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{{Болезнь |
Name = {{PAGENAME}}|
Image = Coeliac path.jpg|
Caption = Биопсия тонкого книшечника у больного с целиакией. Видна уплощенная форма ворсинок, лейкоцитарная инфильтрация и гиперплазия крипт.|
DiseasesDB = 2922 |
ICD10 = {{ICD10|K|90|0|k|90}} |
ICD9 = {{ICD9|579.0}} |
ICDO = |
OMIM = 212750 |
MedlinePlus = 000233 |
eMedicineSubj = med |
eMedicineTopic = 308 |
eMedicine_mult = |
}}
'''Целиакия'''(глютеновая энтеропатия) — [[наследственные заболевания|наследственное заболевание]], нарушение [[пищеварение|пищеварения]], вызванное повреждением ворсинок [[тонкая кишка|тонкой кишки]] некоторыми пищевыми продуктами, содержащими определённые [[белок|белки]] — [[глютен]] ([[клейковина]]) и близкими к нему белками [[злаки|злаков]] ([[авенин (белок)|авенин]], [[гордеин]] и др.) — в таких злаках, как [[пшеница]], [[рожь]], [[ячмень]] и [[овёс]].
Имеет смешанный [[Аутоиммунное заболевание|аутоиммунный]], аллергический, наследственный [[генез]], наследуется по [[аутосомно-доминантный|аутосомно-доминантному]] типу.
Синонимы: болезнь Ги — Гертера — Гейбнера, глютенэнтеропатия, кишечный инфантилизм (Coeliac disease, ''non-tropical sprue'', ''c(o)eliac sprue'', ''gluten enteropathy'' and ''gluten intolerance'').
В первом столетии новой эры Aretaios Kappadozien и Aurelian описали хроническую диарею и стеаторею у детей и женщин и назвали болезнь «Morbus coeliacus». Классические симптомы целиакии у детей – диарею, истощение, анемию и отставание в развитии – опубликовал в 1888 г. Samuel Gee, врач Бартоломеевского госпиталя в Лондоне. В 1950 г. голландский педиатр W.K. Dicke впервые связал причину целиакии у детей с глютеном – растворимой в алкоголе фракцией белка, содержащейся в пшенице. В 1952 г. G. McIver и J. French впервые успешно применили аглютеновую диету для лечения этого заболевания.
==Общие сведения==
Ранее считалось, что целиакия встречается довольно редко - с частотой 1:3000. Современные скрининговые исследования населения показали, что ген, ответственный за предрасположенность к целиакии встречается довольно часто - примерно у 0,5-1% населения <ref>(Catassi C; G. Fanciulli; A. R. D’Appello et al. Antiendomysium versus Antigliadin Antibodies in Screening the General Population for Coeliac Disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2000; 95: 7: 732 – 736)</ref>. Типичная целиакия с тяжелыми нарушениями всасывания действительно встречается редко. У преобладающего большинства выявляются внекишечные манифестации: [[железодефицитная анемия]], афтозный стоматит, дерматит Дюринга, [[остеопороз]], маленький рост, задержка полового развития, [[бесплодие]], аутоиммунный сахарный диабет 1 типа и др. [15]. Подобная скрытая и субклиническая формы встречаются примерно на порядок чаще типичной классической целиакии.
По всей России созданы общества, целью которых является помощь семьям, оказавшимся в такой ситуации и реабилитация детей в обществе.
== [[Этиология]] ==
Механизм [[Патология|патологического]] взаимодействия [[глютен]]а со слизистой оболочкой до конца не ясен. Предполагается наличие [[фермент]]ного дефекта — отсутствие или недостаточность [[глиадинаминопептидаза|глиадинаминопептидазы]] или другого [[фермент]]а, участвующего в расщеплении [[глютен]]а. Важную роль играет иммунологическая реакция (гуморальная и клеточная) на [[глютен]], происходящая в собственном слое слизистой оболочки [[Тонкая кишка|тонкой кишки]].
Согласно научным представлениям, сложившимся в XX столетии, целиакия (глютеновая энтеропатия) является генетически детерминированным заболеванием тонкой кишки, связанным с одной из фракций растительного белка глютена–глиадином. У лиц, предрасположенных к целиакии, глиадин повреждает слизистую оболочку тонкой кишки и приводит к атрофии и тяжелому нарушению всасывания. Имеются доказательства, что овес при длительном употреблении не вызывает атрофии и может включаться в диету больных целиакией.
При целиакии нарушена структура HLA–области на хромосоме 6. У больных целиакией имеется почти идентичный HLA DQ2 половой гетеродимер. Люди, имеющие DR17, несут ассоциированные с заболеванием DQ аллели на той же хромосоме, что и DR17.
Установлено, что Т–лимфоциты слизистой оболочки тонкой кишки узнают только те пептиды глиадина, которые относятся к DQ молекулам и обладают свойствами антигенов. В ответ на присутствие последних значительно возрастает количество глиадин–специфических интраэпителиальных g/l форм Т–лимфоцитов CD4+ и СD8+. Узнавание антигена ведет к повышению продукции цитокинов. В биоптатах тощей кишки больных нелеченной целиакией повышена концентрация IL–10 mRNA, а содержание интерферона mRNA увеличено на 2–3 порядка.
== [[Патогенез]] ==
Целиакия характеризуется нарушением кишечного всасывания, суб- или атрофией слизистой оболочки тонкой кишки, положительной реакцией на аглютеновую диету (исключение из пищи продуктов из [[злак]]ов, содержащих [[глютен]]).
Среди клинических вариантов следует выделять истинную целиакию и [[синдром]] целиакии, который может развиться при самых разнообразных заболеваниях кишечника (аномалии развития, инфекции, продолжительный приём антибиотиков и др.). Начало целиакии нередко совпадает с введением в пищевой рацион ребенка [[прикорм]]ов, содержащих мучные изделия. Поэтому заболевают чаще дети в возрасте 6-12 мес. Этот период особенно опасен в плане провокации целиакии.
Появляется учащённый пенистый стул, обильный, с резким запахом, светлый или с сероватым оттенком, жирный. В кале, как правило, не обнаруживается патогенная кишечная микрофлора. Лечение [[диспепсия|диспепсии]] обычными средствами (антибиотики, ферментные препараты, редукция в питании и др.) эффекта не дает. Ребёнок становится вялым, бледным, теряет массу тела, снижается аппетит. Постепенно развивается [[дистрофия]] и дети приобретают типичный для целиакии вид: резкое истощение, потухший взгляд, яркие слизистые оболочки, огромных размеров живот. В ряде случаев развиваются отёки на нижних конечностях, нередки спонтанные переломы костей. Определяется псевдоасцит (скопление жидкости в атоничном кишечнике). Далее присоединяются симптомы поливитаминной недостаточности (сухость кожи, стоматит, дистрофия зубов, ногтей, волос и др.).
Как правило, при целиакии, особенно при длительном её течении, имеет место нарушенное всасывание дисахаров, жиров, витаминов, железа, кальция, нарушается транспорт цистина, обмен триптофана, то есть речь идет об универсальной мальабсорбции. В связи с этим понятен полиморфизм клинической картины. Дети страдают не только физически, но и психически (лабильность настроения, замкнутость, повышенная возбудимость, негативизм). Важным признаком заболевания при длительном его течении является низкорослость.
Течение целиакии волнообразное, нередко присоединяется вторичная инфекция, в ряде случаев решающая судьбу больного.
== Диагностика ==
Состояние часто диагностируется с большим опозданием, несмотря на следующее утверждение:
<blockquote>«Диагностика целиакии, если помнить об этом заболевании, нетрудна. Совокупность данных [[анамнез]]а, характерного вида больного и стула достаточны для постановки предположительного диагноза целиакии. Если на фоне аглютеновой диеты улучшается состояние больного, а погрешность в диете ведёт к появлению характерного для целиакии стула, диагноз почти не вызывает сомнений. Уточнение диагноза возможно при тщательном копрологическом исследовании (наличие в кале большого количества жирных кислот и мыл), биохимическом исследовании крови (гипопротеинемия, гипоальбуминемия, снижение концентрации холестерина и липидов, гипокальциемия, гипофосфатемия, гипосидеринемия и др.), рентгенологическом исследовании (остеопороз, горизонтальные уровни в петлях кишок, дискинезия кишечника). Окончательный диагноз устанавливается при металогическом анализе биоптатов слизистой оболочки тонкой кишки{{Нет АИ|18|05|2009}}».
</blockquote>
Дифференциальный диагноз проводят с кишечной формой [[муковисцидоз]]а, [[дисахаридазная недостаточность|дисахаридазной недостаточностью]], аномалиями желудочно-кишечного тракта.
Чаще всего ложно-положительный диагноз встречается при таких заболеваниях, как [[диарея]], [[синдром раздражённого кишечника]].
