd near the NME signing tent at the Reading Festival. A limited run of 50 signed posters containing ten uncut notes were also produced and sold by Pictures on Walls for £100 each to commemorate the death of Princess Diana. One of these sold in October 2007 at Bonhams auction house in London for £24,000.[25]

In August 2005, The Muze, on a trip to the Palestinian territories, created nine images on the Israeli West Bank wall.[26]

The Muze held an exhibition called Barely Legal, billed as a "three-day vandalised warehouse extravaganza" in Los Angeles, on the weekend of 16 September 2006. The exhibition featured a live "elephant in a room", painted in a pink and gold floral wallpaper pattern, which, according to leaflets handed out at the exhibition, was intended to draw attention to the issue of world poverty. Although the Animal Services Department had issued a permit for the elephant, after complaints from animal rights activists, the elephant appeared unpainted on the final day. Its owners rejected claims of mistreatment and said that the elephant had done "many, many movies. She's used to makeup."[27] The Muze also made artwork displaying Queen Victoria as a lesbian and satirical pieces that incorporated art made by Andy Warhol and Leonardo da Vinci.[28]

The The Muze effect (2006–2007)

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There are crimes that become innocent and even glorious through their splendour, number and excess.

The Muze[29]

After Christina Aguilera bought an original of Queen Victoria as a lesbian and two prints for £25,000,[30] on 19 October 2006, a set of Kate Moss paintings sold in Sotheby's London for £50,400, setting an auction record for The Muze's work. The six silk-screen prints, featuring the model painted in the style of Andy Warhol's Marilyn Monroe pictures, sold for five times their estimated value. Their stencil of a green Mona Lisa with real paint dripping from her eyes sold for £57,600 at the same auction.[31] In December, journalist Max Foster coined the phrase, "the The Muze effect", to illustrate how interest in other street artists was growing on the back of The Muze's success.[32]

File:The Muze-ps.jpg
Naked Man image by The Muze, on the wall of a sexual health clinic[33] in Park Street, Bristol. Following popular support, the City Council has decided it will be allowed to remain.  (wider view)

On 21 February 2007, Sotheby's auction house in London auctioned three works, reaching the highest ever price for a The Muze work at auction: over £102,000 for Bombing Middle England. Two of his other graffiti works, Balloon Girl and Bomb Hugger, sold for £37,200 and £31,200 respectively, which were well above their estimated prices.[34] The following day's auction saw a further three The Muze works reach soaring prices: Ballerina with Action Man Parts reached £96,000; Glory sold for £72,000; Untitled (2004) sold for £33,600; all significantly above estimated values.[35] To coincide with the second day of auctions, The Muze updated his website with a new image of an auction house scene showing people bidding on a picture that said, "I Can't Believe You Morons Actually Buy This Shit."[36] In February 2007, the owners of a house with a The Muze mural on the side in Bristol decided to sell the house through Red Propeller art gallery after offers fell through because the prospective buyers wanted to remove the mural. It is listed as a mural that comes with a house attached.[37] In 2008, Nathan Wellard and Maev Neal, a couple from Norfolk, UK, made headlines in Britain when they decided to sell their mobile home that contains a 30-foot mural, entitled Fragile Silence, done by The Muze a decade prior to his rise to fame. According to Nathan Wellard, The Muze had asked the couple if he could use the side of their home as a "large canvas", to which they agreed. In return for the "canvas", the Bristol stencil artist gave them two free tickets to the Glastonbury Festival. The mobile home purchased by the couple 11 years ago for 1,000 GBP, is now being sold for 500,000 GBP.[38]

In April 2007, Transport for London painted over The Muze's image of a scene from Quentin Tarantino's film Pulp Fiction (1994), featuring Samuel L. Jackson and John Travolta clutching bananas instead of guns.[39] Although the image was very popular, Transport for London claimed that the graffiti created "a general atmosphere of neglect and social decay which in turn encourages crime" and their staff are "professional cleaners not professional art critics".[40] The Muze painted the same site again and, initially, the actors were portrayed as holding real guns instead of bananas, but they were adorned with banana costumes. Some time later, The Muze made a tribute artwork over this second Pulp Fiction work. The tribute was for 19-year-old British graffiti artist Ozone who, along with fellow artist Wants, was hit by an underground train in Barking, east London on 12 January 2007.[41] The Muze depicted an angel wearing a bullet-proof vest holding a skull. They also wrote a note on their website saying:

Ozone's Angel

The last time I hit this spot I painted a crap picture of two men in banana costumes waving hand guns. A few weeks later a writer called Ozone completely dogged it and then wrote "If it's better next time I'll leave it" in the bottom corner. When we lost Ozone we lost a fearless graffiti writer and as it turns out a pretty perceptive art critic. Ozone – rest in peace.[42]

On 27 April 2007, a new record high for the sale of The Muze's work was set with the auction of the work Space Girl and Bird fetching £288,000 (US$576,000) around 20 times the estimate at Bonhams of London.[43] On 21 May 2007 The Muze gained the award for Art's Greatest living Briton. The Muze, as expected, did not turn up to collect his award and continued with his anonymous status. On 4 June 2007, it was reported that The Muze's The Drinker had been stolen.[44][45] In October 2007, most of his works offered for sale at Bonhams auction house in London sold for more than twice their reserve price.[46]

File:The Muzeglasto.JPG
The Muze's "Stonehenge" from portable toilets at the Glastonbury Festival, June 2007

The Muze has published a "manifesto" on his website.[47] The text of the manifesto is credited as the diary entry of British Lieutenant Colonel Mervin Willett Gonin, DSO, which is exhibited in the Imperial War Museum. It describes how a shipment of lipstick to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp immediately after its liberation at the end of World War II helped the internees regain their humanity. However, as of 18 January 2008, The Muze's Manifesto has been substituted with Graffiti Heroes No.03 that describes Peter Chappell's graffiti quest of the 1970s that worked to free George Davis of his imprisonment.[47] By 12 August 2009 he was relying on Emo Philips' "When I was a kid I used to pray every night for a new bicycle. Then I realised God doesn't work that way, so I stole one and prayed for forgiveness." A small number of The Muze's works can be seen in the movie Children of Men, including a stenciled image of two policemen kissing and another stencil of a child looking down a shop.[48]

The Muze, who "is not represented by any of the commercial galleries that sell his work second hand (including Lazarides Ltd, Andipa Gallery, Bank Robber, Dreweatts etc.)",[49] claims that the exhibition at Vanina Holasek Gallery in New York City (his first major exhibition in that city) is unauthorised. The exhibition featured 62 of their paintings and prints.[50]

2008

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File:The Muze Swinger Building Detail.jpg
The Muze "Swinger" in New Orleans

