Джозеф Гамильтон Битти
Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Infobox engineer
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Joseph Hamilton Beattie (1808-1871) was a locomotive engineer with the London and South Western Railway. Joseph Beattie was born in Ireland on 12 May 1808.[1] He was educated in Belfast and initially apprenticed to his father, a Derry architect. He moved to England in 1835 to serve as an assistant to Joseph Locke on the Grand Junction Railway and from 1837 on the London and Southampton Railway. After the line opened he became the carriage and wagon superintendent at Nine Elms and succeeded John Viret Gooch as locomotive engineer on 1 July 1850.
Locomotives
Initially he designed a series of singles, but the weight of the Southampton and Salisbury expresses led to the development of 2-4-0s. He continued to develop the design over the next 20 years. In addition he developed a series of 2-2-2 and 2-4-0 well tanks and three classes of 0-6-0s. His locomotives were amongst the most efficient of the time. Three of his most famous locomotive design, the 0298 Class 2-4-0 well tanks,[2] were in service for 88 years, until 1962. 2 have been preserved - see the Swanage Railway,[3] Bodmin & Wenford Railway[4] and the National Railway Museum, York.
Locomotive classes
| Class | Wheel arrangement | Driving wheels | Years built | Builders | Quantity | Purpose | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hercules | 2-4-0 | 5 футов (1,524000 м) | 1851–55 | Nine Elms | 15 | Goods | |
| Tartar | 2-2-2WT | 6 футов (2,0 м) | 1852 | Sharp Brothers | 6 | Suburban passenger | |
| Sussex | 2-2-2WT | 5 футов (1,524000 м) | 1852 | Nine Elms | 8 | Suburban passenger | |
| Saxon | 2-4-0 | 5 футов (2 м) | 1855–57 | Nine Elms | 12 | Goods | |
| Canute | 2-2-2 | 6 футов (1,828800 м) | 1855–59 | Nine Elms | 12 | Passenger | |
| Chaplin | 2-2-2WT | 5 футов (1,524000 м) | 1856 | Nine Elms | 3 | Suburban passenger | |
| Minerva | 2-4-0WT | 5 футов (1,524000 м) | 1856 | Nine Elms | 3 | Suburban passenger | |
| Nelson | 2-4-0WT | 5 футов (2 м) | 1858 | Nine Elms | 3 | Suburban passenger | |
| Tweed | 2-4-0 | 6 футов (2 м) | 1858–59 | Nine Elms | 6 | Passenger | |
| Clyde | 2-4-0 | 7 футов (2 м) | 1859–68 | Nine Elms | 13 | Express passenger | |
| Nile | 2-4-0WT | 5 футов (1,524000000 м) | 1859 | Nine Elms | 3 | Suburban passenger | |
| Undine | 2-4-0 | 6 футов (1,828800 м) | 1859–60 | Nine Elms | 12 | Passenger | |
| Eagle | 2-4-0 | 6 футов (2 м) | 1862 | Nine Elms | 3 | Passenger | |
| Gem | 2-4-0 | 5 футов (2 м) | 1862–63 | Nine Elms | 6 | Goods | |
| 298 | 2-4-0WT | 5 футов (1,524000 м) | 1863–71 | Beyer, Peacock | 70 | Suburban passenger | 15 more ordered by W.G. Beattie |
| Falcon | 2-4-0 | 6 футов (1,828800 м) | 1863–67 | Nine Elms | 17 | Passenger | |
| Lion | 0-6-0 | 5 футов (2 м) | 1863–71 | Nine Elms | 32 | Goods | Six more ordered by W.G. Beattie |
| 221 | 0-6-0 | 5 футов (1,5 м) | 1866–72 | Beyer, Peacock | 18 | Goods | Six more ordered by W.G. Beattie |
| 231 | 2-4-0 | 6 футов (2 м) | 1866 | Beyer, Peacock | 6 | Passenger | |
| Volcano | 2-4-0 | 6 футов (2 м) | 1866–69 | Nine Elms | 12 | Passenger | Six more ordered by W.G. Beattie |
| Vesuvius | 2-4-0 | 6 футов (1,828800 м) | 1869–71 | Nine Elms | 14 | Passenger | 18 more ordered by W.G. Beattie |
The Beattie well tanks were a series of 111 steam locomotives of seven different designs produced for the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) between 1852 and 1875. All carried the water supply in well tanks, set low down between the frames. The first three designs were of the 2-2-2WT wheel arrangement, the last four being 2-4-0WT. Most were designed by Joseph Hamilton Beattie, the LSWR Mechanical Engineer, but the last few locomotives built to the seventh design incorporated modifications made by his son and successor, William George Beattie. Most were intended for the LSWR's suburban services, but were later used elsewhere on the LSWR system before withdrawal. Apart from three locomotives which lasted until 1962, withdrawal occurred between 1871 and 1899.
