User:Allspig/马斯喀特
此页面介紹的是阿曼的首都及最大城市。关于一款葡萄品種，请见「麝香葡萄」。| 馬斯喀特 مسقط | |
|---|---|
| 城市 | |
 馬斯喀特城門 | |
  馬斯喀特 馬斯喀特於安曼的位置 | |
| 坐标：23°36′N 58°33′E / 23.600°N 58.550°E | |
| Country |  阿曼 |
| 省 | 馬斯喀特 |
| 政府 | |
| • 类型 | 君主專制 |
| • 苏丹 | 卡布斯·本·赛义德·阿勒赛义德 |
| 面积 | |
| • 陸地 | 273.9 平方公里（105.8 平方英里） |
| • 都會區 | 3,797 平方公里（1,466 平方英里） |
| 人口（2017年5月） | 1,560,330人 |
| • 密度 | 450人/平方公里（1,200人/平方英里） |
| • 都會區 | 1,560,330 [1] |
| 时区 | 波斯灣標準時間（GST）（UTC+4） |
| 網站 | Muscat Municipality |
馬斯喀特（阿拉伯语：مسقط，Masqaṭ 發音：[ˈmasqatˤ]）是阿曼蘇丹國的首都和最大城市，也是馬斯喀特省的省政府所在和第一大城市。馬斯喀特是Gamma+級別全球城市。根據阿曼國家統計及資訊中心（National Centre for Statistics and Information，簡稱NCSI），截至2015年9月整個馬斯喀特省的人口達128萬[2]。馬斯喀特都會區佔地約3,500 km2（1,400 sq mi）[3]，並與其餘五個州（阿拉伯语：ولاية，羅馬化：wilayat）共同組成馬斯喀特省。
馬斯喀特早於公元1世紀早期便是阿曼灣以至印度洋西岸的重要貿易港，與東西方都有貿易往來，亦吸引很多外地商旅和殖民者（如波斯人和俾路支人）到來。馬斯喀特歷史上曾被多個當地族群或外來勢力統治過，包括波斯王國、葡萄牙帝國、鄂圖曼帝國和伊比利聯盟。18世紀時作為一支強大的地區軍事勢力，影響力曾遠達東非和桑給巴爾（今坦桑尼亞）。自卡布斯·本·賽義德·阿勒賽義德於1970年代成為蘇丹之後，馬斯喀特的基建發展快速，經濟蓬勃，成為一個多種族的現代化城市。
馬斯喀特南靠嶙峋的西哈傑爾山脈（阿拉伯语：جِـبَـال الْـحَـجَـر，羅馬化：Jibāl al-Ḥajar，「多石的山」），並為該市的重要景觀；北臨阿曼灣和阿拉伯海，接近石油貿易戰略重地霍爾木茲海峽。市區內多見低矮白色民房，而位於馬托拉區的卡布斯蘇丹港（阿拉伯语：ميناء السلطان قابوس，羅馬化：Mina' al Sultan Qabws），濱海大道和現代化港口成了城市東北近郊的一大風景。馬斯喀特的經濟由貿易、石油和港口服務支撐。
名稱來源
[编辑]著名古希臘學者克勞狄烏斯·托勒密在他繪製的《阿拉伯地圖》中標示了Cryptus Portus[4]和Moscha Portus[5]兩處地名，學者們對於哪個才是指馬斯喀特莫衷一是。古希臘和古羅馬學者阿里安也在他的著作《尼阿庫斯的航行》中用了Omana和Moscha兩個地名。解讀阿里安著作的英國牧師威廉·文森特（William Vincent）和法國地理學家及製圖家讓·巴普蒂斯特· 勃艮第·唐維爾（Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville）認為Omana指阿曼，Moscha指馬斯喀特[6]。另外，古羅馬博物學家老普林尼所描述的Amithoscuta相信也是指馬斯喀特[4]。
馬斯喀特 Muscat 一詞的來源並不確定。部份作家認為他來自阿拉伯語 moscha，意為「膨脹的獸皮」或「皮膚」[7]。其他作家認為意思是「錨地」或「泊地」[8]。還有學說認為來自古波斯語，意為「氣味強烈的」[9]；又或來自阿拉伯語「掉下之地」[10]或「隱藏」[11]。
Cryptus Portus 與阿曼 Oman（「隱密之地」）同義。但Ov-man (Omman) 和舊蘇美爾語名 Magan (Maa-kan)，則指阿拉伯的海人。
居於馬斯喀特的人被稱為Muscatter、Muscatian、Muscatite 或 Muscatan。
歷史
[编辑]在馬斯喀特近郊的拉斯哈姆拉（阿拉伯语：راس الحمراء，羅馬化：Ras al-Hamra）出土的漁夫墓地，證明馬斯喀特周邊早於公元前6世紀已有集落活動。墓地結構整齊，而且有埋葬儀式的痕跡。馬斯喀特南部亦曾發現來自印度河流域文明大城哈拉帕的陶器遺跡，顯示當時已經與印度河流域文明有某程度的接觸[12]。馬斯喀特早於公元1世紀便被視為中亞和印度洋上的重要港口，著名古希臘學者托勒密曾稱她為Cryptus Portus （隱藏的港口）[13]。
馬斯喀特在公元3世紀在一場侵略中落入薩珊王朝之手，受沙普爾一世統治[14]，後來於公元7世紀皈依伊斯蘭教。接下來數個世紀，在當地族群阿茲特皇朝（阿拉伯语：أزد，羅馬化：Azd）的影響下，馬斯喀特的重要港口角色與日俱增。公元9世紀建立第一位伊瑪目後，阿曼分散各處的不同部落開始朝著建立一個伊巴德派國家而靠攏。但是，由於部落之間紛爭不斷，來自巴格達的阿拔斯帝國乘機攻佔阿曼並持續佔領至公元11世紀，直至當地部族雅瑪特將他們驅離阿曼為止。雅瑪特族的權力後來轉移至阿茲特納巴伊納族手上，期間包括馬斯喀特在內的沿岸城市，憑著海上貿易和與印度次大陸的緊密盟友關係而大力發展，因而與阿曼內陸的人疏遠。
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葡萄牙帝國海軍將領亞豐素雅布基於1507年航至馬斯喀特，尋求建立貿易關係。但他的船隊還未進港便遭到炮擊，憤怒的雅布基決定攻佔馬斯喀特，戰爭過後，城的大部份都被燒成灰燼。