=== Объективные исследования ===
[[Изображение:Celiac 3.jpg|Эндоскопическая картина двенадцатиперстной кишки больного целиакией.|thumb]]
Золотой стандарт в диагностике целиакии — [[эндоскопия]] с [[биопсия|биопсией]] и серодиагностика:
антиглиадиновые антитела, IgA-антитела к эндомизию, антиретикулиновые антитела.
http://www.celiac.com/articles/22151/1/A-Systematic-Review-of-Diagnostic-Testing-for-Celiac-Disease-Among-Patients-With-Abdominal-Symptoms-/Page1.html
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of the distal [[duodenum]] or [[jejunum]]. To avoid false negative results, the first endoscopy must be done while the patient is on a normal, gluten-containing diet or very shortly after going on a gluten-free diet. Sometimes the endoscopy is repeated after the patient has been on a gluten-free diet, in order to ensure that the bowel has healed. However, upper endoscopy always carries a risk of false negative results. This is because coeliac disease may or may not damage villi throughout the entire small intestine, and upper endoscopy only examines the upper part of the intestine. In a patient whose intestinal damage is located further down, the biopsy may come back negative. If the endoscopy is positive the diagnosis is confirmed, but if it is negative, the diagnosis is not necessarily excluded.
[[Serology]] has been proposed as a screening measure, because the presence in the blood of [[IgA]] [[antibody|antibodies]] reactive against [[gliaden]] and [[Transglutaminase|tissue transglutaminase]] is indicative of coeliac disease. Like the endoscopy, these tests are not accurate in patients who have been on a gluten-free diet for some time; they must be performed while the person is on a normal diet or within a few months after eliminating gluten from the diet. A thorough workup includes four tests:
* Anti-tissue transglutaminase Antibody (tTG), IgA. This test is sometimes used alone. If this test is positive it is highly likely that the patient has celiac disease. tTG test is not reliable in children before the age of 2.
* Anti-gliadin antibodies (AGA), IgG and IgA. These tests are often useful when testing young symptomatic children, but they are found in fewer coeliacs than Anti-tTG, and their presence does not automatically indicate coeliac disease because they are found in some other disorders. Some people have an [[IgA deficiency]]. They are unable to mount an IgA response to any antigen and will have [[false negative]] tests for the IgA type celiac tests.
* Anti-endomysial antibodies (EMA), IgA. This test is being replaced by the Anti-tTG test because both tests measure the autoantibodies that cause the tissue damage associated with coeliac disease. Many physicians still order this test. This test as tTG test is also not reliable in children before the age of 2.
An older test, the Anti-reticulin antibodies (ARA), IgA. IgA Anti-ARA is not ordered as frequently as it once was, because it is less sensitive and less specific than the other tests. It is found in about 60% of people with coeliac disease and 25% of those with dermatitis herpetiformis.
Many doctors will not consider positive blood tests as definitive proof of coeliac disease, but will still require biopsy confirmation. A growing minority consider coeliac disease to be diagnosed where the patient has positive blood tests and shows improved symptoms after the adoption of a gluten-free diet. Because upper endoscopies are expensive and may produce false negative results, this group of doctors considers serology tests and a positive response to eliminating gluten from the diet to be sufficient for diagnosis. The problem with this approach is that patients later commonly want to know if they really have Celiac disease and need to be gluten restricted. A diagnosis with biopsy confirmation at the time of initial diagnosis eliminates this common clinical problem. A small minority of doctors advocate gluten-free diets even for symptom-free patients who have not had an endoscopy but have had a positive blood test, because some confirmed coeliacs are completely symptom-free throughout their lives; in symptom-free patients, the purpose of the diet is to avoid nutritional deficiencies, osteoporosis, and intestinal lymphoma.
Other tests that may assist in the diagnosis are a [[full blood count]], [[electrolyte]]s, [[renal function]] and [[liver enzyme]]s. [[Coagulation]] testing may be useful to identify deficiency of [[vitamin K]], which predisposes patients to [[hemorrhage]].
correct
===Биопсия===
The standard changes seen under dissecting microscope are loss of villous height and hypertrophy of the crypts. There is often some degree of inflammation with inflammatory cells ([[plasma cells]] and [[lymphocytes]]) seen in the [[lamina propria]].
-->
== Лечение ==
Лечение целиакии комплексное. Основа лечения — пожизненное соблюдение аглютеновой диеты (исключается хлеб, [[сухари]], печенье, кондитерские мучные и макаронные изделия, паштеты, колбасы). Дети хорошо переносят картофель, фрукты, овощи, кукурузную, рисовую и соевую муку, растительные жиры, мясо и рыбу и др. В мире налажен промышленный выпуск аглютеновых продуктов (фирмы "Dr. Shar" Италия, "Glutano" Германия, "Finax" Швеция, "Molias" Финляндия и др.)
При соблюдении аглютеновой диеты масса тела больных начинает восстанавливаться через 3 нед. Гистологические изменения в кишечнике начинают исчезать спустя 2-2,5 года.
Одновременно с назначением аглютеновой диеты проводят симптоматическую терапию: витамины, препараты кальция, железа, ферментные препараты, пробиотики, массаж, гимнастика и др. Дети, страдающие целиакией, должны находиться на диспансерном наблюдении.
Прогноз при соблюдении диеты и правильном лечении благоприятный.
Следует учитывать, что крахмал, содержащий следы глютена, может быть компонентом многих пищевых продуктов и лекарственных средств. Поэтому, при жёсткой диете, необходим контроль и за отсутствием крахмала в составе оболочек таблеток, принимаемых для терапии тех или иных проблем.
=== Общества ===
В последние десятилетия больные метаболическими заболеваниями объединяются в общества, цель которых - помочь друг другу путём обмена информацией, оказание материальной поддержки, лоббирование интересов данной категории больных в обществе.
=== Съезды и конференции ===
* 17 мая 2008 года в третий раз в г. Санкт Петербурге проводился Международный День Целиакии.
* 23 мая 2009 года второй раз в г. Киеве проводился Международный День Целиакии на Украине
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is a digestive disorder in genetically-predisposed individuals. The only susceptibility [[locus]] established is the [[HLA-DQ]]. It is characterised by damage or flattening to all or part of the [[villi]] lining the [[small intestine]], causing [[scar tissue]] that cannot absorb nutrients.
==Signs and symptoms==
Damage to the villi reduces the ability of the intestines to absorb nutrients, and it is believed that the resulting nutritional deficiencies likely cause the wide spectrum of symptoms associated with the disorder. Coeliac disease may lead to digestive problems, such as [[indigestion]], [[heartburn]] and [[irritable bowel syndrome]], unexplained weight loss or other signs of nutritional deficiency due to [[malabsorption]], and a wide range of other problems in different bodily systems, including the [[nervous system]], the heart, and the teeth and bones.
Other symptoms can include [[dermatitis]] (an itchy rash), diarrhea, excessive tiredness or fatigue, aching in joints and a general feeling of being unwell.
Coeliacs (people with coeliac disease) may also be symptom-free, but they are still doing damage to their small intestines. Regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms, the disorder is associated with an increased risk of [[osteoporosis]] and MALT lymphoma, a form of [[intestinal cancer]].
Strict adherence to a gluten-free diet typically resolves all symptoms and conditions caused by coeliac disease. In coeliacs who are not on a gluten-free diet, the disease may present through one or more of the following symptoms. The presence of these symptoms does not mean the individual is coeliac. These symptoms are also associated with other diseases, some of which are life-threatening; therefore, patients with these symptoms should promptly consult a doctor for [[differential diagnosis]].
Dietary deficiencies, which may manifest as symptoms in particular body systems (e.g., digestive or nervous system) or may be noticed on routine blood tests, are common in coeliacs. Up to 50% of coeliac disease patients have [[malabsorption]]-related [[diarrhea]] (with bulky, pale, offensive-smelling stools which may float in the toilet bowl). This symptom is known as [[steatorrhea]]. However, some coeliacs suffer from [[constipation]]. Excess [[flatulence]] is common, and some coeliacs also experience infrequent, minor [[rectal bleeding]]. Unexplained [[weight loss]] (or even obesity occasioned by overeating due to cravings for nutrients), [[indigestion]], [[acid reflux]], excessive tiredness (coeliacs have reported falling asleep while driving) and an itchy rash ([[dermatitis]]) may also be a sign of the disorder. Delayed puberty (or short stature prior to adolescence) might also be a symptom. Rarely, coeliacs may experience symtoms similar to those of sinus infections and/or the formation of thick, choking plugs or ropes of mucus that require considerable effort to expel. A low-grade, persistent pain may be present, possibly lessened by eating, which may all too easily be taken for the presence of ulcers.
