黑眉信天翁
黑眉信天翁 | |
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科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
纲: | 鸟纲 Aves |
目: | 鹱形目 Procellariiformes |
科: | 信天翁科 Diomedeidae |
属: | 小信天翁属 Thalassarche |
种: | 黑眉信天翁 T. melanophrys
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二名法 | |
Thalassarche melanophrys | |
异名 | |
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黑眉信天翁(学名:Thalassarche melanophrys)是一种大型及分布最广和普遍的信天翁。
分类
[编辑]黑眉信天翁最初是由康拉德·雅各·特明克于1828年基于在好望角发现的标本来描述的,并被分类在信天翁属中[3]。
于1998年,有建议将坎伯信天翁从黑眉信天翁中独立出来成为另一物种[4]。有些学者赞同这个说法[5][6],也有些并不认同[7][8]。
特征
[编辑]黑眉信天翁是中等体型,长约80-95厘米,翼展2-2.4米,平均重2.9-4.7公斤[9]。它们的寿命可以超过70岁。翼面及背部呈鲜粉红色,腹部及臀部呈橙色。翼底主要是白色,有不规则的黑边。眼眉黑色,喙黄橙色,尖端呈红橙色。雏鸟的喙呈深角色,头部及颈围灰色,翼底深色。
分布及栖息地
[编辑]黑眉信天翁分布在围绕南极的海洋,会在12个岛屿上繁殖。在大西洋,它们分布在福克兰群岛、迭戈拉米雷斯群岛(Diego Ramírez Islands)及南乔治亚岛。在太平洋,它们分布在坎贝尔岛、安蒂波德斯群岛、斯奈尔斯群岛及麦夸里岛。在印度洋,它们分布在克罗泽群岛、凯尔盖朗群岛、赫德岛及麦克唐纳群岛[10]。
地点 | 数量 | 年份 | 趋势 |
---|---|---|---|
福克兰群岛 | 399,416对 | 2007年 | 每年下降0.7% |
南乔治亚岛 | 74,296对 | 2006年 | 下降 |
智利 | 122,000对 | 2007年 | |
安蒂波德斯群岛 | 不详 | 1998年 | |
坎贝尔岛 | 不详 | 1998年 | |
赫德岛 | 600对 | 1998年 | 上升 |
麦克唐纳群岛 | 不详 | 1998年 | |
克罗泽群岛 | 不详 | 1998年 | |
凯尔盖朗群岛 | 不详 | 1998年 | 下降 |
麦夸里岛 | 不详 | 1998年 | |
斯奈尔斯群岛 | 不详 | 1998年 | |
总计 | 600,000对 | 2005年 | 下降 |
于2005年估计它们的数量有1,220,000只,及600,853繁殖对。当中的402,571对是在福克兰群岛;72,102对在南乔治亚岛;120,171对在智利;600对在赫德岛;其馀的则有5,409对[3][11][12]。
它们喜欢在大陆架上觅食。福克兰群岛的群落会飞到近巴塔哥尼亚架(Patagonian Shelf)过冬;南乔治亚岛的群落则会到南非海域利用本格拉寒流来觅食;智利的群落会飞到巴塔哥尼亚架、智利架(Chilean Shelf)及远至新西兰过冬。它们的最有可能在北大西洋出现的信天翁。在美国本土就约有20个观察报告[13]。
行为
[编辑]黑眉信天翁群落非常嘈吵,经常发声来划定自己的地盘。它们会利用尾巴来示爱[9]。
觅食
[编辑]黑眉信天翁吃鱼类、乌贼、甲壳类、尸体及渔业的丢弃物[14][15][16]。它们也会从其他物种中偷取食物[9]。
繁殖
[编辑]黑眉信天翁一般会在长满草丛的陡坡或峭壁上筑巢。不过在福克兰群岛上,它们却会在岸边的草坪上筑巢[5]。它们每年只会生产一次,约于9月至11月间,每次只会生一只蛋。双亲都会协助孵化,孵化期约需68-71天。雏鸟出生后的120-130天就会换羽。幼鸟2-3岁大就会回到群落中,目的是示爱,到了10岁就可以繁殖[9]。
保育
[编辑]国际自然保护联盟基于黑眉信天翁的数量大幅下降而将之列为濒危。在近南乔治亚岛的鸟岛,它们繁殖对的数量每年就减少4%[12],而在凯尔盖朗群岛的数量于1979年至1995年就减少了17%[17]。在迭戈拉米雷斯群岛的数量于1980年代就不断下降,直到近年才有所回升[18][19]。但在福克兰群岛的数量于1980年代则有所上升[10][20],可能是因大量渔业丢弃物所致[21];不过近年当地的数量却有大幅的下滑[11]。整体而言,它们的数量在64年间大幅下降了67%[5]。
在南方海洋加剧使用延绳钓是令黑眉信天翁数量减少的主因[22][23][24][25]。事实上,黑眉信天翁是最易被渔业所杀死[23][24][26][27][28][29][30]。另外,拖网捕渔也令黑眉信天翁的数量减少,特别是在巴塔哥尼亚架[31]及南非附近[32]。
黑眉信天翁受到《波昂公约》及《信天翁及海燕保育公约》的保护,其数量受到监察,而繁殖地也受到保护。赫德岛、麦克唐纳群岛、麦夸里岛及新西兰等都被列为世界遗产而获得加以保护。
参考
[编辑]- ^ Thalassarche melanophrys. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [2010-10-29].