葡萄牙的統治維持超過一個世紀，期間抵禦了波斯的入侵和1546年鄂圖曼突厥人的轟炸[16]。鄂圖曼為了將葡萄牙趕出印度洋、確保他們可獨攬印度洋海上貿易，曾兩度從葡萄牙人手上攻取馬斯喀特，第一次在1552年，第二次在1581—88年。1624年，納西爾·本·穆爾希德（阿拉伯语：ناصر بن مرشد اليعربي，羅馬化：Nasir bin Murshid Al-Ya'rubi）被推舉為阿曼的伊瑪目，從此阿曼的掌控權又由波斯人和葡萄牙人回到阿曼人手上。1648年8月16日，伊瑪目派兵到馬斯喀特，攻陷並拆毀了葡萄牙人的高塔，削弱了他們的防守力量。最終在1650年，伊瑪目的一小隊精良部隊乘夜攻擊馬斯喀特城，無力抵抗的葡萄牙軍只好於同年1月23日投降[17]。18世紀的一場內戰，加上波斯沙阿納迪爾沙多次侵襲，令阿曼局勢再次變得不穩定，也加深了馬斯喀特和內陸的分裂。趁著此時國內權力真空，由哈馬德·賽義德·布賽迪（阿拉伯语：أحمد بن سعيد البوسعيدي，羅馬化：Ahmad bin Said al-Busaidi）領導的賽義德王朝（阿拉伯语：آل بو سعيد，羅馬化：Al Bu Said）乘勢崛起，並統治阿曼至今[18]。
Muscat's naval and military supremacy was re-established in the 19th century by Said bin Sultan, who signed a treaty with U.S. President Andrew Jackson's representative Edmund Roberts on September 21, 1833.[19] Having gained control over Zanzibar, in 1840 Said moved his capital to Stone Town, the ancient quarter of Zanzibar City; however, after his death in 1856, control over Zanzibar was lost when it became an independent sultanate under his sixth son, Majid bin Said (1834/5–1870), while the third son, Thuwaini bin Said, became the Sultan of Oman. During the second half of the 19th century, the fortunes of the Al Bu Sa`id declined and friction with the Imams of the interior resurfaced. Muscat and Muttrah were attacked by tribes from the interior in 1895 and again in 1915.[20] A tentative ceasefire was brokered by the British, which gave the interior more autonomy. However, conflicts among the disparate tribes of the interior, and with the Sultan of Muscat and Oman continued into the 1950s, and eventually escalated into the Dhofar Rebellion (1962). The rebellion forced the Sultan Said bin Taimur to seek the assistance of the British in quelling the uprisings from the interior. The failed assassination attempt of April 26 1966 on Said bin Taimur led to the further isolation of the Sultan, who had moved his residence from Muscat to Salalah, amidst the civilian armed conflict. On July 23, 1970, Qaboos bin Said, son of the Sultan, staged a bloodless[21] coup d'état in the Salalah palace with the assistance of the British, and took over as ruler.