In young children, the most common symptoms are steatorrhoea, weight loss, abdominal distension, and slow growth/[[failure to thrive]], but irritability, vomiting and tiredness are common. It has been suggested that some cases of [[autism]] may be caused by coeliac disease.
In adults, the symptoms of coeliac disease may be mistaken for [[irritable bowel syndrome]] (IBS) or an [[inflammatory bowel disease]] such as [[Crohn's disease]]. However, coeliac disease is also associated with [[anemia]], [[cardiomyopathy]], [[depression (mood)|depression]], [[fatigue]] and "mental fog," dental problems (see below), adverse pregnancy outcome (particularly miscarriage), peripheral [[neuropathy]], and according to some studies, [[schizophrenia]]. A very high proportion of patients diagnosed with [[dermatitis herpetiformis]] are coeliacs.
Selective dietary deficiencies such as [[Iron deficiency (medicine)|dietary iron deficiency]], [[vitamin B12]] deficiency, [[osteoporosis]] (due to [[Vitamin D]] and [[calcium in biology|calcium]] malabsorption), poor [[thyroid]] function, or other secondary dietary deficiencies may be the sole symptom (predominantly in older patients), or found in addition to diarrhea or weight loss. Some coeliacs experience dental problems as a result of malabsorption of nutrients essential for dental health. Coeliacs who have dental symptoms typically have [[tooth enamel]] problems, which manifest primarily as discoloration and/or severe [[tooth decay]]. A pattern of [[symmetrical]] decay is particularly associated with coeliac disease.
==Causes==
The cause is [[as of 2005|presently]] presumed to be:
* Partly a [[genetics|genetic]] susceptibility to the illness.
* Together with an environmental agent, probably a [[virus]] or other infection, but stress and pregnancy have also been invoked as possible triggers.
* It is associated with other [[autoimmune disease]]s; these diseases are also probably a combination of susceptibility and infection.
* Possible exposure to gluten as a young baby before the gut barrier has developed fully (although this is still subject to further research).
Autoantigens are probably of major importance in the pathogenesis of coeliac disease (transglutaminase), a trait it shares with many other autoimmune diseases; thyroiditis: thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase; multiple sclerosis: myelic basic protein, etc.). To some extent infectious agents may increase the risk of certain autoimmune diseases (e.g. [[Coxsackie B]] in type 1 diabetes). However, in the case of coeliac disease, there are few proofs of infections triggering coeliac disease.
Some researchers have suggested that smoking is protective against coeliac disease. Results on this topic are however inconsistent, and smoking cannot be recommended as a means to avoid developing coeliac disease.
The timing of the first exposure to gluten is also thought to be important. Children who were exposed to gluten between the ages of four and six months were less likely to exhibit coeliac disease later in life{{fn|1}}.
In July 2005, University of Colorado scientists published information on their studies, which indicated that exposure to gluten in the first three months of a baby's life increased the risk of coeliac disease five-fold. This is believed to be a result of gluten crossing the baby's relatively undeveloped gut barrier. However, after the baby is six months old, the risk appears to be less. There is ongoing research in this area.
Coeliac disease has been identified in some diabetics or people suffering from milk allergies; there is some debate in medical circles as to whether these conditions are linked to gut damage caused by the disease.
==Pathophysiology==
Antibodies to the enzyme [[tissue transglutaminase]] (tTG) are found in an overwhelming majority of cases, and cross-react to gluten{{fn|2}}. This has led to the theory that they cause the autoimmune attack on the bowel lining (which is high in tTG), prompted by the continuous stimulation by gluten. This reaction happens almost exclusively in patients with [[human leukocyte antigen]] types DQ2 and DQ8, which is inherited in families. Over 95% of patients carry one or both of these genes. About 20% of normal people carry HLA-DQ2, which raises the question of what other factors cause a subgroup of those patients to develop coeliac disease.
The inflammatory process leads to disruption of the structure and function of the small bowel's mucosa, and causes [[malabsorption]] (it impairs the body's ability to absorb [[nutrient]]s and fat-soluble [[vitamin]]s A, D, E and K from [[food]]).
The targets of the immunologic response are [[gliadin]], [[hordein]], and [[secalin]], [[protein]]s contained in the gluten component of [[wheat]], [[barley]], and [[rye]] respectively. Traditionally, [[oat]]s have been included in the list as well, but some recent studies have brought into question whether this is necessary. [[Maize]] (corn), [[sorghum]], and [[rice]] are safe for a patient to consume. They do not contain gluten and do not trigger the disease.
==Treatment==
The only treatment is a life-long [[gluten-free diet]]. No medications are required, and none have proven useful; trials with [[immunosuppressive]] medicines (to control the bowel inflammation) have been largely unsuccessful. Therefore, coeliacs do not need any medication; the disease can be controlled by strict adherence to a gluten-free diet, which allows the intestines to heal and resolves all symptoms in the vast majority of cases and, depending on how soon the diet is begun, can also eliminate the heightened risk of osteoporosis and intestinal cancer.
In the vast majority of patients, a strict [[gluten-free diet]] will relieve the symptoms. A tiny minority of patients suffer from refractory sprue, which means they do not improve on a gluten-free diet. This may be because the disease has been present for so long that the intestines are no longer able to heal. In other patients, the intestinal damage of coeliac disease may have been aggravated by other problems, such as intolerance to the dietary proteins found in [[Egg (food)|eggs]], [[milk]], or [[soy]]. Just as a person who is allergic to cats may also happen to be allergic to pollen, a patient with coeliac disease may also happen to have other food intolerances that cause similar symptoms. In rare cases only the complete removal of members of the [[Gramineae]] family of plants from the diet will bring about recovery from symptoms.
==Epidemiology==
Susceptibility to coeliac disease is genetic and many cases are diagnosed in childhood, but the disease can be triggered by environmental factors at any point in life. With 1 in 250 people diagnosed, Italy has one of the highest rates of coeliac disease. It is also estimated that 1 in 250 Americans have the disease, with Italian-Americans and Irish-Americans having the highest incidence. People of African, Japanese, and Chinese descent are rarely diagnosed with the disease.
It is estimated that 1 in every 133 to 500 persons (up to 3 million) in the United States and Europe are affected by coeliac disease. The disease is not limited to those of European origin; it is found in other races, but the prevalence is not known. Coeliac disease is more common in women than in men. In symptomatic adults, the average delay between onset of symptoms and diagnosis is estimated at 11 years. This lengthy delay appears to be caused by the variety of symptoms associated with the disease, the fact that some coeliacs have no digestive-tract symptoms at all, and lack of widespread, up-to-date information among doctors.
[[Epidemiology|Epidemiologically]], the disease predominates in [[Northern Europe]]an populations. Estimates of its frequency among people of European origin range from 1 in 300 to 1 in 500. Some studies indicate that among the Irish, the frequency may be as high as 1 in 133. Because it is partly genetic, doctors commonly recommend that the [[first-degree relatives]] of diagnosed coeliacs should be tested for the disorder even if they are symptom-free.
There is an increased risk of intestinal T-cell [[lymphoma]] and osteoporosis in untreated cases. In recent years it has also become more evident that coeliac disease in the pregnant mother could have an adverse effect on the foetus. Offspring to mothers with undiagnosed (and untreated) coeliac disease are more often preterm and low birth weight (weigh less than 2500 grams/5 pounds at birth) than offspring to mothers without coeliac disease. This may be due to the mother's inability to absorb all the nutrients she eats. In children of women with coeliac disease and a gluten-free treatment there seems to be no such risk increase. Women with coeliac disease have fertility similar to that of the general female population, but they often have their babies at an older age.
A number of patients with other diseases are often screened for coeliac disease, including patients with type 1 diabetes, Down's syndrome, Turner's syndrome, [[irritable bowel syndrome]], [[Lupus erythematosus|lupus]], and autoimmune thyroid disease.
==Social impact==
===Lifelong diet===
The lifelong diet can be difficult and socially troublesome, especially in young patients, but it is crucial in order to avoid serious health consequences. Teenagers in particular occasionally rebel against the dietary strictures and suffer relapses or complications as a result. The widespread use of wheat byproducts in prepared food, soups and sauces can make dining out problematic. This is especially true in the United States, where celiac disease is less widely-known among the wider population than it is in Europe. However, certain types of restaurant (e.g., Japanese, Thai, Indian, and Latin American) already offer a wide range of gluten-free menu options, and many major restaurant chains have responded to growing awareness of celiac disease by posting information about the gluten content of their menu items on their websites.
It is important for coeliacs to understand that one does not "get over" coeliac disease; it is present for life. As coeliac disease has become better understood, the availability of gluten-free replacements for everyday treats such as muffins, bagels, pasta and the like has continually improved, as has their quality. This positive trend shows no sign of slowing, so it will become easier and easier to manage a gluten-free diet.