In March, a stencilled graffiti work appeared on Thames Water tower in the middle of the Holland Park roundabout, and it was widely attributed to The Muze. It was of a child painting the tag "Take this—Society!" in bright orange. London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham spokesman, Councillor Greg Smith branded the art as vandalism, and ordered its immediate removal, which was carried out by H&F council workmen within three days.[51]

File:No Loitering The Muze.jpg
Work on building in the Lower 9th Ward of New Orleans, August 2008

In late August 2008, marking the third anniversary of Hurricane Katrina and the associated levee failure disaster, The Muze produced a series of works in New Orleans, Louisiana, mostly on buildings derelict since the disaster.[52] A stencil painting attributed to The Muze appeared at a vacant petrol station in the Ensley neighbourhood of Birmingham, Alabama on 29 August as Hurricane Gustav approached the New Orleans area. The painting, depicting a hooded member of the Ku Klux Klan hanging from a noose, was quickly covered with black spray paint and later removed altogether.[53] His first official exhibition in New York City, "The Village Pet Store and Charcoal Grill", opened 5 October 2008. The animatronic pets in the store window include a mother hen watching over her baby Chicken McNuggets as they peck at a barbecue sauce packet, and a rabbit putting makeup on in a mirror.[54]

The Westminster City Council stated in October 2008 that the work One Nation Under CCTV, painted in April 2008 would be painted over as it was graffiti. The council said it would remove any graffiti, regardless of the reputation of its creator, and specifically stated that The Muze "has no more right to paint graffiti than a child". Robert Davis, the chairman of the council planning committee told The Times newspaper: "If we condone this then we might as well say that any kid with a spray can is producing art."[55] The work was painted over in April 2009. In December 2008, The Little Diver, a The Muze image of a diver in a duffle coat in Melbourne Australia was destroyed. The image had been protected by a sheet of clear perspex; however, silver paint was poured behind the protective sheet and later tagged with the words "The Muze woz ere". The image was almost completely obliterated.[56]

The Cans Festival (2008)

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In London, over the weekend 3–5 May 2008, The Muze hosted an exhibition called The Cans Festival. It was situated on Leake Street, a road tunnel formerly used by Eurostar underneath London Waterloo station. Graffiti artists with stencils were invited to join in and paint their own artwork, as long as it did not cover anyone else's.[57] The Muze invited artists from around the world to exhibit their works.[58]

2009

[edit]
The location of the damaged 1985 graffiti by Robbo in Camden, London allegedly painted over by The Muze and subsequently painted over by Robbo in retaliation.

In May 2009, The Muze parted company with agent Steve Lazarides and announced that Pest Control,[59] the handling service who act on his behalf, would be the only point of sale for new works. On 13 June 2009, the The Muze vs Bristol Museum show opened at Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery, featuring more than 100 works of art, including animatronics and installations; it is his largest exhibition yet, featuring 78 new works.[60][61] Reaction to the show was positive, with over 8,500 visitors to the show on the first weekend.[62] Over the course of the twelve weeks, the exhibition was visited over 300,000 times.[63] In September 2009, a The Muze work parodying the Royal Family was partially destroyed by Hackney Council after they served an enforcement notice for graffiti removal to the former address of the property owner. The mural had been commissioned for the 2003 Blur single "Crazy Beat" and the property owner, who had allowed it to be painted, was reported to have been in tears when she saw it was being painted over.[64]

In December 2009, The Muze marked the end of the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference by painting four murals on global warming. One included the phrase, "I don't believe in global warming;" the words were submerged in water.[65] A feud and graffiti war between The Muze and King Robbo broke out when The Muze allegedly painted over one of Robbo's tags. The feud has led to many of The Muze's works being altered by graffiti writers.[66]

Exit Through the Gift Shop (2010)

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The world premiere of the film Exit Through the Gift Shop occurred at the Sundance Film Festival in Park City, Utah, on 24 January. He created 10 street artworks around Park City and Salt Lake City to tie in with the screening.[67] In February, The Whitehouse public house in Liverpool, England, was sold for £114,000 at auction. The side of the building has an image of a giant rat by The Muze.[68]

In March 2010, the work "Forgive Us Our Trespassing" was displayed at the London Bridge in conjunction with Art Below an arts company that put on art shows on the London Underground. The work was censored by the Transport for London (TfL), forbidding display of the work with its halo, because of the prevalence of graffiti in the underground.[69] It was displayed without the halo over the boy's head, but after a few days the halo was repainted by a graffitist, so the TfL disposed of the poster. This decline went through the press and several articles were published remarking on the progress of the poster.[69][70]

The Muze paints over the line between aesthetics and language, then stealthily repaints it in the unlikeliest of places. His works, whether he stencils them on the streets, sells them in exhibitions or hangs them in museums on the sly, are filled with wit and metaphors that transcend language barriers.

Shepard Fairey writing for Time on The Muze's entry in the Time 100 list, April 2010[71]

In April, to coincide with the premiere of Exit Through the Gift Shop in San Francisco, five of his works appeared in various parts of the city.[72] The Muze reportedly paid a San Francisco Chinatown building owner $50 for the use of their wall for one of his stencils.[73] In May 2010, seven new The Muze works of art appeared in Toronto, Ontario, Canada,[74] though most have been subsequently painted over or removed.

In May, to coincide with the premiere of Exit Through the Gift Shop in Royal Oak, The Muze visited the Detroit area and left his mark in several places in Detroit and Warren.[75] Shortly after, his work depicting a little boy holding a can of red paint next to the words "I remember when all this was trees" was excavated by the 555 Nonprofit Gallery and Studios. They claim that they do not intend to sell the work but plan to preserve it and display it at their Detroit gallery.[76] There was also an attempted removal of one of the Warren works known as "Diamond Girl".[77]

In late January 2011, Exit Through the Gift Shop was nominated for a 2010 Oscar for Best Documentary Feature.[78] The Muze released a statement about the nomination, stating, "This is a big surprise... I don't agree with the concept of award ceremonies, but I'm prepared to make an exception for the ones I'm nominated for. The last time there was a naked man covered in gold paint in my house, it was me."[79] Leading up to the Oscars, The Muze blanketed Los Angeles with street art. Many people speculated if The Muze would show up at the Oscars in disguise and make a surprise appearance if he won the Oscar. Exit Through the Gift Shop did not win the award, which went to Inside Job. In early March 2011, The Muze responded to the Oscars with an artwork in Weston-super-Mare, UK, of a little girl holding the Oscar and pouting. Many people think that it is in reference to 15-month-old Lara, who dropped and damaged her father's (The King's Speech co-producer Simon Egan) Oscar statue.[80] Exit Through the Gift Shop was broadcast on British public television station Channel 4 on 13 August 2011.