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With the assistance of the British, Qaboos bin Said put an end to the Dhofar uprising and consolidated disparate tribal territories. He renamed the country the Sultanate of Oman (called Muscat and Oman hitherto), in an attempt to end to the interior's isolation from Muscat. Qaboos enlisted the services of capable Omanis to fill positions in his new government,[22] drawing from such corporations as Petroleum Development Oman (PDO). New ministries for social services such as health and education were established. The construction of Mina Qaboos, a new port conceived initially by Sa`id bin Taimur, was developed during the early days of Qaboos' rule. Similarly, a new international airport was developed in Muscat's Seeb district. A complex of offices, warehouses, shops and homes transformed the old village of Ruwi in Muttrah into a commercial district.[23] The first five-year development plan in 1976 emphasised infrastructural development of Muscat, which provided new opportunities for trade and tourism in the 1980s – 1990s, attracting migrants from around the region. On June 6, 2007, Cyclone Gonu hit Muscat causing extensive damage to property, infrastructure and commercial activity. Muscat might hold the 2016 Arab League Summit.
Early photographs of the city and harbor, taken in the early 20th century by German explorer and photographer, Hermann Burchardt, are now held at the Ethnological Museum of Berlin.[24]
Geography and geology
[编辑]
Muscat is located in northeast Oman, at 24°00′N 57°00′E / 24.000°N 57.000°E. The Tropic of Cancer passes south of the area. It is bordered to its west by the plains of the Al Batinah Region and to its east by Ash Sharqiyah Region. The interior plains of the Ad Dakhiliyah Region border Muscat to the south, while the Gulf of Oman forms the northern and western periphery of the city. The water along the coast of Muscat runs deep, forming two natural harbours, in Muttrah and Muscat. The Western Al Hajar Mountains run through the northern coastline of the city.
Volcanic rocks composed of serpentine and diorite are apparent in the Muscat area and extend along the Gulf of Oman coast for ten or twelve 16公里（9.9英里） from the district of Darsait to Yiti.[25] Plutonic rocks constitute the hills and mountains of Muscat and span approximately 30英里（48公里） from Darsait to Ras Jissah. These igneous rocks consists of serpentine, greenstone, and basalt, typical of rocks in southeastern regions of the Arabian Peninsula. South of Muscat, the volcanic rock strata are broken up and distorted, rising to a maximum height of 6,000英尺（1,800米）, in Al Dakhiliyah, a region which includes Jebel Akhdar, the country's highest range. The hills in Muscat are mostly devoid of vegetation but are rich in iron.