===Coeliacs and the Eucharist===
The [[Christianity|Christian]] [[sacrament]] of the [[Eucharist]] presents a unique challenge for [[Christian]] sufferers of coeliac disease. In its classical form, the bread and/or communion wafers have traditionally contained wheat flour, and therefore gluten. Coeliacs are therefore presented with a choice between denying themselves a central part of their religious practice or placing themselves at risk of serious illness. In response to this, some makers of communion wafers have begun making gluten-free versions (usually made of [[rice]]), which are now widely available. Many churches permit (or have no official policy on) use of these wafers, while other churches do not allow them.
In particular, [[Roman Catholic]] [[doctrine]] requires that the Eucharistic host (communion wafer) must contain at least some [[Leavening agent|unleavened]] wheat, as did the bread served at the [[Last Supper]]. The Catholic Church has approved the use of low-gluten wafers, but even these are not gluten-free. Some Catholic coeliac sufferers have requested permission to use rice wafers; these petitions have so far been denied {{fn|2}}.
Official Roman Catholic doctrine is that a Catholic may validly receive communion by consuming either the consecrated host or the consecrated wine (or both). Because Christ is risen, his Body and Blood are reunited; therefore each sip of consecrated wine is both the Body & Blood, as much as each host is also both the Body & Blood. In both cases, the accidents of bread and wine remain (see [[Transubstantiation]]). The [[Council of Trent]] decreed that all of Christ, his Body, Blood, Soul, & Divinity are fully present in each species:
:''For we do not receive in the Sacred Host one part of Christ and in the Chalice the other, as though our reception of the totality depended upon our partaking of both forms; on the contrary, under the appearance of bread alone, as well as under the appearance of wine alone, we receive Christ whole and entire (cf. Council of Trent, Sess. XIII, can. iii).''
Therefore, since any Catholic can receive the Eucharist in the "fullness of the sacrament" (Catechism, Section 1390) simply in a sip of consecrated wine (even an approved low-[[alcohol]] wine), even those who cannot safely consume wheat (or indeed, any other grain) can safely partake of the Eucharist.
The [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Church]] also requires that the bread used at the [[Eucharist]] be made with wheat flour; here the bread is [[Leavening agent|leavened]] with [[yeast]]. In the Orthodox practice, the consecrated bread and wine are given together from a [[chalice]] with a spoon. Some Orthodox coeliac sufferers have been able to receive communion simply by having the [[priest]] take only wine in the spoon; others, more sensitive to wheat, have had to have some of the wine set aside before the bread is added to the chalice. This latter case is extremely unusual, and is strictly speaking only permissible with the [[blessing]] of the diocesan [[bishop]]. While the Orthodox do not have such an explicit rationale as the Roman Catholic Church, their general understanding is that, in the case of exceptions made for the sake of [[Economy (Eastern Orthodoxy)|Economy]], the [[Holy Spirit]] makes up whatever is lacking.
===Coeliacs and Passover===
The Jewish festival of [[Passover|Pesach]] (Passover) also presents problems with its obligation to eat [[matzo]]. Matzo is normally made from wheat or other gluten-containing grains. People with coeliac disease often rely on matzo baked from strains of oats bred for lack of gluten. The festival can be very limiting, as matzo meal (fine-ground matzo) is used as a replacement for flour in many products to avoid other stringencies of the festival.
==Footnotes==
* {{fnb|1}} {{cite journal|author= Norris JM, Barriga K, Hoffenberg EJ, Taki I, Miao D, Haas JE, Emery LM, Sokol RJ, Erlich HA, Eisenbarth GS, Rewers M.|title=Risk of celiac disease autoimmunity and timing of gluten introduction in the diet of infants at increased risk of disease.|journal=JAMA|year=2005|volume=293|issue=19|pages=2343-2351 | id=PMID 15900004}}.
* {{fnb|2}} Dieterich W, Ehnis T, Bauer M, Donner P, Volta U, Riecken EO, Schuppan D. Identification of tissue transglutaminase as the autoantigen of celiac disease. Nat Med 1997;3:797-801. PMID 9212111.
* {{fnb|3}} For a recent example detailing the complexities of Coeliac disease and the Catholic Church, see [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5762478/ this Associated Press article].
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== См. также ==
* [[Наследственные заболевания]]
* [[Список наследственных заболеваний]]
* [[Безглютеновая диета]]
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* [[Dermatitis herpetiformis]]
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* [[Дике, Виллем-Карел|Виллем Дике]], голландский врач, доказавший связь целиакии с мучными продуктами.
== Литература ==
* М. О. Ревновой, И. Э. Романовской «Целиакия: болезнь или образ жизни?»
== Примечания ==
{{Примечания}}
== Внешние ссылки ==
* http://ru.celiac.wikia.com - внесите свой вклад в написание справочника о социальных аспектах целиакии на русском языке
* http://kronportal.ru/celiac Сайт-сообщество людей с целиакией
* [http://www.kronportal.ru/forum/forumdisplay.php?f=76 Форум для людей с целиакией]
* http://www.rusmedserv.com/childgastro/coel.htm - библиография по целиакии
* [http://www.celiac.spb.ru «Эмилия» — Санкт-Петербургское общество больных целиакией]
* [http://celiac-ukraine.com Украинское общество больных целиакией]
Далее на англ. языке:
* [http://www.celiac.org/ Фонд общества больных целиакией — The Celiac Disease Foundation]
* [http://www.celiac.com/ Celiac.com]
* [http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/archives/celiac.html Archives of CELIAC@MAELSTROM.STJOHNS.EDU Listserv]
* [http://www.enabling.org/ia/celiac/cel-hla.html Генетика заболевания — The Genetics of Celiac Disease]
* [http://www.alphanutrition.com/celiac/celiacbrain.htm Проблемы психокоррекции при целиакии — Psychological Disorders and Celiac Disease]
* [http://www.celiac.com/cgi-bin/webc.cgi/st_prod.html?p_prodid=185&p_catid=12&sid=91hH9H1ET5Ex0ET-35105365002.92 Нежелательные продукты при целиакии — Foods and Ingredients That Celiacs Must Avoid]
* [http://www.enabling.org/ia/celiac/diag-tst.html#Common%20Questions%20and%20Answers%20on%20Serologic%20Tests Вопросы серологической диагностики — Q&A on Serological Testing and Celiac Disease]
* [http://www.usccb.org/liturgy/celiasprue.shtml Целиакия и причастие — A Short Introduction to Holy Communion and Celiac Sprue Disease] from the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]]
* [http://www.glutafin.co.uk/en/info_coeliac-disease.asp Coeliac Disease] Рецепты для лиц с целиакией — information and recipes for people with coeliac disease.]
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category:Gluten-free_recipes Безглютеновые рецепты]
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{{Типы аллергических реакций}}
[[Категория:Аутоиммунные заболевания]]
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[[ar:داء بطني]]
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[[en:Coeliac disease]]
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[[fa:بیماری سلیاک]]
[[fi:Keliakia]]
[[fr:Maladie cœliaque]]
[[he:צליאק]]
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[[ja:セリアック病]]
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[[no:Cøliaki]]
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[[pl:Celiakia]]
[[pt:Doença celíaca]]
[[ro:Celiachie]]
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[[simple:Coeliac disease]]
[[sk:Celiakia]]
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[[sr:Целијачна болест]]
[[sv:Glutenintolerans]]
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{{Болезнь |
Name = {{PAGENAME}}|
Image = Coeliac path.jpg|
Caption = Биопсия тонкого книшечника у больного с целиакией. Видна уплощенная форма ворсинок, лейкоцитарная инфильтрация и гиперплазия крипт.|
DiseasesDB = 2922 |
ICD10 = {{ICD10|K|90|0|k|90}} |
ICD9 = {{ICD9|579.0}} |
ICDO = |
OMIM = 212750 |
MedlinePlus = 000233 |
eMedicineSubj = med |
eMedicineTopic = 308 |
eMedicine_mult = |
}}
'''Целиакия'''(глютеновая энтеропатия) — [[наследственные заболевания|наследственное заболевание]], нарушение [[пищеварение|пищеварения]], вызванное повреждением ворсинок [[тонкая кишка|тонкой кишки]] некоторыми пищевыми продуктами, содержащими определённые [[белок|белки]] — [[глютен]] ([[клейковина]]) и близкими к нему белками [[злаки|злаков]] ([[авенин (белок)|авенин]], [[гордеин]] и др.) — в таких злаках, как [[пшеница]], [[рожь]], [[ячмень]] и [[овёс]].
Имеет смешанный [[Аутоиммунное заболевание|аутоиммунный]], аллергический, наследственный [[генез]], наследуется по [[аутосомно-доминантный|аутосомно-доминантному]] типу.