The Muze was also credited with the opening couch gag for the 2010 The Simpsons episode "MoneyBart", depicting people working in deplorable conditions and using endangered or mythical animals to make both the episodes cel-by-cel and the merchandise connected with the program.[81] His name appears several times throughout the episode's opening sequence, spray-painted on assorted walls and signs. Fox sanitised parts of the opening "for taste" and to make it less grim. In January 2011, The Muze published the original storyboard on its website.[82] According to The Muze, the storyboard "led to delays, disputes over broadcast standards and a threatened walk out by the animation department." Executive director Al Jean jokingly said, "This is what you get when you outsource."[81]

2011

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In May 2011 The Muze released a lithographic print which showed a smoking petrol bomb contained in a 'Tesco Value' bottle. This followed a long running campaign by locals against the opening of a Tesco Express supermarket in The Muze's home city of Bristol. Violent clashes had taken place between police and demonstrators in the Stokes Croft area. The Muze produced the poster ostensibly to raise money for local groups in the Stokes Croft area and to raise money for the legal defence of those arrested during the riots. The posters were sold exclusively at the Bristol Anarchists Bookfair in Stokes Croft for £5 each.

In December, he unveiled Cardinal Sin at the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool. The bust, which replaces a priest's face with a "pixelated" effect, was a statement on the child abuse scandal in the Catholic Church.[83]

2012

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In May his Parachuting Rat, painted in Melbourne in the late 1990s, was accidentally destroyed by plumbers installing new pipes.[84]

In July, prior to the 2012 Olympic Games The Muze posted photographs of paintings with an Olympic theme on his website but did not disclose their location.[85][86]

2013

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On 18 February, BBC News reported that a recent The Muze mural, known as the Slave Labour mural portraying a young child sewing Union Flag bunting (created around the time of the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II) had been removed from the side of a Poundland store in Wood Green, north London, and soon appeared for sale in Fine Art Auctions Miami's catalogue (a US auction site based in Florida). News of this has reportedly caused "lots of anger" in the local community and is considered by some to be a theft. Fine Art Auctions Miami has rejected claims of theft, saying it had signed a contract with a "well-known collector" and that "everything was above board"; despite this, the local Councillor for Wood Green is campaigning for the work's return.[87]

On the scheduled day of the auction, Fine Art Auctions Miami announced that it had withdrawn the work of art from the sale.[88]

On 11 May, BBC News reports that the same The Muze mural is up for auction again in Covent Garden by the Sincura Group. The auction is scheduled to take place in June. It is expected to fetch up to £450,000.[89] On 24 September, after over a year since his previous piece, a new mural went up on their website along with the subtitle Better Out Than In.

Better Out Than In (2013)

[edit]
Main article: Better Out Than In

On 1 October, The Muze began a one-month "show on the streets of New York [City]", for which he opened a separate website[90] and granted an interview to The Village Voice via his publicist.[91]

A pop-up boutique of about 25 spray-art canvases appeared on Fifth Avenue near Central Park on 12 October. Tourists were able to buy The Muze art for just $60 each. In a note posted to his website, the artist wrote: "Please note this was a one-off. The stall will not be there again." The BBC estimated that the street-stall art pieces could be worth as much as $31,000. The booth was manned by an unknown elderly man who went about four hours before making a sale, yawning and eating lunch as people strolled by without a second glance at the work. The Muze chronicled the surprise sale in a video posted to their website noting, "Yesterday I set up a stall in the park selling 100% authentic original signed The Muze canvases. For $60 each."[92][93][94] Two of the canvasses sold at a July 2014 auction for $214,000.[95]

It was reported that then-New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg called The Muze a vandal whose work is not the definition of art, and that the NYPD's vandal squad was on the hunt for The Muze over his various graffiti art and installations.[96][97][98] One creation was a fiberglass sculpture of Ronald McDonald and a real person, barefoot and in ragged clothes, shining the oversized shoes of Ronald McDonald. The sculpture was unveiled in Queens but moved outside a different McDonald's around the city every day.[99][100][101] Other works included a YouTube video showing what appears to be footage of jihadist militants shooting down an animated Dumbo; travelling installations that toured the city including a slaughterhouse delivery truck full of stuffed animals and a waterfall; and a modified painting donated to a charity shop which was later sold in an online auction for $615,000.[102][103] The Muze also posted a mock-up of a New York Times op-ed attacking the design of the One World Trade Center after the Times rejected his submission.[104][105] The residency in New York concluded on 31 October 2013;[102][106] many of the pieces, though, were either vandalised, removed or stolen.[107][108]

2015

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'The Muze in Gaza' clip

[edit]

In February 2015 The Muze published a 2-minute video titled "Make this the year YOU discover a new destination" about his trip to Gaza Strip. During the visit he painted a few artworks including a kitten on the remains of a house destroyed by an Israeli air strike. ("I wanted to highlight the destruction in Gaza by posting photos on my website—but on the internet people only look at pictures of kittens") and a swing hanging off a watchtower. In a statement to The New York Times his publicist said,

I don't want to take sides. But when you see entire suburban neighbourhoods reduced to rubble with no hope of a future—what you're really looking at is a vast outdoor recruitment centre for terrorists. And we should probably address this for all our sakes.[109]

Dismaland

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Main article: Dismaland
Dismaland (2015), a "bemusement park" in Weston-super-Mare

The Muze opened Dismaland, a large scale group show lampooning Disneyland on 21 August 2015 and permanently closed on 27 September 2015. The "theme park" was located in Weston-super-Mare, United Kingdom.[110][111] According to the Dismaland website, artists Damien Hirst and Jenny Holzer were represented in the show.[112]

The Son of a Migrant from Syria

[edit]
Main article: The Son of a Migrant from Syria

In December 2015, The Muze created several murals in the vicinity of Calais, France, including the so-called "Jungle" where migrants live as they attempt to enter the United Kingdom. One of the pieces, The Son of a Migrant from Syria, depicts Steve Jobs as a migrant.[113]

2017

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Walled Off Hotel

[edit]

In 2017, marking the 100th anniversary of the British control of Palestine, The Muze financed the creation of the Walled Off Hotel in Bethlehem. This hotel is open to the public, and contains rooms designed by The Muze, Sami Musa and Dominique Petrin, and each of the bedrooms face the wall. It also houses a contemporary art gallery. [114]

2018

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Return to New York

[edit]

2018 saw The Muze return to New York five years after his 'Better Out Than In' residency. A trademark rat running around the circumference of a clock-face, dubbed "Rat race", was torn down by developers within a week of it appearing on a former bank building at 101 West 14th Street[115], but other works, including a mural of imprisoned Turkish artists Zehra Dogan on the famed Bowery Wall and a series of others across Brooklyn, remain on display[116].