The halophytic sabkha type desert vegetation is predominant in Muscat.[26] The Qurum Nature Reserve contains plants such as the Arthrocnemum Macrostachyum and Halopeplis Perfoliata. Coral reefs are common in Muscat. Acropora reefs exist in the sheltered bays of the satellite towns of Jussah and Khairan.[27] Additionally, smaller Porites reef colonies exist in Khairan, which have fused to form a flat-top pavement that is visible at low tide. Crabs and spiny crayfish are found in the waters of the Muscat area, as are sardines and bonito.[28] Glassfish are common in freshwater estuaries, such as the Qurum Nature Reserve.[29]
The Sultan Qaboos Street forms the main artery of Muscat, running west-to-east through the city. The street eventually becomes Al Nahdah Street near Al Wattayah. Several inter-city roads such as Nizwa Road and Al Amrat Road, intersect with Al Sultan Qaboos Road (in Rusail and Ruwi, respectively). Muttrah, with the Muscat Harbour, Corniche, and Mina Qaboos, is located in the north-eastern coastline of the city, adjacent to the Gulf of Oman. Other coastal districts of Muscat include Darsait, Mina Al Fahal, Ras Al Hamar, Al Qurum Heights, Al Khuwair and Al Seeb. Residential and commercial districts further inland include Al Hamriyah, Al Wadi Al Kabir, Ruwi, Al Wattayah, Madinat Qaboos, Al Azaiba and Al Ghubra.
Climate
[编辑]Muscat features a hot, arid climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) with long and very hot summers and warm "winters". Annual rainfall in Muscat is about 10 cm (4 in), falling mostly from December to April. In general precipitation is scarce in Muscat, with several months on average seeing only a trace of rainfall. However, in recent years, heavy precipitation events from tropical systems originating in the Arabian Sea have affected the city. Cyclone Gonu in June 2007 and Cyclone Phet in June 2010 affected the city with damaging winds and rainfall amounts exceeding 100 mm (4 in) in just a single day. The climate generally is very hot and also very humid in the summer, with temperatures frequently reaching as high as 40 °C (104 °F) in the summer.
| Muscat | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 月份 | 1月 | 2月 | 3月 | 4月 | 5月 | 6月 | 7月 | 8月 | 9月 | 10月 | 11月 | 12月 | 全年 |
| 历史最高温 °C（°F） | 34.6 (94.3) |
38.2 (100.8) |
41.5 (106.7) |
44.9 (112.8) |
48.3 (118.9) |
48.5 (119.3) |
49.1 (120.4) |
49.2 (120.6) |
47.2 (117.0) |
43.6 (110.5) |
39.4 (102.9) |
37.8 (100.0) |
49.2 (120.6) |
| 平均高温 °C（°F） | 25.5 (77.9) |
26.1 (79.0) |
29.8 (85.6) |
34.7 (94.5) |
39.5 (103.1) |
40.4 (104.7) |
38.6 (101.5) |
36.2 (97.2) |
36.3 (97.3) |
35.0 (95.0) |
30.5 (86.9) |
27.1 (80.8) |
33.3 (92.0) |
| 日均气温 °C（°F） | 21.3 (70.3) |
21.9 (71.4) |
25.2 (77.4) |
29.8 (85.6) |
34.2 (93.6) |
35.2 (95.4) |
34.3 (93.7) |
32.0 (89.6) |
31.4 (88.5) |
29.7 (85.5) |
25.7 (78.3) |
22.6 (72.7) |
28.6 (83.5) |
| 平均低温 °C（°F） | 17.3 (63.1) |
17.6 (63.7) |
20.7 (69.3) |
24.7 (76.5) |
29.1 (84.4) |
30.6 (87.1) |
30.4 (86.7) |
28.4 (83.1) |
27.5 (81.5) |
24.9 (76.8) |
20.9 (69.6) |
18.9 (66.0) |
24.3 (75.7) |
| 历史最低温 °C（°F） | 1.6 (34.9) |