Синонимы: болезнь Ги — Гертера — Гейбнера, глютенэнтеропатия, кишечный инфантилизм (Coeliac disease, ''non-tropical sprue'', ''c(o)eliac sprue'', ''gluten enteropathy'' and ''gluten intolerance'').
В первом столетии новой эры Aretaios Kappadozien и Aurelian описали хроническую диарею и стеаторею у детей и женщин и назвали болезнь «Morbus coeliacus». Классические симптомы целиакии у детей – диарею, истощение, анемию и отставание в развитии – опубликовал в 1888 г. Samuel Gee, врач Бартоломеевского госпиталя в Лондоне. В 1950 г. голландский педиатр W.K. Dicke впервые связал причину целиакии у детей с глютеном – растворимой в алкоголе фракцией белка, содержащейся в пшенице. В 1952 г. G. McIver и J. French впервые успешно применили аглютеновую диету для лечения этого заболевания.
==Общие сведения==
Ранее считалось, что целиакия встречается довольно редко - с частотой 1:3000. Современные скрининговые исследования населения показали, что ген, ответственный за предрасположенность к целиакии встречается довольно часто - примерно у 0,5-1% населения <ref>(Catassi C; G. Fanciulli; A. R. D’Appello et al. Antiendomysium versus Antigliadin Antibodies in Screening the General Population for Coeliac Disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2000; 95: 7: 732 – 736)</ref>. Типичная целиакия с тяжелыми нарушениями всасывания действительно встречается редко. У преобладающего большинства выявляются внекишечные манифестации: [[железодефицитная анемия]], афтозный стоматит, дерматит Дюринга, [[остеопороз]], маленький рост, задержка полового развития, [[бесплодие]], аутоиммунный сахарный диабет 1 типа и др. [15]. Подобная скрытая и субклиническая формы встречаются примерно на порядок чаще типичной классической целиакии.
По всей России созданы общества, целью которых является помощь семьям, оказавшимся в такой ситуации и реабилитация детей в обществе.
== [[Этиология]] ==
Механизм [[Патология|патологического]] взаимодействия [[глютен]]а со слизистой оболочкой до конца не ясен. Предполагается наличие [[фермент]]ного дефекта — отсутствие или недостаточность [[глиадинаминопептидаза|глиадинаминопептидазы]] или другого [[фермент]]а, участвующего в расщеплении [[глютен]]а. Важную роль играет иммунологическая реакция (гуморальная и клеточная) на [[глютен]], происходящая в собственном слое слизистой оболочки [[Тонкая кишка|тонкой кишки]].
Согласно научным представлениям, сложившимся в XX столетии, целиакия (глютеновая энтеропатия) является генетически детерминированным заболеванием тонкой кишки, связанным с одной из фракций растительного белка глютена–глиадином. У лиц, предрасположенных к целиакии, глиадин повреждает слизистую оболочку тонкой кишки и приводит к атрофии и тяжелому нарушению всасывания. Имеются доказательства, что овес при длительном употреблении не вызывает атрофии и может включаться в диету больных целиакией.
При целиакии нарушена структура HLA–области на хромосоме 6. У больных целиакией имеется почти идентичный HLA DQ2 половой гетеродимер. Люди, имеющие DR17, несут ассоциированные с заболеванием DQ аллели на той же хромосоме, что и DR17.
Установлено, что Т–лимфоциты слизистой оболочки тонкой кишки узнают только те пептиды глиадина, которые относятся к DQ молекулам и обладают свойствами антигенов. В ответ на присутствие последних значительно возрастает количество глиадин–специфических интраэпителиальных g/l форм Т–лимфоцитов CD4+ и СD8+. Узнавание антигена ведет к повышению продукции цитокинов. В биоптатах тощей кишки больных нелеченной целиакией повышена концентрация IL–10 mRNA, а содержание интерферона mRNA увеличено на 2–3 порядка.
== [[Патогенез]] ==
Целиакия характеризуется нарушением кишечного всасывания, суб- или атрофией слизистой оболочки тонкой кишки, положительной реакцией на аглютеновую диету (исключение из пищи продуктов из [[злак]]ов, содержащих [[глютен]]).
Среди клинических вариантов следует выделять истинную целиакию и [[синдром]] целиакии, который может развиться при самых разнообразных заболеваниях кишечника (аномалии развития, инфекции, продолжительный приём антибиотиков и др.). Начало целиакии нередко совпадает с введением в пищевой рацион ребенка [[прикорм]]ов, содержащих мучные изделия. Поэтому заболевают чаще дети в возрасте 6-12 мес. Этот период особенно опасен в плане провокации целиакии.
Появляется учащённый пенистый стул, обильный, с резким запахом, светлый или с сероватым оттенком, жирный. В кале, как правило, не обнаруживается патогенная кишечная микрофлора. Лечение [[диспепсия|диспепсии]] обычными средствами (антибиотики, ферментные препараты, редукция в питании и др.) эффекта не дает. Ребёнок становится вялым, бледным, теряет массу тела, снижается аппетит. Постепенно развивается [[дистрофия]] и дети приобретают типичный для целиакии вид: резкое истощение, потухший взгляд, яркие слизистые оболочки, огромных размеров живот. В ряде случаев развиваются отёки на нижних конечностях, нередки спонтанные переломы костей. Определяется псевдоасцит (скопление жидкости в атоничном кишечнике). Далее присоединяются симптомы поливитаминной недостаточности (сухость кожи, стоматит, дистрофия зубов, ногтей, волос и др.).
Как правило, при целиакии, особенно при длительном её течении, имеет место нарушенное всасывание дисахаров, жиров, витаминов, железа, кальция, нарушается транспорт цистина, обмен триптофана, то есть речь идет об универсальной мальабсорбции. В связи с этим понятен полиморфизм клинической картины. Дети страдают не только физически, но и психически (лабильность настроения, замкнутость, повышенная возбудимость, негативизм). Важным признаком заболевания при длительном его течении является низкорослость.
Течение целиакии волнообразное, нередко присоединяется вторичная инфекция, в ряде случаев решающая судьбу больного.
Распространенность.
До 70–х гг. целиакия считалась редким заболеванием, встречающимся главным образом у европейцев. Распространенность ее по данным эпидемиологических исследований варьировала от 1:6000 до 1:1000 населения.
Представления о распространенности целиакии изменились, когда в 80–х гг. для ее диагностики стали применять серологические методы. Сначала они основывались на определении антиглиадиновых антител (АГА) в IgG, IgM и IgA. Этот метод использовали для выявления целиакии в группах с высоким риском болезни в общей популяции населения. Они недорогие, имеют достаточно высокую чувствительность, но не могут считаться полностью специфичными для целиакии. Поэтому всем лицам с повышенным титром АГА проводят биопсию, результаты которой позволяют выявлять у некоторых из них целиакию. Вскоре появились более специфические и чувствительные способы, основанные на определении антител к ретикулину и эндомизию – тканям слизистой оболочки тонкой кишки. Например, тест с IgA эндомизиальными антителами (ЭMA) очень чувствительный (93–98%) и специфический (99–100%). Однако он не нашел широкого применения из–за сложности получения материала, содержащего эндомизий, от обезьян и приматов. Поэтому идентифицирована тканевая трансглютаминаза (ТТГ) – основной антиген эндомизия. Тест с ТТГ имеет чувствительность 95–98% и специфичность 94–95%, которые сравнимы со стандартным ЭMA тестом. Для теста с ТТГ используется ТТГ антиген, получаемый у морской свинки. Тесты с ЭМА и ТТГ считаются строго специфичными для целиакии, но окончательный диагноз болезни, учитывая необходимость пожизненного соблюдения аглютеновой диеты, должен быть обязательно подтвержден гистологическим исследованием слизистой оболочки тонкой кишки.
Массовые исследования АГА, АЭА или антител к ТТГ с последующим гистологическим изучением дуоденальных биоптатов у лиц с положительными серологическими тестами показали, что на самом деле целиакия должна быть отнесена к довольно распространенным заболеваниям тонкой кишки. Частота ее достигает 1:200–1:100. Типичная целиакия с тяжелыми нарушениями всасывания действительно встречается редко. У преобладающего большинства диарея и симптомы малабсорбции отсутствуют, но выявляется внекишечные манифестации: железодефицитная анемия, афтозный стоматит, дерматит Дюринга, остеопороз, маленький рост, задержка полового развития, бесплодие, инсулин–зависимый диабет и др. Подобная скрытая и субклиническая формы встречаются примерно на порядок чаще типичной классической целиакии.
С помощью серологических тестов установлено, что особенно часто скрытая или малосимптомная целиакия встречается у ближайших родственников больных глютеновой энтеропатией. У части из них выявляется так называемая потенциальная целиакия (предболезнь), при которой единственным признаком являлось повышенное количество Т–лимфоцитов в поверхностном эпителии тонкой кишки с большой долей среди них и субпопуляций. Обследование больных инсулин–зависимым диабетом позволило выявить у 6,4% из них бессимптомную целиакию.