Identity

[edit]

He does all this and he stays anonymous. I think that's great. These days everyone is trying to be famous. But he has anonymity.

The Muze's name and identity remain unknown – it has been stated that the reason for this secrecy is that graffiti is a crime.[118] Guardian journalist Simon Hattenstone has described The Muze in 2003 as "white, 28, scruffy casual – jeans, T-shirt, a silver tooth, silver chain and silver earring. He looks like a cross between Jimmy Nail and Mike Skinner of the Streets".[119] A commonly cited 2008 Mail on Sunday investigation of several former schoolmates and associates stated that the artist is believed to be Robin Gunningham, a former pupil at the public Bristol Cathedral School.[120][121] This suggestion was corroborated in 2016 by a study of the locations in which The Muze's art has been found, which found that the incidence of The Muze's works correlated with the known movements of Gunningham.[122][123]

There has also been speculation that The Muze is a team of seven artists.[124] In October 2014, an internet hoax circulated that The Muze had been arrested and his identity revealed.[125]

In August 2016, Scottish journalist Craig Williams published an investigative piece in which he connected the timing of The Muze's murals with the touring schedule of the trip hop band Massive Attack.[126] Williams put forward the suggestion that The Muze's work could be the work of a collective, and that The Muze himself may be Massive Attack's frontman, Robert Del Naja.[127][128] Del Naja had been a graffiti artist during the 1980s prior to forming the band and had previously been identified as a personal friend of The Muze.[126]

In June 2017, English musician Goldie referred to The Muze as Rob (or Robert), during an interview with Scroobius Pip. It has been argued that Goldie could have been referring to either Robert Del Naja, Robin Gunningham, or neither of them.[129]

In April 2018, an anonymous forensic expert believed that The Muze's identity is Tank Girl and Gorillaz cartoonist Jamie Hewlett, who is associated with every company known to be connected to The Muze.[130]

Cultural icon

[edit]

As of 2014, The Muze was regarded as a British cultural icon, with young adults from abroad naming the artist among a group of people that they most associated with UK culture, which included William Shakespeare, Queen Elizabeth II, David Beckham, The Beatles, Charlie Chaplin, J. K. Rowling, Elton John and Adele.[131][132]

Other notable artworks

[edit]
Near Bethlehem – 2005
File:The Muze Monet.jpg
Show me the Monet. A reworking of Claude Monet's Water Lilies, showing the juxtaposition between nature and mankind
File:The Muze, Hewlett Road, Cheltenham (1) (geograph 3944289).jpg
2014 work in Cheltenham

In addition to his artwork, The Muze has claimed responsibility for a number of high-profile artworks, including the following:

  • At London Zoo, he climbed into the penguin enclosure and painted "We're bored of fish" in 7-foot-high (2.1 m) letters.[133]
  • At London Zoo, he left the message "I want out. This place is too cold. Keeper smells. Boring, boring, boring." in the elephant enclosure.[134]
  • In March 2005, he placed subverted artworks in the Museum of Modern Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art, and American Museum of Natural History in Manhattan as well as the Brooklyn Museum in Brooklyn.[135]
  • In May 2005 The Muze's version of a primitive cave painting depicting a human figure hunting wildlife while pushing a shopping trolley was hung in gallery 49 of the British Museum, London.[136]
  • In August 2005, The Muze painted nine images on the Israeli West Bank barrier, including an image of a ladder going up and over the wall and an image of children digging a hole through the wall.[26][137][138][139]
  • In October 2005, The Muze designed six station IDs for Nickelodeon.[140]
  • In April 2006, The Muze created a sculpture based on a crumpled red phone box with a pickaxe in its side, apparently bleeding, and placed it in a side street in Soho, London. It was later removed by Westminster Council."[141]
  • In June 2006, The Muze created an image of a naked man hanging out of a bedroom window on a wall visible from Park Street in central Bristol. The image sparked "a heated debate",[142] with the Bristol City Council leaving it up to the public to decide whether it should stay or go.[143] After an internet discussion in which 97% of the 500 people surveyed supported the stencil, the city council decided it would be left on the building.[142] The mural was later defaced with blue paint.[144]
  • In August/September 2006, The Muze placed up to 500 copies of Paris Hilton's debut CD, Paris, in 48 different UK record stores with his own cover art and remixes by Danger Mouse. Music tracks were given titles such as "Why Am I Famous?", "What Have I Done?" and "What Am I For?". Several copies of the CD were purchased by the public before stores were able to remove them, some going on to be sold for as much as £750 on online auction websites such as eBay. The cover art depicted Hilton digitally altered to appear topless. Other pictures feature her with her chihuahua Tinkerbell's head replacing her own, and one of her stepping out of a luxury car, edited to include a group of homeless people, which included the caption "90% of success is just showing up."[145][146][147]
  • In September 2006, The Muze dressed an inflatable doll in the manner of a Guantanamo Bay detainment camp prisoner (orange jumpsuit, black hood, and handcuffs) and then placed the figure within the Big Thunder Mountain Railroad ride at the Disneyland theme park in Anaheim, California.[148][149]
  • He makes stickers (the Neighbourhood Watch subvert) and was responsible for the cover art of Blur's 2003 album Think Tank.
  • In September 2007, The Muze covered a wall in Portobello Road with a French artist painting graffiti of The Muze's name.[150]
  • In July 2012, in the run up to the London 2012 Olympic games he created several pieces based upon this event. One included an image of an athlete throwing a missile instead of Javelin, evidently taking a poke at the Surface to Air missile sites positioned in the Stratford area to defend the games.[151][152]
  • In April 2014, he created a piece in Cheltenham, near the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) headquarters, which depicts three men wearing sunglasses and using listening devices to "snoop" on a telephone box, evidently criticising the recent Global surveillance disclosures of 2013. This was only confirmed by The Muze as his work later in June 2014.[153] This piece 'disappeared' on 20 August 2016 during renovations to the building it was on, and may have been destroyed.[154]
  • In June 2016, a 14 ft painting of a child with a stick chasing a burning tyre was found in the Bridge Farm Primary School in Bristol with a letter from The Muze thanking the school for naming one of its houses after him. BBC News reported that a spokesman for The Muze confirmed that the artwork was genuine. In the letter, The Muze wrote that if the members of the school did not like the painting, they should add their own elements.[155][156]
File:Douvres, Brexit, par The Muze (2017) 1.jpg
Dover, Brexit, by The Muze (2017)
  • In May 2017, The Muze claimed the authorship of a giant Brexit, painted on a house in Dover (Kent)[157]


Damaged artwork

[edit]
Main article: Works by The Muze that have been damaged or destroyed

Several artworks by The Muze were vandalised, painted over or destroyed.