2.3 (36.1) |
7.0 (44.6) |
10.3 (50.5) |
17.2 (63.0) |
21.6 (70.9) |
23.5 (74.3) |
21.3 (70.3) |
19.0 (66.2) |
14.3 (57.7) |
9.4 (48.9) |
4.5 (40.1) |
1.6 (34.9) |
| 平均降水量 mm（英寸） | 12.8 (0.50) |
24.5 (0.96) |
15.9 (0.63) |
17.1 (0.67) |
7.0 (0.28) |
0.9 (0.04) |
0.2 (0.01) |
0.8 (0.03) |
0.0 (0.0) |
1.0 (0.04) |
6.8 (0.27) |
13.3 (0.52) |
100.3 (3.95) |
| 平均相對濕度（％） | 63 | 64 | 58 | 45 | 42 | 49 | 60 | 67 | 63 | 55 | 60 | 65 | 58 |
| 月均日照時數 | 268.6 | 244.8 | 278.3 | 292.5 | 347.4 | 325.7 | 277.7 | 278.6 | 303.9 | 316.9 | 291.9 | 267.0 | 3,493.3 |
| 数据来源：NOAA [30] | |||||||||||||
Economy
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Muscat's economy, like that of Oman, is dominated by trade. The more traditional exports of the city included dates, mother of pearl, and fish. Many of the souks of Muttrah sell these items and traditional Omani artefacts. Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) has been central to Muscat's economy since at least 1962 and is the country's second largest employer, after the government. PDO's major shareholders include Royal Dutch/Shell, Total, and Partex and its production is estimated to be about 720,000桶每日（114,000立方米每日）. Muscat also has major trading companies such as Suhail Bahwan Group, which is a trading partner for corporations such as Toshiba, Subaru, Seiko, Hewlett Packard, General Motors, RAK Ceramics; Saud Bahwan Group whose trading partners are Toyota, Daihatsu, KIA and Hertz Rent-a-Car; Zubair Automotive whose trading partners include Mitsubishi, and Chrysler brands such as Dodge; and Moosa AbdulRahman Hassan which operates as one of the oldest automotive agencies in the entire region being established in 1927. [來源請求] The private Health Care sector of Muscat, Oman has numerous hospitals and clinics.
The Muscat Securities Market is the principal stock exchange of Oman. It is located in Central Business District of Muscat and it was established in 1988, and has since distinguished itself as a pioneer among its regional peers in terms of transparency and disclosure regulations and requirements.
Mina'a Sultan Qaboos, Muscat's main trading port, is a trading hub between the Persian Gulf, the Indian subcontinent and the Far East with an annual volume of about 1.6 million tons. However, the emergence of the Jebel Ali Free Zone in neighboring Dubai, United Arab Emirates, has made that port the premier maritime trading port of the region with about 44 million tons traded in cargo annually. Many infrastructural facilities are owned and operated by the government of Oman. Omantel is the major telecommunications organization in Oman and provides local, long-distance and international dialing facilities and operates as the country's only ISP. Recent liberalization of the mobile telephone market has seen the establishment of a second provider — Ooredoo.[來源請求]
Muscat is home to multibillion-dollar conglomerate Ck Industries with their headquarters located in Ruwi.[31] Ajman based Amtek Industries also have a couple of offices around the city.[31] It is also home to Galfar Engineering,[32] headed by P. Mohammed Ali.
