User:Tghous21/Tidal river
Tidal river
[edit]The area of a tidal river can be difficult to define. The term "tidal river" generally encompasses the area upriver of the maximum limit of salinity intrusion and downriver of tidal water level fluctuations.[1] This classification is based on both tidal trends and salinity. By this definition, a tidal river will be affected by tides, surges, and sea level variation, though its water may not have a high salinity content. If that is the case, this section of river can be known as a "tidal freshwater river" or a "river reach."[1] In terms of tides, tidal rivers are classified as microtidal (<2 m), mesotidal (2-4 m), and macrotidal (>4 m).[2] Areas of brackish water seaward of the tidal river section are often called estuaries. A phenomena commonly associated with tidal rivers is a tidal bore, where a wall of water travels upriver during a flood tide.[1]
Freshwater tidal rivers discharge large amounts of sediment and nutrients into the ocean.[3] This is a necessary influx for the global water balance. Rivers contribute about 95% of sediment entering the ocean.[4] Discharge estimates from freshwater tidal rivers are important for informing water resource management and climate analyses. These discharge amounts can be estimated using tidal statistics.[3] Some challenges to estimating discharge amounts include reversing tidal flow, compensation flow for Stokes drift, spring-neap water storage effects, lateral circulation, and multiple distributaries or ebb and flood channels.[3]
Threats
[edit]Tidal rivers face threats due to climate change and other human-caused impacts. In tidal river's deltas, mineral and water extraction, reduced sediment input, and floodplain engineering are causing the sinking of deltas. This, combined with rising sea levels, is causing tidal rivers to become deeper which amplifies the tidal motion and increases the extent of salt intrusion.[1] Increasing salinity in tidal rivers could have a detrimental impact on freshwater organisms and alter tidal river ecosystems significantly.[5] The increasing effect of deltaic subsidence, which is due to the removal of gas, oil, and water from deltas, will also increase the risk of flooding.[1]
Tidal river examples
[edit]Rio de la Plata is a tidal river on the border between Uruguay and Argentina and it is classified as microtidal as its tidal range is less than 1 meter. This river is significant mostly due to its size as more than one tidal wavelength can be accommodated in this river's estuary. Similarly to most tidal rivers, saltwater does not extend far up the river due to its large volume of freshwater discharge.[2]
This tidal river has the largest volume of sediment discharge and the largest drainage basin size. Because of its large size, saltwater never enters the mouth of the Amazon River[2] and the limit of salinity is 150 km seaward of the river mouth.[1] The Amazon River is classified as macrotidal as its tidal range is 4 to 8 meters at the mouth of the river.[2] During low-flow periods, this rivers tidal area may extend over 1,000 km into the Amazon depression.[1]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g Hoitink, A. J. F.; Jay, D. A. (2016). "Tidal river dynamics: Implications for deltas: TIDAL RIVER DYNAMICS". Reviews of Geophysics. 54 (1): 240–272. doi:10.1002/2015RG000507.
- ^ a b c d Perillo, Gerardo M. E. (1995-05-16). Geomorphology and Sedimentology of Estuaries. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-053249-3.
- ^ a b c Moftakhari, H. R.; Jay, D. A.; Talke, S. A.; Kukulka, T.; Bromirski, P. D. (2013). "A novel approach to flow estimation in tidal rivers: FLOW ESTIMATION IN TIDAL RIVERS". Water Resources Research. 49 (8): 4817–4832. doi:10.1002/wrcr.20363.
- ^ Syvitski, J.P.M. (2003). "Erratum to "Predicting the terrestrial flux of sediment to the global ocean: a planetary perspective" [Sediment. Geol. 162 (2003) 5–24]". Sedimentary Geology. 164 (3–4): 345. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2003.11.001.
- ^ Herbert, Ellen R.; Boon, Paul; Burgin, Amy J.; Neubauer, Scott C.; Franklin, Rima B.; Ardón, Marcelo; Hopfensperger, Kristine N.; Lamers, Leon P. M.; Gell, Peter (2015). "A global perspective on wetland salinization: ecological consequences of a growing threat to freshwater wetlands". Ecosphere. 6 (10): art206. doi:10.1890/ES14-00534.1. ISSN 2150-8925.