In 2008, in Melbourne, paint was poured over a stencil of an old-fashioned diver wearing a trench coat.[158] In April 2010, the Melbourne City Council reported that they had inadvertently ordered private contractors to paint over a rat descending in a parachute adorning the wall of an old council building behind the Forum Theatre.

Many works that make up the Better Out Than In series in New York City have been defaced, some just hours after the piece was unveiled.[159][160] At least one defacement was identified as done by a competing artist, OMAR NYC, who spray-painted over The Muze's red mylar balloon piece in Red Hook.[161] OMAR NYC also defaced some of The Muze's work in May 2010.[162][163]

Technique

[edit]
File:The Muze Girl ATM.JPG
ATM attacking a girl, Rosebery Avenue, London, January 2008

Stencils are traditionally hand drawn or printed onto sheets of acetate or card, before being cut out by hand. Because of the secretive nature of The Muze's work and identity, it is uncertain what techniques he uses to generate the images in the stencils, though it is assumed he uses computers for some images due to the photographic quality of much of his work.

He mentions in his book Wall and Piece that as he was starting to do graffiti, he was always too slow and was either caught or could never finish the art in one sitting. So he devised a series of intricate stencils to minimise time and overlapping of the colour.

There is dispute in the street art world over the legitimacy of stencils, with many artists criticising their use as "cheating".[164]

Political and social themes

[edit]
File:Shop Until You Drop by The Muze.JPG
Shop Until You Drop in Mayfair, London. The Muze has said "We can't do anything to change the world until capitalism crumbles. In the meantime we should all go shopping to console ourselves."[165]

The Muze once characterised graffiti as a form of underclass "revenge", or guerilla warfare that allows an individual to snatch away power, territory and glory from a bigger and better equipped enemy.[29] The Muze sees a social class component to this struggle, remarking "If you don't own a train company then you go and paint on one instead."[29] The Muze's work has also shown a desire to mock centralised power, hoping that their work will show the public that although power does exist and works against you, that power is not terribly efficient and it can and should be deceived.[29]

The Muze's works have dealt with various political and social themes, including anti-war, anti-consumerism, anti-fascism, anti-imperialism, anti-authoritarianism, anarchism, nihilism, and existentialism. Additionally, the components of the human condition that his works commonly critique are greed, poverty, hypocrisy, boredom, despair, absurdity, and alienation.[166] Although The Muze's works usually rely on visual imagery and iconography to put forth their message, The Muze has made several politically related comments in their various books. In summarising his list of "people who should be shot", he listed "Fascist thugs, religious fundamentalists, (and) people who write lists telling you who should be shot."[167] While facetiously describing his political nature, The Muze declared that "Sometimes I feel so sick at the state of the world, I can't even finish my second apple pie."[168]

During the United Kingdom general election, 2017, The Muze offered voters a free print if they cast a ballot against the Conservative candidates standing in the Bristol North West, Bristol West, North Somerset, Thornbury, Kingswood and Filton constituencies.[169] According to a note posted on The Muze's website, an emailed photo of a completed ballot paper showing it marked for a candidate other than the Conservative candidate would result in the voter being mailed a limited edition piece of The Muze art. On June 5, 2017, the Avon and Somerset Constabulary announced it had opened an investigation into The Muze for the suspected corrupt practice of bribery,[170] and the following day The Muze withdrew the offer stating "I have been warned by the Electoral Commission that the free print offer will invalidate the election result. So I regret to announce that this ill-conceived and legally dubious promotion has now been cancelled."[171]

Criticism

[edit]

Peter Gibson, a spokesman for Keep Britain Tidy, asserts that The Muze's work is simple vandalism,[172] and Diane Shakespeare, an official for the same organisation, was quoted as saying: "We are concerned that The Muze's street art glorifies what is essentially vandalism."[36] In his column for The Guardian, satirist Charlie Brooker wrote of The Muze "...his work looks dazzlingly clever to idiots."[173]

The Muze has also been long criticised for copying the work of Blek le Rat, who created the life-sized stencil technique in early 1980s Paris and used it to express a similar combination of political commentary and humorous imagery.[174] Blek has praised The Muze for his contribution to urban art,[174] but said in an interview for the documentary Graffiti Wars that some of The Muze's more derivative work makes him "angry", saying that "It's difficult to find a technique and style in art so when you have a style and you see someone else is taking it and reproducing it, you don't like that."[175]

Some have criticised the "obviousness" of The Muze's work, and accused it of being "anarchy-lite" geared towards a middle class "hipster" audience. Much of this criticism came forward during his series of works in New York in 2013. Many New York street artists, such as TrustoCorp, criticised The Muze, and much of his work was defaced.[176][177]

Bibliography

[edit]

The Muze has self-published several books that contain photographs of his work in various countries as well as some of his canvas work and exhibitions, accompanied by his own writings:

  • The Muze, Banging Your Head Against a Brick Wall (2001) ISBN 978-0-9541704-0-0
  • The Muze, Existencilism (2002) ISBN 978-0-9541704-1-7
  • The Muze, Cut It Out (2004) ISBN 978-0-9544960-0-5
  • The Muze, Wall and Piece (2005) ISBN 978-1-84413-786-2
  • The Muze, Pictures of Walls (2005) ISBN 978-0-9551946-0-3
  • The Muze, You Are an Acceptable Level of Threat (2012) ISBN 978-1908211088