The airline Oman Air has its head office on the grounds of Muscat International Airport.[33]
Demographics
[编辑]According to the 2003 census conducted by the Oman Ministry of National Economy, the population of Muscat is over 630,000, which included 370,000 males and 260,000 females.[34] Muscat formed the second largest governorate in the country, after Al Batinah, accounting for 27% of the total population of Oman. As of 2003, Omanis constituted 60% of the total population of Muscat, while expatriates accounted for about 40%.[35] The population density of the city was 162.1 per km2.[來源請求]
The governorate of Muscat comprises six wilayats: Muttrah, Bawshar, Seeb, Al Amrat, Muscat and Qurayyat. Of the wilayats, Seeb, located in the western section of the governorate, was the most populous (with over 220,000 residents), while Muttrah had the highest number of expatriates (with over 100,000).[34] Approximately 71% of the population was within the 15–64 age group, with the average Omani age being 23 years.[36] About 10% of the population is illiterate, an improvement when compared to the 18% illiteracy rate recorded during the 1993 census. Expatriates accounted for over 60% of the labour force, dominated by males, who accounted for 80% of the city's total labour. A majority of expatriates (34%) engineering-related occupations, while most Omanis worked in engineering, clerical, scientific or technical fields. The defense sector was the largest employer for Omanis, while construction, wholesale and retail trade employed the largest number of expatriates.
The ethnic makeup of Muscat has historically been influenced by people not native to the Arabian Peninsula. British Parliamentary papers dating back to the 19th century indicate the presence of a significant Hindu Gujarati merchants in the city[37] Indeed, four Hindu temples existed in Muscat ca. 1760.[38] Christianity flourished in Oman (Bēṯ Mazūnāyē "land of the Maganites"; a name deriving from its Sumerian designation) from the late 4th century to early 5th century. Missionary activity by the Assyrians of the Church of the East resulted in a significant Christian population living in the region, with a bishop being attested by 424 AD under the Metropolitan of Fars and Arabia. The rise of Islam saw the Syriac and Arabic-speaking Christian population eventually disappear. It is thought to have been brought back in by the Portuguese in 1507.[39] Protestant missionaries established a hospital in Muscat in the 19th century.
Like the rest of Oman, Arabic is the predominant language of the city. In addition, English, Balochi, Swahili and South Asian languages such as Hindi, Konkani, Marathi, Gujarati, Malayalam, Tamil and Urdu[40] are spoken by the residents of Muscat. Islam is the predominant religion in the city, with most followers being Ibadi Muslims. Non-Muslims are allowed to practice their religion, but may not proselytize publicly or distribute religious literature.
Notable landmarks
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The city has numerous mosques including the Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque, Ruwi Mosque, Saeed bin Taimoor and Zawawi Mosque. A few Shi'ite mosques also exist here.
Muscat has a number of museums. These include Museum of Omani Heritage, National Museum of Oman, Oman Children's Museum, Bait Al Zubair, Oman Oil and Gas Exhibition Centre, Omani French Museum, Sultan's Armed Forces Museum and the Omani Aquarium and Marine Science and Fisheries Centre.[41] The Bait Al Falaj Fort played an important role in Muscat's military history.
Recent projects include an opera house which opened on October 14, 2011. One of the most notable new projects is the Oman National Museum. It is expected to be an architectural jewel along with the Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque.
Visitors are also encouraged to visit Old Muscat and the Old Palace. The main shopping district is situated in Al Qurum Commercial Area, however shopping malls are spread out throughout the city. One of the largest malls in Oman is Oman Avenues Mall, located in Ghubra.The second largest and new contemporary mall is in Seeb, near the international airport, called City Center, housing all major international brands and the largest Carrefour hypermarket.
The main airport is Muscat International Airport around 25 km（16 mi） from the city's business district of Ruwi and 15 to 20 km from the main residential localities of Al-Khuwair, Madinat Al Sultan Qaboos, Shati Al-Qurm and Al-Qurm. Muscat is the headquarters for the local Oman Air, which flies to several destinations within the Middle East, the Indian Subcontinent, East Africa and Europe. Other airlines such as Qatar Airways, Turkish Airlines, KLM, SriLankan, Royal Jordanian, British Airways, PIA, Jet Airways, Lufthansa, Emirates, Swiss International Air Lines, Kuwait Airways, Air India and Thai Airways also fly through Muscat International Airport.