Background
The LSWR developed an extensive network of suburban lines in south-west London between the 1840s and the 1880s. Initially, these services were operated using tender locomotives. mainly 2-2-2s, designed by John Viret Gooch, the LSWR Locomotive Superintendent.
In 1850, the LSWR decided that the London suburban passenger services should be operated using small tank locomotives. To determine the most suitable type, Gooch's successor Joseph Hamilton Beattie, the LSWR Mechanical Engineer, prepared a series of designs for six-wheeled well tank locomotives, each of which incorporated one or more differences from the previous class. A small quantity of each was produced: between 1852 and 1859, 26 were built, to six different designs, followed by a seventh design built in much larger numbers.
2-2-2 well tanks
Tartar class
Six locomotives (nos. 2, 12, 13, 17, 18, 33) built by Sharp Brothers (works numbers 689–694) and delivered in May–July 1852. These were of the 2-2-2WT wheel arrangement, having a wheelbase of 14 футов (4,267200000 м), driving wheels of 6 футов (2,0 м) diameter, leading and trailing wheels of 3 фута (0,91440000 м) diameter, and cylinders measuring Шаблон:Convert/× mounted outside the frames. The main frames were positioned inside the wheels, but an additional set of outside frames supported the trailing axle, and the leading axle also had outside bearings attached to springs below the slide bars. The boiler had a grate area of 9,2 фут² (0,8547 м2), a heating surface totalling 781 фут² (72,5572742400000 м2) and worked at a pressure of Шаблон:Convert/lbf/in2. The well tanks held Шаблон:Convert/impgal of water, and the bunker held Шаблон:Convert/long cwt of coke. The weight was Шаблон:Convert/long ton in working order.[6]
When new, they were used on the London suburban services, but by mid-1860 had moved west – three were used in the Exeter area, two on the Seaton branch line, and one on the Chard branch line. Later on, some were used on the Lymington branch line, but by the end of 1867 all were on the Exmouth branch. No. 18 was withdrawn in 1871, and the others followed at intervals unlil the last one, no. 17, was withdrawn in 1874.[7]
Sussex class
Eight locomotives (nos. 1, 4, 6, 14, 15, 19, 20, 36) built by the LSWR at Nine Elms in May–December 1852. They differed from the Tartar class in several ways, primarily in using smaller driving wheels of 5 ф. 6 д. (1,68 м) diameter. Other differences included the grate area of 8,9 фут² (0,8268 м2), heating surface totalling 750 фут² (69,6772800000000 м2), water capacity Шаблон:Convert/impgal and the weight was Шаблон:Convert/long ton in working order. There were variations within the class: the leading and trailing wheels were 3 ф. 6 д. (1,07 м) for five locomotives, but nos. 1, 14 and 15 were 3 ф. 0 д. (0,91 м); the cylinder bore of the first five was 14 ″ (355,6000000 мм), that of the last three was 141⁄2 ″ (368,3000000 мм).[8]
As with the Tartar class, they were originally used in the London area, but later moved elsewhere – three were operating in the Southampton area by 1864, and others were used in the Exmouth, Poole and Yeovil areas. Between 1870 and 1872 they were transferred to the duplicate list, the numbers being prefixed with a zero in the records – for example, no. 1 became no. 01 in July 1870. This was done in order to release their old numbers for new locomotives, including no. 36 of the 298 class. Withdrawal occurred between 1871 and 1877.[9]
Chaplin class
Three locomotives (nos. 9, 10, 34) built at Nine Elms in July–August 1856, they differed from the Sussex class in having 3 ф. 1 д. (0,94 м) trailing wheels, water capacity Шаблон:Convert/impgal and coke capacity Шаблон:Convert/long cwt.[9]