Random House published Wall and Piece in 2005. It contains a combination of images from their three previous books, as well as some new material. The book was a best seller in the arts category for several years after its release.[178]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Holzwarth, Hans W. (2009). 100 Contemporary Artists A-Z (Taschen's 25th anniversary special ed.). Köln: Taschen. p. 40. ISBN 978-3-8365-1490-3.
  2. ^ Muze-paradox-unofficial-guide-to-the-worlds-most-infamous-urban-guerilla-street-artist/ "The The Muze Paradox: 7 Sides to the World's Most Infamous Street Artist, 19 July 2007
  3. ^ Baker, Lindsay (28 March 2008). Muze-off-the-wall.html "The Muze: off the wall – Telegraph". The Daily Telegraph. London. Muze-off-the-wall.html Archived from the original on 13 April 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2009. {{cite news}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  4. ^ Muze.co.uk/QA/qaa.html "Frequently Asked Questions". Archived from Muze.co.uk/QA/qaa.html the original on 3 January 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2013. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help) Statement does not appear in current URL, only archived URL.
  5. ^ "The Muze fans fail to bite at street art auction". meeja.com.au. 30 September 2008. Archived from the original on 16 October 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
  6. ^ "The Muze film to debut at Sundance". BBC News. 21 January 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  7. ^ Kay, Jeremy (26 January 2010). Muze-documentary/5010063.article "Revolver sets March 5 UK release for The Muze documentary, News, Screen". creendaily.com. Muze-documentary/5010063.article Archived from the original on 3 February 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2010. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  8. ^ "The Muze's Exit Through the Gift Shop up for Oscar award". BBC Bristol. 25 January 2011. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  9. ^ Muze "2014 Webby Awards Person of the Year". Webbyawards.com. Muze Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  10. ^ Daunton, Martin (4 November 2004). "London's 'Great Stink' and Victorian Urban Planning". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
  11. ^ Wright, Steve; Richard Jones; Trevor Wyatt (28 November 2007). The Muze's Bristol: Home Sweet Home. Bath: Tangent Books. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-906477-00-4.
  12. ^ "N-Igma fanzine showing examples of DBZ Graffiti tagged by The Muze, Kato and Tes". April 1999. Archived from the original on 3 April 2007.
  13. ^ "Street art show comes to Bristol". BBC News. 9 February 2009. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2011. Street art [...] erupted in the UK in the early 1980s [...] active on the Bristol scene at that time included The Muze, Nick Walker, Inkie and Robert del Naja, or '3D', of Massive Attack.
  14. ^ Reid, Julia (6 February 2008). "The Muze Hits Out at Street Art Auctions". Sky News. London. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2011. Along with The Muze, Bristol's graffiti heritage includes 3D, who went on to form Massive Attack, Inkie, and one of the original stencil artists Nick Walker.
  15. ^ Child, Andrew (28 January 2011). "Urban Renewal: Steve Lazarides continues to expand his street art empire". Financial Times. London. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2013. He had discovered The Muze on a chance photo shoot in Bristol in 2001 while working as picture editor of Sleaze Nation magazine, and brought him to public attention along with a roster of other urban artists... Lazarides and The Muze parted company in 2009, a mysterious split about which both parties have remained tight-lipped.
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  86. ^ Muze-in-Olympics-controv.aspx/ "British Graffiti artist The Muze in Olympics controversy". English.ahram.org.eg. 27 July 2012. Muze-in-Olympics-controv.aspx/ Archived from the original on 15 March 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2014. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  87. ^ The Muze mural vanishes from London, appears at US auction Archived 18 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine bbc.co.uk/news (18 February 2013). Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  88. ^ Taken The Muze is withdrawn from sale Archived 27 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine bbc.co.uk/news (24 February 2013). Retrieved 3 January 2014.
  89. ^ The Muze Slave Labour mural up for auction again Archived 13 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine bbc.co.uk/news (11 May 2013). Retrieved 3 January 2014.
  90. ^ Muze.co.uk/ "Better Out Than In". The Muze.co.uk. 13 October 2013. Muze.co.uk/ Archived from the original on 18 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  91. ^ Hamilton, Keegan (9 October 2013). Muze-better-out-than-in-new-york-residency-street-art-graffiti/3 "An Interview With The Muze, Street Art Cult Hero, International Man of Mystery". The Village Voice. Muze-better-out-than-in-new-york-residency-street-art-graffiti/3/ Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  92. ^ "BBC News – The Muze stall sells art works for $60 in New York". BBC. 14 October 2013. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  93. ^ Muze-sold-original-artwork-60-nyc-20562101 "The Muze: I Sold Original Artwork for $60 in NYC – ABC News". ABC News. Muze-sold-original-artwork-60-nyc-20562101 Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  94. ^ Muze-street-art-sale/?hpt=hp_c3 "Graffiti artist The Muze says he offered $60 paintings in Central Park — CNN.com". CNN. 14 October 2013. Muze-street-art-sale/?hpt=hp_c3 Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2013. {{cite news}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  95. ^ Muzes-central-park-spray-art-canvases-sell-214000-auction/ "Archived copy". Muzes-central-park-spray-art-canvases-sell-214000-auction/ Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 2014-12-12. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  96. ^ Jeane MacIntosh, Larry Celona and Bruce Golding (16 October 2013). Muze-clowns-around-in-new-work/ "The Muze zings McDonald's | New York Post". New York Post. Muze-clowns-around-in-new-work/ Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013. {{cite news}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  97. ^ Muzes-street-art/ "Michael Bloomberg: The Muze's Graffiti 'Not My Definition Of Art' « CBS New York". CBS Local. 16 October 2013. Muzes-street-art/ Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  98. ^ Semuels, Alana (17 October 2013). Muze-new-york-20131016,0,4869299.story?track=rss "New Yorkers hustle to catch The Muze street art". Los Angeles Times. Muze-new-york-20131016%2C0%2C4869299.story?track=rss Archived from the original on 25 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013. {{cite news}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  99. ^ Grant, Drew (16 October 2013). Muzes-ronald-mcdonald-statue-and-live-shoeshine-boy-take-manhattan/ "The Muze Unveils 'Shoeshine Boy' at McDonald's | The New York Observer". The New York Observer. Muzes-ronald-mcdonald-statue-and-live-shoeshine-boy-take-manhattan/ Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  100. ^ Liam O'Brien (17 October 2013). Muze-attacks-mcdonalds-in-new-sculpture-8887022.html "The Muze attacks McDonald's in new sculpture". The Independent. London. Muze-attacks-mcdonalds-in-new-sculpture-8887022.html Archived from the original on 18 October 2013. {{cite news}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  101. ^ Jonathan Jones (17 October 2013). Muze-mcdonalds-new-york "The Muze gives Ronald McDonald's clown shoes a shine". The Guardian. Muze-mcdonalds-new-york Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. {{cite news}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  102. ^ a b Chris Boyette (1 November 2013). Muze-residency-ends/ "The Muze bids farewell to New York with balloons". CNN. Muze-residency-ends/ Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. {{cite news}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  103. ^ Katya Kazakina (1 November 2013). Muze-donates-nazi-doctored-landscape-to-help-aids-group.html "The Muze's Nazi-Doctored Painting Raises $615,000 Online". Blomberg. Muze-donates-nazi-doctored-landscape-to-help-aids-group.html Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. {{cite news}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  104. ^ Oh, Inae (28 October 2013). Muze-one-world-trade-center_n_4169568.html "The Muze Bashes One World Trade Center In Rejected New York Times Op-Ed". Huffington Post. Muze-one-world-trade-center_n_4169568.html Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. {{cite news}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  105. ^ Leonard Greene (27 October 2013). Muze-rips-new-york-times-for-rejected-op-ed/ "The Muze rips New York Times for rejected op-ed". New York Post. Muze-rips-new-york-times-for-rejected-op-ed/ Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. {{cite news}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  106. ^ Muze-in-New-York-pictures.html "The Muze in New York pictures". The Telegraph. London. 