The Muscat area is well serviced by paved roads and dual-carriageway connects most major cities and towns in the country. Since November 2015, Public transportation in Muscat has been revamped with a bus network connecting most important parts of the city with a modern Mwasalat (earlier Oman National Transport Company (ONTC) buses. Mwasalat buses were procured from VDL Company of The Netherlands and they have several hi-tech features. Route 1 (Ruwi-Mabela) serves people travelling major shopping destinations (Oman Avenues Mall, Muscat Grand Mall, Qurum City Centre, Muscat City Centre, Markaz al Bhaja) and Muscat Airport. Route 2 (Ruwi-Wadi Kabir) serves the residential and industrial district of Wadi Kabir. Route 3 (Ruwi-Wadi Adei) serves the downmarket residential belt of Wadi Adei. Route 4 (Ruwi-Mattrah) serves the tourist destination of Muttrah Corniche, Al Alam Palace, National Museum and Port Sultan Qaboos. Route 5 (Ruwi-Amerat) serves the rapidly developing Amerat suburb. Route 6 (Ruwi-SQU&KOM) serves the student community of Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) and the office commuters of Knowledge Oasis Muscat (KOM).
There is no rail or metro network in the country. Several forms of public transport are popular in Oman. Most popular are the "Baiza" buses, so named for the lower denomination of the Omani rial, the baiza (an adaptation of the Indian lower denomination paisa). These are relatively inexpensive and service all major roadways, as well as a wide and loose network of smaller byways in the greater Muscat metropolitan area, opportunistically dropping off and picking up passengers at any location. Less popular and slightly more expensive are large public buses, coloured red and green, whose service is limited to major roadways and point-to-point travel routes between Oman's major cities and towns. Taxis, also colour-coded orange and white, provide semi-personal transportation in the form of both individual hire and the same opportunistic roadway service as Baiza buses.
Baiza buses and colour-coded orange-and-white taxis are unmetered, after several government initiatives to introduce meters were rejected. The fare is set by way of negotiation, although taxi drivers usually adhere to certain unwritten rules for fares within the city. In many countries, one is advised to negotiate a fare with the driver before getting into a taxi. However, in Oman, asking for the fare beforehand often demonstrates a passenger's newness and unfamiliarity with the area. One should always find out the normally accepted fare for one's journey from one's hotel or host before looking for a taxi. Taxis will also generally take passengers to locations out of the city, including Sohar, Buraimi and Dubai.
A rail network named Oman Rail is expected to be completed by 2018. This will connect Oman with the GCC countries.
Notable people
[编辑]- Mahesh Bhupathi (b. 1974), Indian tennis player, studied at the Indian School, Muscat
- Sarah-Jane Dias (b. 1974), Indian Actress, studied at the Indian School, Muscat
- Isla Fisher (b. 1976), Australian actress, born to Scottish parents and lived in Australia
- Ali Al-Habsi (b. 1981), Omani professional footballer, captain of the Oman national and goalkeeper for Saudi club Al Hilal
- Sneha Ullal (b. 1987), Indian Bollywood Actress, studied at the Indian School, Muscat
See also
[编辑]Bibliography
[编辑]- Barth, Hans-Jörg; Benno Böer. Sabkha Ecosystems: The Arabian Peninsula and Adjacent Countries. Springer. 2002. ISBN 978-1-4020-0504-6.
- Fahlbusch, Erwin; Geoffrey William Bromiley; David B. Barrett. The Encyclopedia of Christianity. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 1999. ISBN 978-0-8028-2415-8.
- Forster, Charles, The Historical Geography of Arabia: Or, The Patriarchal Evidences of Revealed Religion : a Memoir, Duncan and Malcolm, 1844
- Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Martin Fisher. Vegetation of the Arabian Peninsula. Springer. 1998. ISBN 978-0-7923-5015-6.
- Kechichian, Joseph A. Oman and the World: The Emergence of an Independent Foreign Policy. Great Britain: RAND Corporation. 1995. ISBN 978-0-8330-2332-2.
- Long, David E.; Reich, Bernard; Gasiorowski, Mark. The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa. Westview Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-8133-4361-7.