== Диагностика ==
Состояние часто диагностируется с большим опозданием, несмотря на следующее утверждение:
<blockquote>«Диагностика целиакии, если помнить об этом заболевании, нетрудна. Совокупность данных [[анамнез]]а, характерного вида больного и стула достаточны для постановки предположительного диагноза целиакии. Если на фоне аглютеновой диеты улучшается состояние больного, а погрешность в диете ведёт к появлению характерного для целиакии стула, диагноз почти не вызывает сомнений. Уточнение диагноза возможно при тщательном копрологическом исследовании (наличие в кале большого количества жирных кислот и мыл), биохимическом исследовании крови (гипопротеинемия, гипоальбуминемия, снижение концентрации холестерина и липидов, гипокальциемия, гипофосфатемия, гипосидеринемия и др.), рентгенологическом исследовании (остеопороз, горизонтальные уровни в петлях кишок, дискинезия кишечника). Окончательный диагноз устанавливается при металогическом анализе биоптатов слизистой оболочки тонкой кишки{{Нет АИ|18|05|2009}}».
</blockquote>
Дифференциальный диагноз проводят с кишечной формой [[муковисцидоз]]а, [[дисахаридазная недостаточность|дисахаридазной недостаточностью]], аномалиями желудочно-кишечного тракта.
Чаще всего ложно-положительный диагноз встречается при таких заболеваниях, как [[диарея]], [[синдром раздражённого кишечника]].
=== Объективные исследования ===
[[Изображение:Celiac 3.jpg|Эндоскопическая картина двенадцатиперстной кишки больного целиакией.|thumb]]
Золотой стандарт в диагностике целиакии — [[эндоскопия]] с [[биопсия|биопсией]] и серодиагностика:
антиглиадиновые антитела, IgA-антитела к эндомизию, антиретикулиновые антитела.
http://www.celiac.com/articles/22151/1/A-Systematic-Review-of-Diagnostic-Testing-for-Celiac-Disease-Among-Patients-With-Abdominal-Symptoms-/Page1.html
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of the distal [[duodenum]] or [[jejunum]]. To avoid false negative results, the first endoscopy must be done while the patient is on a normal, gluten-containing diet or very shortly after going on a gluten-free diet. Sometimes the endoscopy is repeated after the patient has been on a gluten-free diet, in order to ensure that the bowel has healed. However, upper endoscopy always carries a risk of false negative results. This is because coeliac disease may or may not damage villi throughout the entire small intestine, and upper endoscopy only examines the upper part of the intestine. In a patient whose intestinal damage is located further down, the biopsy may come back negative. If the endoscopy is positive the diagnosis is confirmed, but if it is negative, the diagnosis is not necessarily excluded.
[[Serology]] has been proposed as a screening measure, because the presence in the blood of [[IgA]] [[antibody|antibodies]] reactive against [[gliaden]] and [[Transglutaminase|tissue transglutaminase]] is indicative of coeliac disease. Like the endoscopy, these tests are not accurate in patients who have been on a gluten-free diet for some time; they must be performed while the person is on a normal diet or within a few months after eliminating gluten from the diet. A thorough workup includes four tests:
* Anti-tissue transglutaminase Antibody (tTG), IgA. This test is sometimes used alone. If this test is positive it is highly likely that the patient has celiac disease. tTG test is not reliable in children before the age of 2.
* Anti-gliadin antibodies (AGA), IgG and IgA. These tests are often useful when testing young symptomatic children, but they are found in fewer coeliacs than Anti-tTG, and their presence does not automatically indicate coeliac disease because they are found in some other disorders. Some people have an [[IgA deficiency]]. They are unable to mount an IgA response to any antigen and will have [[false negative]] tests for the IgA type celiac tests.
* Anti-endomysial antibodies (EMA), IgA. This test is being replaced by the Anti-tTG test because both tests measure the autoantibodies that cause the tissue damage associated with coeliac disease. Many physicians still order this test. This test as tTG test is also not reliable in children before the age of 2.
An older test, the Anti-reticulin antibodies (ARA), IgA. IgA Anti-ARA is not ordered as frequently as it once was, because it is less sensitive and less specific than the other tests. It is found in about 60% of people with coeliac disease and 25% of those with dermatitis herpetiformis.
Many doctors will not consider positive blood tests as definitive proof of coeliac disease, but will still require biopsy confirmation. A growing minority consider coeliac disease to be diagnosed where the patient has positive blood tests and shows improved symptoms after the adoption of a gluten-free diet. Because upper endoscopies are expensive and may produce false negative results, this group of doctors considers serology tests and a positive response to eliminating gluten from the diet to be sufficient for diagnosis. The problem with this approach is that patients later commonly want to know if they really have Celiac disease and need to be gluten restricted. A diagnosis with biopsy confirmation at the time of initial diagnosis eliminates this common clinical problem. A small minority of doctors advocate gluten-free diets even for symptom-free patients who have not had an endoscopy but have had a positive blood test, because some confirmed coeliacs are completely symptom-free throughout their lives; in symptom-free patients, the purpose of the diet is to avoid nutritional deficiencies, osteoporosis, and intestinal lymphoma.
Other tests that may assist in the diagnosis are a [[full blood count]], [[electrolyte]]s, [[renal function]] and [[liver enzyme]]s. [[Coagulation]] testing may be useful to identify deficiency of [[vitamin K]], which predisposes patients to [[hemorrhage]].
correct
===Биопсия===
The standard changes seen under dissecting microscope are loss of villous height and hypertrophy of the crypts. There is often some degree of inflammation with inflammatory cells ([[plasma cells]] and [[lymphocytes]]) seen in the [[lamina propria]].
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== Лечение ==
Лечение целиакии комплексное. Основа лечения — пожизненное соблюдение аглютеновой диеты (исключается хлеб, [[сухари]], печенье, кондитерские мучные и макаронные изделия, паштеты, колбасы). Дети хорошо переносят картофель, фрукты, овощи, кукурузную, рисовую и соевую муку, растительные жиры, мясо и рыбу и др. В мире налажен промышленный выпуск аглютеновых продуктов (фирмы "Dr. Shar" Италия, "Glutano" Германия, "Finax" Швеция, "Molias" Финляндия и др.)
При соблюдении аглютеновой диеты масса тела больных начинает восстанавливаться через 3 нед. Гистологические изменения в кишечнике начинают исчезать спустя 2-2,5 года.
Одновременно с назначением аглютеновой диеты проводят симптоматическую терапию: витамины, препараты кальция, железа, ферментные препараты, пробиотики, массаж, гимнастика и др. Дети, страдающие целиакией, должны находиться на диспансерном наблюдении.
Прогноз при соблюдении диеты и правильном лечении благоприятный.
Следует учитывать, что крахмал, содержащий следы глютена, может быть компонентом многих пищевых продуктов и лекарственных средств. Поэтому, при жёсткой диете, необходим контроль и за отсутствием крахмала в составе оболочек таблеток, принимаемых для терапии тех или иных проблем.
=== Общества ===
В последние десятилетия больные метаболическими заболеваниями объединяются в общества, цель которых - помочь друг другу путём обмена информацией, оказание материальной поддержки, лоббирование интересов данной категории больных в обществе.
=== Съезды и конференции ===
* 17 мая 2008 года в третий раз в г. Санкт Петербурге проводился Международный День Целиакии.
* 23 мая 2009 года второй раз в г. Киеве проводился Международный День Целиакии на Украине
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is a digestive disorder in genetically-predisposed individuals. The only susceptibility [[locus]] established is the [[HLA-DQ]]. It is characterised by damage or flattening to all or part of the [[villi]] lining the [[small intestine]], causing [[scar tissue]] that cannot absorb nutrients.
==Signs and symptoms==
Damage to the villi reduces the ability of the intestines to absorb nutrients, and it is believed that the resulting nutritional deficiencies likely cause the wide spectrum of symptoms associated with the disorder. Coeliac disease may lead to digestive problems, such as [[indigestion]], [[heartburn]] and [[irritable bowel syndrome]], unexplained weight loss or other signs of nutritional deficiency due to [[malabsorption]], and a wide range of other problems in different bodily systems, including the [[nervous system]], the heart, and the teeth and bones.
Other symptoms can include [[dermatitis]] (an itchy rash), diarrhea, excessive tiredness or fatigue, aching in joints and a general feeling of being unwell.
Coeliacs (people with coeliac disease) may also be symptom-free, but they are still doing damage to their small intestines. Regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms, the disorder is associated with an increased risk of [[osteoporosis]] and MALT lymphoma, a form of [[intestinal cancer]].