After use in the London area, they moved to Bishopstoke or Salisbury, and were later used at Stokes Bay, Dorchester and Bournemouth. They were transferred to the duplicate list in 1870–74 (no. 9 becoming no. 09, etc.) and were withdrawn in 1876–77.[9]
Earlier 2-4-0 well tanks
Minerva class
Three locomotives (nos. 11, 16, 39) built at Nine Elms in May–July 1856. Generally larger than the preceding designs, they were of the 2-4-0WT wheel arrangement, having coupled wheels of 5 футов (1,524000 м) diameter, leading wheels of 3 фута (0,914400 м) diameter, and cylinders measuring Шаблон:Convert/× mounted outside the frames. The boiler had a grate area of 9 фут² (0,8361273600000 м2), a heating surface totalling 764 фут² (70,9779225600000 м2) and worked at a pressure of Шаблон:Convert/lbf/in2. The well tanks held Шаблон:Convert/impgal of water, and the bunker held Шаблон:Convert/long cwt of coke. The weight was Шаблон:Convert/long ton in working order.[10]
Originally used around London, two moved to Woking by 1866 and the other one to Guildford. Later they were used at Salisbury, and one was eventually at Bournemouth. They were transferred to the duplicate list in 1872–74 (no. 11 becoming no. 011, etc.), and were withdrawn in 1874–83.[11]
Nelson class
Three locomotives (nos. 143–145) built at Nine Elms in July–August 1858. Differences from the Minerva class were in the coupled wheels, which were 5 футов (2 м) diameter, the cylinders, which measured Шаблон:Convert/×, and the water capacity which was increased to Шаблон:Convert/impgal. The leading axle had no outside bearings.[10]
The names were all of former admirals in the Royal Navy: 143 Nelson, 144 Howe and 145 Hood. These were intended for the Lymington branch, but only one was sent there initially – the other two went to London. All three had moved to Exeter by 1867, later on, they were used in other areas such as Ash, Weymouth and Yeovil. Transfer to the duplicate list occurred in 1880–81 (the three becoming nos. 0143–0145), followed by withdrawal in 1882–85.[10]
Nile class
Three locomotives (nos. 154–156) built at Nine Elms in April–May 1859. Based on the Minerva class, several changes were made to the dimensions. The wheelbase was 12 футов (3,658 м), the coupled wheels 5 футов (1,524000000 м) diameter, and the cylinders had a bore of 141⁄2 ″ (368,3000000 мм). The boiler had a grate area of 14 фут² (1,3006425600000 м2), a heating surface totalling 779,5 фут² (72,4179 м2) and worked at a pressure of Шаблон:Convert/lbf/in2. The well tanks held Шаблон:Convert/impgal of water. The weight was Шаблон:Convert/long ton in working order.[12]
The names were all of historic battles: 154 Nile, 155 Cressy and 156 Hogue. After use in London, they moved to other places like Dorchester, Exeter, Gosport, Guildford or Weymouth. They were withdrawn in 1882.[12]
Standard 2-4-0 well tanks: 298 class
Having chosen the most suitable characteristics, Beattie prepared a standard design of 2-4-0WT with Шаблон:Convert/LoffAoffDbSon2 driving wheels and cylinders Шаблон:Convert/by, bore by stroke; and the LSWR began to take delivery of these in 1863.[13] The new design eventually totalled 85 locomotives; most came from the Manchester firm of Beyer, Peacock and Company between 1863 and 1875, but three were built in the LSWR workshops at Nine Elms during 1872.[14] Their numbers were 33, 34, 36, 44, 76, 177–220, 243–270, 298, 299, 314 and 325–329.[15]
Locomotive names
All of the earlier locomotives were named, together with five of the 298 class. The names were as follows:
| Number | Name | Class | Built |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sussex | Sussex | сентябрь 1852 |