- Miles, Samuel Barrett; Robin Bidwell. The Countries and Tribes of the Persian Gulf. Garnet & Ithaca Press.
- Peterson, J. E. Chronology. Historical Muscat. Brill. 2007: 117+. ISBN 90-04-15266-0.
- Phillips, Wendell. Unknown Oman. D. McKay Co. 1966: 4.
- Potter, Lawrence; Sick, Gary. Security in the Persian Gulf. Macmillan. 2002. ISBN 978-0-312-23950-3.
- Rice, Michael. The Archeology of the Arabian Gulf. Routledge. 1994. ISBN 978-0-415-03268-1.
- Room, Adrian. Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities and Historic Sites. McFarland. 2003. ISBN 978-0-7864-1814-5.=1997|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=dbsOoPpZiSEC%7Cisbn=978-1-873938-56-0}}
- Salm, Rodney V.; Rolf A.C. Jensen; Vassili Papastavrou. Marine Fauna of Oman. IUCN. 1993. ISBN 978-2-8317-0180-6.
References
[编辑]- ^ UNdata - country profile - Oman.
- ^ The population of the Sultanate by the end of May 2015.
- ^ الدراسات الاجتماعية. Ministry of Education, Sultanate of Oman.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Forster (1844), p.231.
- ^ Forster (1844), p.241.
- ^ Forster (1844), p.173.
- ^ Forster (1844), p.173
- ^ Miles (1997), p.468.
- ^ Hailman (2006), p.49.
- ^ Philips (1966), p.4.
- ^ Room (2003), p.246.
- ^ Rice (1994), p.255-256
- ^ Forster (1844), p.234.
- ^ Potter (2002), p.41.
- ^ Miles (1997), p.147.
- ^ Miles (1997), p.167
- ^ Miles (1997), p. 196.
- ^ Miles (1997), p.256.
- ^ Cotheal, Alexander I. Treaty between the United States of America and the Sultân of Masḳaṭ: The Arabic Text. Journal of the American Oriental Society (free) (JSTOR). 2008-01-17, 4 (1854): 341–343. JSTOR 592284.
- ^ JE Peterson's Britannica entry (1990), p.6.
- ^ Long (2007), p.188.
- ^ Middle East Policy (2004), p.126.
- ^ Middle East Policy (2004), p.128
- ^ View of the city and city walls in 1904 (Click on photo to enlarge); Muscat's wall and gate.
- ^ Miles (1997), p. 399.
- ^ Ghazanfar (1998), p. 80.
- ^ Salm (1993), p. 52
- ^ Miles (1997), p. 410.
- ^ Barth (2002), p. 292.
- ^ Seeb Climate Normals. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. [December 19, 2012].
- ^ 31.0 31.1 Amtek. Amtek.ae. [2014-02-18].
- ^ Contact. Galfar.com. [2014-02-18].
- ^ Contact Us. Omanair.com. （原始内容存档于2012-11-20）.
- ^ 34.0 34.1 Oman Census (2003), p.6.
- ^ Oman Census (2003), p.9.
- ^ Oman Census(2003), Data and Other Indicators
- ^ British Parliamentary Papers (1876), p. 189.
- ^ Kechichian (1995), p. 215.
- ^ Fahlbusch (1999), p. 829.
- ^ Peterson (2004), p. 34.
- ^ Museums. Omanet.om. [January 18, 2009]. （原始内容存档于February 1, 2009）.
Further reading
[编辑]- omancensus.net (PDF)
- 2010 Preliminary Results (PDF)
- Census Administration. Final Results of the Census 2003 (PDF). Ministry of the National Economy, Government of Oman. [2008-09-17]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于October 3, 2008）.
- Census Administration. Data & Indicators of the Population. Ministry of the National Economy, Government of Oman. [2008-09-17]. （原始内容存档于2008-06-13）.
- Parliamentary Papers. London: United Kingdom Parliament. 1876.
External links
[编辑]
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Official Ministry Of Tourism site
- omancensus.net (PDF)
- Oman Avenues Mall
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