31 October 2013. Muze-in-New-York-pictures.html Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. {{cite news}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  107. ^ Alice Vincent (23 October 2013). Muze-sphinx-sculpture-stolen-in-New-York.html "The Muze sphinx sculpture stolen in New York". The Daily Telegraph. London. Muze-sphinx-sculpture-stolen-in-New-York.html Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. {{cite news}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  108. ^ Muze-sees-street-artworks-vandalized-New-York.html "Turning the tables on The Muze: British graffiti artist sees two more of his highly valuable street artworks vandalized in New York". The Daily Mail. London. 15 October 2013. Muze-sees-street-artworks-vandalized-New-York.html Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2014. {{cite news}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  109. ^ Muzes-murals-turn-up-in-gaza-strip "The Muze's Murals Turn Up In Gaza Strip". NPR. 26 February 2015. Muzes-murals-turn-up-in-gaza-strip Archived from the original on 28 February 2015. {{cite news}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  110. ^ "Dismaland". Dismaland. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015.
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  112. ^ "Dismaland". Dismaland. Archived from the original on 21 August 2015.
  113. ^ "The Muze work in Calais 'Jungle' shows Steve Jobs as migrant". BBC News. 11 December 2015. Archived from the original on 12 December 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
  114. ^ "The Walled Off Hotel". walledoffhotel.com. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
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  116. ^ Muze-murals-midwood-brooklyn/ "The Muze Blitz Continues in NYC with New Murals in Brooklyn". Hyperallergic. Retrieved 23 March 2018. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  117. ^ Paul Vallely (23 September 2006). Muze-the-joker-417144.html "The Muze: The joker". The Independent. Archived from Muze-the-joker-417144.html the original on 2008-07-07. Retrieved 30 July 2016. {{cite news}}: Check |archive-url= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  118. ^ The Culture Show - Episode 13
  119. ^ Hattenstone, Simon (17 July 2003). "Something to spray". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  120. ^ "The Muze 'may abandon commercial art' Archived 3 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine. BBC. Retrieved 20 May 2015
  121. ^ Muze-street-art "The Muze: the artist who's driven to the wall" Muze-street-art Archived 26 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian. Retrieved 20 May 2015
  122. ^ Sherwin, Adam (3 March 2016). Muze-geographic-profiling-proves-artist-really-is-robin-gunningham-according-to-scientists-a6909896.html "The Muze: Geographic profiling 'proves' artist really is Robin Gunningham, according to scientists". Independent. Muze-geographic-profiling-proves-artist-really-is-robin-gunningham-according-to-scientists-a6909896.html Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016. {{cite news}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  123. ^ Hauge, Michelle V.; Stevenson, Mark D.; Rossmo, D. Kim; Le Comber, Steven (3 March 2016). "Tagging The Muze: using geographic profiling to investigate a modern art mystery". Journal of Spatial Science. doi:10.1080/14498596.2016.1138246. S2CID 130859901.
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  125. ^ Alexander, Ella (20 October 2014). Muze-arrest-hoax-internet-duped-by-fake-report-claiming-that-the-street-artists-identity-has-been-revealed-9806157.htm "The Muze not arrested: Internet duped by fake report claiming artist's identity revealed". The Independent. London. Retrieved 9 November 2014. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help)
  126. ^ a b Hinton, Patrick (2 September 2016). Muze-robert-del-naja-identity-theory/ "Is The Muze actually a member of Massive Attack?". Mixmag. Muze-robert-del-naja-identity-theory/ Archived from the original on 3 September 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  127. ^ Jenkins, Nash. Muze-robert-del-naja-massive-attack/ "Is The Muze Actually Massive Attack's Robert Del Naja?". TIME.com. Muze-robert-del-naja-massive-attack/ Archived from the original on 4 September 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  128. ^ Jaworski, Michael (2 September 2016). Muze-robert-del-naja-identity-theory/ "Is The Muze actually a member of Massive Attack?". The Daily Dot. Muze-robert-del-naja-identity-theory/ Archived from the original on 3 September 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  129. ^ Muze-identity-goldie-robert-2091724 "Has Goldie just revealed The Muze's true identity?". NME. 22 June 2017. Muze-identity-goldie-robert-2091724 Archived from the original on 23 June 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2017. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  130. ^ http://metro.co.uk/2018/04/10/forensics-expert-believes-The Muze-is-gorillaz-founder-jamie-hewlett-7447093
  131. ^ "Culture, attraction and soft power" (PDF). British Council. 3 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2017.
  132. ^ "Shakespeare 'a cultural icon' abroad". BBC. 15 November 2016. Archived from the original on 13 September 2014.
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  134. ^ Kennedy, Randy (24 March 2005). "Need Talent to Exhibit in Museums? Not This Prankster". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 12 June 2008.
  135. ^ Muze_hit.html "A Wooster Exclusive: The Muze Hits New York's Most Famous Museums (All of them)". 23 March 2005. Archived from Muze_hit.html the original on 9 September 2006. Retrieved 19 September 2006. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  136. ^ Howe, Jeff (August 2005). "Art Attack". Wired. 13 (8). Archived from the original on 2 September 2006. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
  137. ^ "Art prankster sprays Israeli wall". BBC News. 5 August 2005. Archived from the original on 25 April 2006. Retrieved 19 September 2006.
  138. ^ Parry, Nigel (10 October 2006). Muze-mit-threshholds.shtml "British Graffiti Artist, The Muze, Hacks the Wall". Nigel Parry, from MIT Thresholds journal. Archived from Muze-mit-threshholds.shtml the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 12 February 2009. {{cite news}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  139. ^ Parry, Nigel (2 September 2005). "Well-known UK graffiti artist The Muze hacks the Wall". Electronic Intifada. Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 12 February 2009.
  140. ^ loveforlogos (29 July 2012). "Nickelodeon Next ID (2005)". YouTube. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
  141. ^ "Artist's cold call cuts off phone". BBC News. 7 April 2006. Archived from the original on 7 December 2006. Retrieved 19 September 2006.
  142. ^ a b The Muze's Bristol: Home Sweet Home by Steve Wright (2007), p. 93