| 2 | Tartar | Tartar | май 1852 |
| 4 | Locke | Sussex | август 1852 |
| 6 | Cossack | Sussex | сентябрь 1852 |
| 9 | Chaplin | Chaplin | июль 1856 |
| 10 | Aurora | Chaplin | июль 1856 |
| 11 | Minerva | Minerva | май 1856 |
| 12 | Jupiter | Tartar | июнь 1852 |
| 13 | Orion | Tartar | июнь 1852 |
| 14 | Mercury | Sussex | май 1852 |
| 15 | Mars | Sussex | май 1852 |
| 16 | Salisbury | Minerva | июнь 1856 |
| 17 | Queen | Tartar | июль 1852 |
| 18 | Albert | Tartar | июль 1852 |
| 19 | Briton | Sussex | декабрь 1852 |
| 20 | Princess | Sussex | декабрь 1852 |
| 33 | Phoenix | Tartar | июль 1852 |
| 33 | Phoenix | 298 | февраль 1872 |
| 34 | Osprey | Chaplin | август 1856 |
| 34 | Osprey | 298 | май 1874 |
| 36 | Comet | Sussex | июнь 1852 |
| 36 | Comet | 298 | февраль 1872 |
| 39 | Wizard | Minerva | июль 1856 |
| 44 | Pluto | 298 | октябрь 1875 |
| 76 | Firefly | 298 | февраль 1872 |
| 143 | Nelson | Nelson | июль 1858 |
| 144 | Howe | Nelson | август 1858 |
| 145 | Hood | Nelson | август 1858 |
| 154 | Nile | Nile | апрель 1859 |
| 155 | Cressy | Nile | май 1859 |
| 156 | Hogue | Nile | май 1859 |
Locomotives numbered between 1 and 76 were built as replacements for older locomotives, and used both the number and name of the locomotive being replaced.[17]
References
- Bradley, D.L. Locomotives of the L.S.W.R.: Part 1. — Kenilworth : RCTS, 1965. — ISBN 0-901115-08-8.
- Dendy Marshall, C.F. History of the Southern Railway / C.F. Dendy Marshall, Roger W. Kidner. — 2nd. — Shepperton : Ian Allan, 1963. — ISBN 0-7110-0059-X.
Innovations
Beattie was a highly innovative engineer, introducing the country's first successful 2-4-0 locomotive, pioneering feedwater heating, balanced slide valves and coal-burning fireboxes. Since the Rainhill Trials in 1829, it had been accepted that the smoke emitted by burning coal was a nuisance.[18] Railway companies accepted the need to burn coke (a smokeless fuel) in their locomotives, but this was much more expensive than coal, and several locomotive engineers sought a method by which coal could be burned smokelessly.[19] One such engineer was Beattie, who designed a boiler suitable for coal in 1853.[20]
Death
On 18 October 1871,[1] Beattie died of diphtheria and was succeeded as locomotive engineer by his son William George Beattie.
References
- ↑ 1 2 Marshall, 1978, p. 24.
- ↑ LSWR 0298 Class 2-4-0WT (6 февраля 2012). Дата обращения: 2 апреля 2008.
- ↑ Swanage Railway News Gallery Page 275. Дата обращения: 19 января 2007. Архивировано из оригинала 28 сентября 2007 года.
- ↑ LSWR (SR) Beattie Well Tank 2-4-0 WT No 30587. Дата обращения: 19 января 2007. Архивировано из оригинала 18 мая 2011 года.
- ↑ Bradley, 1965, pp. 50–88, 100–114.
- ↑ Bradley, 1965, pp. 101–2.
- ↑ Bradley, 1965, p. 102.
- ↑ Bradley, 1965, pp. 103–4.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Bradley, 1965, p. 104.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Bradley, 1965, p. 106.
- ↑ Bradley, 1965, pp. 105–6.
- ↑ 1 2 Bradley, 1965, p. 107.
- ↑ Bradley, 1965, p. 108.
- ↑ Bradley, 1965, pp. 107–8.
- ↑ Bradley, 1965, pp. 113–4.
- ↑ Bradley, 1965, pp. 102, 104, 106, 107, 113.
- ↑ Dendy Marshall, Kidner, 1963, p. 163.
- ↑ Ahrons, 1987, p. 12.
- ↑ Ahrons, 1987, p. 131.
- ↑ Ahrons, 1987, pp. 133-134.
- Ahrons, E.L. The British Steam Railway Locomotive 1825-1925. — London : Bracken Books, 1987. — ISBN 1-85170-103-6.
- Bradley, D.L. Locomotives of the L.S.W.R.: Part 1. — Kenilworth : RCTS, 1965. — ISBN 0-901115-08-8.
- Bradley, D.L., (1989), LSWR Locomotives The Early Engines 1838-53 and the Beattie Classes, Wild Swan
- Marshall, John. A Biographical Dictionary of Railway Engineers. — Newton Abbot : David & Charles, 1978. — ISBN 0-7153-7489-3.