Strict adherence to a gluten-free diet typically resolves all symptoms and conditions caused by coeliac disease. In coeliacs who are not on a gluten-free diet, the disease may present through one or more of the following symptoms. The presence of these symptoms does not mean the individual is coeliac. These symptoms are also associated with other diseases, some of which are life-threatening; therefore, patients with these symptoms should promptly consult a doctor for [[differential diagnosis]].
Dietary deficiencies, which may manifest as symptoms in particular body systems (e.g., digestive or nervous system) or may be noticed on routine blood tests, are common in coeliacs. Up to 50% of coeliac disease patients have [[malabsorption]]-related [[diarrhea]] (with bulky, pale, offensive-smelling stools which may float in the toilet bowl). This symptom is known as [[steatorrhea]]. However, some coeliacs suffer from [[constipation]]. Excess [[flatulence]] is common, and some coeliacs also experience infrequent, minor [[rectal bleeding]]. Unexplained [[weight loss]] (or even obesity occasioned by overeating due to cravings for nutrients), [[indigestion]], [[acid reflux]], excessive tiredness (coeliacs have reported falling asleep while driving) and an itchy rash ([[dermatitis]]) may also be a sign of the disorder. Delayed puberty (or short stature prior to adolescence) might also be a symptom. Rarely, coeliacs may experience symtoms similar to those of sinus infections and/or the formation of thick, choking plugs or ropes of mucus that require considerable effort to expel. A low-grade, persistent pain may be present, possibly lessened by eating, which may all too easily be taken for the presence of ulcers.
In young children, the most common symptoms are steatorrhoea, weight loss, abdominal distension, and slow growth/[[failure to thrive]], but irritability, vomiting and tiredness are common. It has been suggested that some cases of [[autism]] may be caused by coeliac disease.
In adults, the symptoms of coeliac disease may be mistaken for [[irritable bowel syndrome]] (IBS) or an [[inflammatory bowel disease]] such as [[Crohn's disease]]. However, coeliac disease is also associated with [[anemia]], [[cardiomyopathy]], [[depression (mood)|depression]], [[fatigue]] and "mental fog," dental problems (see below), adverse pregnancy outcome (particularly miscarriage), peripheral [[neuropathy]], and according to some studies, [[schizophrenia]]. A very high proportion of patients diagnosed with [[dermatitis herpetiformis]] are coeliacs.
Selective dietary deficiencies such as [[Iron deficiency (medicine)|dietary iron deficiency]], [[vitamin B12]] deficiency, [[osteoporosis]] (due to [[Vitamin D]] and [[calcium in biology|calcium]] malabsorption), poor [[thyroid]] function, or other secondary dietary deficiencies may be the sole symptom (predominantly in older patients), or found in addition to diarrhea or weight loss. Some coeliacs experience dental problems as a result of malabsorption of nutrients essential for dental health. Coeliacs who have dental symptoms typically have [[tooth enamel]] problems, which manifest primarily as discoloration and/or severe [[tooth decay]]. A pattern of [[symmetrical]] decay is particularly associated with coeliac disease.
==Causes==
The cause is [[as of 2005|presently]] presumed to be:
* Partly a [[genetics|genetic]] susceptibility to the illness.
* Together with an environmental agent, probably a [[virus]] or other infection, but stress and pregnancy have also been invoked as possible triggers.
* It is associated with other [[autoimmune disease]]s; these diseases are also probably a combination of susceptibility and infection.
* Possible exposure to gluten as a young baby before the gut barrier has developed fully (although this is still subject to further research).
Autoantigens are probably of major importance in the pathogenesis of coeliac disease (transglutaminase), a trait it shares with many other autoimmune diseases; thyroiditis: thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase; multiple sclerosis: myelic basic protein, etc.). To some extent infectious agents may increase the risk of certain autoimmune diseases (e.g. [[Coxsackie B]] in type 1 diabetes). However, in the case of coeliac disease, there are few proofs of infections triggering coeliac disease.
Some researchers have suggested that smoking is protective against coeliac disease. Results on this topic are however inconsistent, and smoking cannot be recommended as a means to avoid developing coeliac disease.
The timing of the first exposure to gluten is also thought to be important. Children who were exposed to gluten between the ages of four and six months were less likely to exhibit coeliac disease later in life{{fn|1}}.
In July 2005, University of Colorado scientists published information on their studies, which indicated that exposure to gluten in the first three months of a baby's life increased the risk of coeliac disease five-fold. This is believed to be a result of gluten crossing the baby's relatively undeveloped gut barrier. However, after the baby is six months old, the risk appears to be less. There is ongoing research in this area.
Coeliac disease has been identified in some diabetics or people suffering from milk allergies; there is some debate in medical circles as to whether these conditions are linked to gut damage caused by the disease.
==Pathophysiology==
Antibodies to the enzyme [[tissue transglutaminase]] (tTG) are found in an overwhelming majority of cases, and cross-react to gluten{{fn|2}}. This has led to the theory that they cause the autoimmune attack on the bowel lining (which is high in tTG), prompted by the continuous stimulation by gluten. This reaction happens almost exclusively in patients with [[human leukocyte antigen]] types DQ2 and DQ8, which is inherited in families. Over 95% of patients carry one or both of these genes. About 20% of normal people carry HLA-DQ2, which raises the question of what other factors cause a subgroup of those patients to develop coeliac disease.
The inflammatory process leads to disruption of the structure and function of the small bowel's mucosa, and causes [[malabsorption]] (it impairs the body's ability to absorb [[nutrient]]s and fat-soluble [[vitamin]]s A, D, E and K from [[food]]).
The targets of the immunologic response are [[gliadin]], [[hordein]], and [[secalin]], [[protein]]s contained in the gluten component of [[wheat]], [[barley]], and [[rye]] respectively. Traditionally, [[oat]]s have been included in the list as well, but some recent studies have brought into question whether this is necessary. [[Maize]] (corn), [[sorghum]], and [[rice]] are safe for a patient to consume. They do not contain gluten and do not trigger the disease.
==Treatment==
The only treatment is a life-long [[gluten-free diet]]. No medications are required, and none have proven useful; trials with [[immunosuppressive]] medicines (to control the bowel inflammation) have been largely unsuccessful. Therefore, coeliacs do not need any medication; the disease can be controlled by strict adherence to a gluten-free diet, which allows the intestines to heal and resolves all symptoms in the vast majority of cases and, depending on how soon the diet is begun, can also eliminate the heightened risk of osteoporosis and intestinal cancer.
In the vast majority of patients, a strict [[gluten-free diet]] will relieve the symptoms. A tiny minority of patients suffer from refractory sprue, which means they do not improve on a gluten-free diet. This may be because the disease has been present for so long that the intestines are no longer able to heal. In other patients, the intestinal damage of coeliac disease may have been aggravated by other problems, such as intolerance to the dietary proteins found in [[Egg (food)|eggs]], [[milk]], or [[soy]]. Just as a person who is allergic to cats may also happen to be allergic to pollen, a patient with coeliac disease may also happen to have other food intolerances that cause similar symptoms. In rare cases only the complete removal of members of the [[Gramineae]] family of plants from the diet will bring about recovery from symptoms.
==Epidemiology==
Susceptibility to coeliac disease is genetic and many cases are diagnosed in childhood, but the disease can be triggered by environmental factors at any point in life. With 1 in 250 people diagnosed, Italy has one of the highest rates of coeliac disease. It is also estimated that 1 in 250 Americans have the disease, with Italian-Americans and Irish-Americans having the highest incidence. People of African, Japanese, and Chinese descent are rarely diagnosed with the disease.
It is estimated that 1 in every 133 to 500 persons (up to 3 million) in the United States and Europe are affected by coeliac disease. The disease is not limited to those of European origin; it is found in other races, but the prevalence is not known. Coeliac disease is more common in women than in men. In symptomatic adults, the average delay between onset of symptoms and diagnosis is estimated at 11 years. This lengthy delay appears to be caused by the variety of symptoms associated with the disease, the fact that some coeliacs have no digestive-tract symptoms at all, and lack of widespread, up-to-date information among doctors.
[[Epidemiology|Epidemiologically]], the disease predominates in [[Northern Europe]]an populations. Estimates of its frequency among people of European origin range from 1 in 300 to 1 in 500. Some studies indicate that among the Irish, the frequency may be as high as 1 in 133. Because it is partly genetic, doctors commonly recommend that the [[first-degree relatives]] of diagnosed coeliacs should be tested for the disorder even if they are symptom-free.