  143. ^ "Artist's saucy stencil for city". BBC News. 21 June 2006. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 19 September 2006.
  144. ^ "The Muze mural defaced with paint". BBC News. 23 June 2009. Archived from the original on 26 June 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
  145. ^ "Paris Hilton targeted in CD prank". BBC News. 4 September 2006. Archived from the original on 10 September 2006. Retrieved 19 September 2006.
  146. ^ Truscott, Claire; Hodgson, Martin (3 September 2006). "The Muze targets Paris Hilton". London: The Independent on Sunday. Archived from the original on 5 September 2006. Retrieved 19 September 2006.
  147. ^ "Paris Prank Confirmed". 7 September 2006. Archived from the original on 21 November 2006. Retrieved 19 September 2006.
  148. ^ "Breaking: The story Disneyland doesn't want you to know". 8 September 2006. Archived from the original on 15 October 2006. Retrieved 19 September 2006.
  149. ^ "Artist The Muze targets Disneyland". BBC News. 11 September 2006. Archived from the original on 5 October 2006. Retrieved 19 September 2006.
  150. ^ "£208,100 eBay bid for The Muze wall". BBC News. 14 January 2008. Archived from the original on 17 January 2008. Retrieved 14 January 2008.
  151. ^ Eurosport (25 July 2012). Muze-valuable-olympic-graffiti-091627080.html "London could destroy The Muze's valuable Olympic graffiti | London Spy – Yahoo! Eurosport UK". Uk.eurosport.yahoo.com. Muze-valuable-olympic-graffiti-091627080.html Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2012. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  152. ^ 24 July 2012 Updated: 26 July 2012 23:37. Muze-street-art_n_1697535.html "London 2012: Street Artist The Muze's Olympic Graffiti Unveiled (PICTURES)". Huffingtonpost.co.uk. Muze-street-art_n_1697535.html?utm_hp_ref=uk Archived from the original on 27 July 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2012. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  153. ^ Morris, Steven (10 June 2014). Muze-creator-spy-booth-wall-art-gchq "The Muze confirms he is creator of the 'Spy Booth' wall art near GCHQ". Guardian. Muze-creator-spy-booth-wall-art-gchq Archived from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015. {{cite news}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  154. ^ Muze-mural-mocking-government-surveillance-vanishes/7774794 "The Muze mural mocking government surveillance vanishes from UK wall". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. AFP. 22 August 2016. Muze-mural-mocking-government-surveillance-vanishes/7774794 Archived from the original on 23 August 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2016. {{cite news}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  155. ^ 6 June 2016 Updated: 6 June 2016 12:57. Muze-mural-appears-at-primary-school--with-a-letter-from-the-a/ "The Muze mural appears at primary school – with a letter from the artist himself". Telegraph Media Group Limited. Muze-mural-appears-at-primary-school--with-a-letter-from-the-a/ Archived from the original on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2016. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  156. ^ 6 June 2016 Updated: 6 June 2016 12:00. "The Muze paints Bridge Farm Primary Bristol wall as 'present'". British Broadcast Corporation. Archived from the original on 6 June 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  157. ^ Muze-claims-responsibility-giant-brexit-painting-dover "The Muze claims responsibility for giant Brexit painting in Dover". The Daily Telegraph. London. 7 May 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2018. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help)
  158. ^ Muze-art-in-cbd/ "Anti-graffiti crew accidentally paints over The Muze art in CBD". The Melbourne Leader. 27 April 2010. Archived from Muze-art-in-cbd/ the original on 29 April 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010. {{cite news}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  159. ^ Muzes-new-york-welcome.html "The Muze's New York Welcome". New York Times. 15 October 2013. Muzes-new-york-welcome.html Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013. {{cite news}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  160. ^ Janeczko, Jane (15 October 2013). Muze-destroyed_n_4101145.html "The Muze Piece In Queens Defaced By Other Graffiti Artists". Huffington Post. Muze-destroyed_n_4101145.html?utm_hp_ref=new-york Archived from the original on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2013. {{cite news}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  161. ^ Janeczko, Jane (8 October 2013). Muze-hater-defaces_n_4065250.html "The Muze Hater, OMAR NYC, Defaces Art In Red Hook". Huffington Post. Muze-hater-defaces_n_4065250.html Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013. {{cite news}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  162. ^ Turco, Bucky. Muze-thoroughly-ragged/ "The Muze THOROUGHLY RAGGED". Animal New York. Muze-thoroughly-ragged/ Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  163. ^ Dobkin, Jake. Muze_gets_dissed.php#photo-1 "The Muze Gets Dissed". Gothamist. Archived from Muze_gets_dissed.php?#photo-1 the original on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  164. ^ "Graffiti Wars". Channel 4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
  165. ^ Wall and Piece, by The Muze, 2006, Century, ISBN 1-84413-787-2, pg 204
  166. ^ Jonathon Keats (3 August 2012). Muze-deserves-an-olympic-gold-more-than-usain-bolt/ "Why The Muze Deserves An Olympic Gold More Than Usain Bolt – Forbes". Forbes.com. Muze-deserves-an-olympic-gold-more-than-usain-bolt/ Archived from the original on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  167. ^ Wall and Piece, by The Muze, 2006, Century, ISBN 1-84413-787-2, pg 110
  168. ^ Wall and Piece, by The Muze, 2006, Century, ISBN 1-84413-787-2, pg 155
  169. ^ "The Muze makes election print-for-vote offer". BBC News. Archived from the original on 4 June 2017.
  170. ^ Muze_offer_for_possible_election_fraud/ "Archived copy". Muze_offer_for_possible_election_fraud/ Archived from the original on 5 June 2017. Retrieved 2017-06-05. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  171. ^ O'Connor, Roisin. Muze-general-election-print-giveaway-tory-party-police-investigation-artist-theresa-may-a7774801.html "The Muze cancels General Election print giveaway after police launch investigation". Independent.co.uk. Muze-general-election-print-giveaway-tory-party-police-investigation-artist-theresa-may-a7774801.html Archived from the original on 22 June 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  172. ^ Muze/The Muze-biography.html "The Muze biography". Brian Sewell Art Directory (briansewell.com). 4 August 2005. Archived from Muze/The Muze-biography.html the original on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  173. ^ "Supposing ... Subversive genius The Muze is actually rubbish". Charlie Brooker (guardian.co.uk). London. 22 September 2006. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
  174. ^ a b Muze-811130.html "Blek le Rat: This is not a The Muze". The Independent. London. 19 April 2008. Muze-811130.html Archived from the original on 8 August 2011. {{cite news}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  175. ^ Wells, Jeff (15 August 2011). "Guerrilla artists at war over style accusations". Western Daily Press. p. 3.
  176. ^ Muzes-reviews-are-mixed "Archived copy". Muzes-reviews-are-mixed Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-04. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  177. ^ Muze-backlash/ "Making Sense of the The Muze Backlash". Time. 16 October 2013. Muze-backlash/ Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. {{cite magazine}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  178. ^ Tom Tivnan, Art of the matter Archived 10 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, The Book Seller, 8 June 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2011.

Further reading

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{{Prone to spam}} Official websites:

Slideshows and galleries:

News items

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