There is an increased risk of intestinal T-cell [[lymphoma]] and osteoporosis in untreated cases. In recent years it has also become more evident that coeliac disease in the pregnant mother could have an adverse effect on the foetus. Offspring to mothers with undiagnosed (and untreated) coeliac disease are more often preterm and low birth weight (weigh less than 2500 grams/5 pounds at birth) than offspring to mothers without coeliac disease. This may be due to the mother's inability to absorb all the nutrients she eats. In children of women with coeliac disease and a gluten-free treatment there seems to be no such risk increase. Women with coeliac disease have fertility similar to that of the general female population, but they often have their babies at an older age.
A number of patients with other diseases are often screened for coeliac disease, including patients with type 1 diabetes, Down's syndrome, Turner's syndrome, [[irritable bowel syndrome]], [[Lupus erythematosus|lupus]], and autoimmune thyroid disease.
==Social impact==
===Lifelong diet===
The lifelong diet can be difficult and socially troublesome, especially in young patients, but it is crucial in order to avoid serious health consequences. Teenagers in particular occasionally rebel against the dietary strictures and suffer relapses or complications as a result. The widespread use of wheat byproducts in prepared food, soups and sauces can make dining out problematic. This is especially true in the United States, where celiac disease is less widely-known among the wider population than it is in Europe. However, certain types of restaurant (e.g., Japanese, Thai, Indian, and Latin American) already offer a wide range of gluten-free menu options, and many major restaurant chains have responded to growing awareness of celiac disease by posting information about the gluten content of their menu items on their websites.
It is important for coeliacs to understand that one does not "get over" coeliac disease; it is present for life. As coeliac disease has become better understood, the availability of gluten-free replacements for everyday treats such as muffins, bagels, pasta and the like has continually improved, as has their quality. This positive trend shows no sign of slowing, so it will become easier and easier to manage a gluten-free diet.
===Coeliacs and the Eucharist===
The [[Christianity|Christian]] [[sacrament]] of the [[Eucharist]] presents a unique challenge for [[Christian]] sufferers of coeliac disease. In its classical form, the bread and/or communion wafers have traditionally contained wheat flour, and therefore gluten. Coeliacs are therefore presented with a choice between denying themselves a central part of their religious practice or placing themselves at risk of serious illness. In response to this, some makers of communion wafers have begun making gluten-free versions (usually made of [[rice]]), which are now widely available. Many churches permit (or have no official policy on) use of these wafers, while other churches do not allow them.
In particular, [[Roman Catholic]] [[doctrine]] requires that the Eucharistic host (communion wafer) must contain at least some [[Leavening agent|unleavened]] wheat, as did the bread served at the [[Last Supper]]. The Catholic Church has approved the use of low-gluten wafers, but even these are not gluten-free. Some Catholic coeliac sufferers have requested permission to use rice wafers; these petitions have so far been denied {{fn|2}}.
Official Roman Catholic doctrine is that a Catholic may validly receive communion by consuming either the consecrated host or the consecrated wine (or both). Because Christ is risen, his Body and Blood are reunited; therefore each sip of consecrated wine is both the Body & Blood, as much as each host is also both the Body & Blood. In both cases, the accidents of bread and wine remain (see [[Transubstantiation]]). The [[Council of Trent]] decreed that all of Christ, his Body, Blood, Soul, & Divinity are fully present in each species:
:''For we do not receive in the Sacred Host one part of Christ and in the Chalice the other, as though our reception of the totality depended upon our partaking of both forms; on the contrary, under the appearance of bread alone, as well as under the appearance of wine alone, we receive Christ whole and entire (cf. Council of Trent, Sess. XIII, can. iii).''
Therefore, since any Catholic can receive the Eucharist in the "fullness of the sacrament" (Catechism, Section 1390) simply in a sip of consecrated wine (even an approved low-[[alcohol]] wine), even those who cannot safely consume wheat (or indeed, any other grain) can safely partake of the Eucharist.
The [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Church]] also requires that the bread used at the [[Eucharist]] be made with wheat flour; here the bread is [[Leavening agent|leavened]] with [[yeast]]. In the Orthodox practice, the consecrated bread and wine are given together from a [[chalice]] with a spoon. Some Orthodox coeliac sufferers have been able to receive communion simply by having the [[priest]] take only wine in the spoon; others, more sensitive to wheat, have had to have some of the wine set aside before the bread is added to the chalice. This latter case is extremely unusual, and is strictly speaking only permissible with the [[blessing]] of the diocesan [[bishop]]. While the Orthodox do not have such an explicit rationale as the Roman Catholic Church, their general understanding is that, in the case of exceptions made for the sake of [[Economy (Eastern Orthodoxy)|Economy]], the [[Holy Spirit]] makes up whatever is lacking.
===Coeliacs and Passover===
The Jewish festival of [[Passover|Pesach]] (Passover) also presents problems with its obligation to eat [[matzo]]. Matzo is normally made from wheat or other gluten-containing grains. People with coeliac disease often rely on matzo baked from strains of oats bred for lack of gluten. The festival can be very limiting, as matzo meal (fine-ground matzo) is used as a replacement for flour in many products to avoid other stringencies of the festival.
==Footnotes==
* {{fnb|1}} {{cite journal|author= Norris JM, Barriga K, Hoffenberg EJ, Taki I, Miao D, Haas JE, Emery LM, Sokol RJ, Erlich HA, Eisenbarth GS, Rewers M.|title=Risk of celiac disease autoimmunity and timing of gluten introduction in the diet of infants at increased risk of disease.|journal=JAMA|year=2005|volume=293|issue=19|pages=2343-2351 | id=PMID 15900004}}.
* {{fnb|2}} Dieterich W, Ehnis T, Bauer M, Donner P, Volta U, Riecken EO, Schuppan D. Identification of tissue transglutaminase as the autoantigen of celiac disease. Nat Med 1997;3:797-801. PMID 9212111.
* {{fnb|3}} For a recent example detailing the complexities of Coeliac disease and the Catholic Church, see [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5762478/ this Associated Press article].
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== См. также ==
* [[Наследственные заболевания]]
* [[Список наследственных заболеваний]]
* [[Безглютеновая диета]]
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* [[Dermatitis herpetiformis]]
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* [[Дике, Виллем-Карел|Виллем Дике]], голландский врач, доказавший связь целиакии с мучными продуктами.
== Литература ==
* М. О. Ревновой, И. Э. Романовской «Целиакия: болезнь или образ жизни?»
== Примечания ==
{{Примечания}}
== Внешние ссылки ==
* http://ru.celiac.wikia.com - внесите свой вклад в написание справочника о социальных аспектах целиакии на русском языке
* http://kronportal.ru/celiac Сайт-сообщество людей с целиакией
* [http://www.kronportal.ru/forum/forumdisplay.php?f=76 Форум для людей с целиакией]
* http://www.rusmedserv.com/childgastro/coel.htm - библиография по целиакии
* [http://www.celiac.spb.ru «Эмилия» — Санкт-Петербургское общество больных целиакией]
* [http://celiac-ukraine.com Украинское общество больных целиакией]
Далее на англ. языке:
* [http://www.celiac.org/ Фонд общества больных целиакией — The Celiac Disease Foundation]
* [http://www.celiac.com/ Celiac.com]
* [http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/archives/celiac.html Archives of CELIAC@MAELSTROM.STJOHNS.EDU Listserv]
* [http://www.enabling.org/ia/celiac/cel-hla.html Генетика заболевания — The Genetics of Celiac Disease]
* [http://www.alphanutrition.com/celiac/celiacbrain.htm Проблемы психокоррекции при целиакии — Psychological Disorders and Celiac Disease]
* [http://www.celiac.com/cgi-bin/webc.cgi/st_prod.html?p_prodid=185&p_catid=12&sid=91hH9H1ET5Ex0ET-35105365002.92 Нежелательные продукты при целиакии — Foods and Ingredients That Celiacs Must Avoid]
* [http://www.enabling.org/ia/celiac/diag-tst.html#Common%20Questions%20and%20Answers%20on%20Serologic%20Tests Вопросы серологической диагностики — Q&A on Serological Testing and Celiac Disease]
* [http://www.usccb.org/liturgy/celiasprue.shtml Целиакия и причастие — A Short Introduction to Holy Communion and Celiac Sprue Disease] from the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]]
* [http://www.glutafin.co.uk/en/info_coeliac-disease.asp Coeliac Disease] Рецепты для лиц с целиакией — information and recipes for people with coeliac disease.]
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category:Gluten-free_recipes Безглютеновые рецепты]
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[[Категория:Аутоиммунные заболевания]]
[[Категория:Метаболические заболевания]]
[[Категория:Детские болезни]]
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[[ar:داء بطني]]
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[[he:צליאק]]
[[hr:Celijakija]]
[[hu:Lisztérzékenység]]
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[[ja:セリアック病]]
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[[simple:Coeliac disease]]
[[sk:Celiakia]]
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[[sr:Целијачна болест]]
[[sv:Glutenintolerans]]
[[tr:Çölyak hastalığı]]
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