- ^ Brands, Sheila. Systema Naturae 2000/Classification - Diomedea subg. Thalassarche -. Project: The Taxonomicon. 2008-08-14 [2009-02-22].[失效链接]
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Robertson, G.; Moreno, C. A.; Lawton, K.; Arata, J.; Valencia, J.; Kirkwood, R. An estimate of the population sizes of Black-browed (Thalassarche melanophrys) and Grey-headed (T. chrysostoma) Albatross breeding in the Diego Ramírez Archipelago, Chile. Emu. 2007, (107): 239–244.
- ^ Robertson, C. J. R.; Nunn, G. B. Towards a new taxonomy for albatrosses. Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (编). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons. 1998: 13–9.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 BirdLife International. Black-browed Albatross - BirdLife Species Factsheet. Data Zone. 2008(a) [2009-02-22]. (原始内容存档于2009-01-02).
- ^ Brooke, M. Procellariidae. Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2004. ISBN 0-19-850125-0.
- ^ Clements, James. The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World 6. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 2007. ISBN 978 0 8014 4501 9.
- ^ Remsen Jr., J. V.; et al. A classification of the bird species of South America, South American Classification Committee, American Ornithologists' Union. South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. 2008-08-07 [2009-02-22]. (原始内容存档于2009-03-02).
- ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Robertson, C. J. R. Albatrosses (Diomedeidae). Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J.; Olendorf, Donna (编). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator 2. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group: 120. 2003. ISBN 0 7876 5784 0.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Croxall, J. P.; Gales, R. Assessment of the conservation status of albatrosses. Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (编). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons. 1998.
- ^ 11.0 11.1 Huin, N.; Reid, T. Census of the Black-browed Albatross population of the Falkland Islands, 2000 and 2005 (PDF). Falklands Conservation. 2007年4月 [2009-02-23]. (原始内容 (pdf)存档于2011-04-10).
- ^ 12.0 12.1 Poncet, S.; Robertson, G.; Phillips, R. A.; Lawton, K.; Phalan, B.; Trathan, P. N.; Croxall, J. P. Status and distribution of wandering Black-browed and Grey-headed Albatrosses breeding at South Georgia. Polar Biology. 2006, (29): 772–81.
- ^ Dunn, Jon L.; Alderfer, Jonathan. Albatrosses. Levitt, Barbara (编). National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America fifth. Washington D.C.: National Geographic Society. 2006: 80. ISBN 978 0 7922 5314 3.
- ^ Cherel, Y.; Weimerskirch, H.; Trouve, C. Dietary evidence for spatial foraging segregation in sympatric albatrosses (Diomedea spp.) rearing chicks at Iles Nuageuses, Kerguelen. Marine Biology. 2002, (141): 1117–29.
- ^ Xavier, J. C.; Croxall, J. P.; Trathan, P. N.; Wood, A. G. Feeding strategies and diets of breeding grey-headed and wandering albatrosses at South Georgia. Marine Biology. 2003, (143): 221–32.
- ^ Arata, J.; Robertson, G.; Valencia, J.; Lawton, K. The Evangelistas Islets, Chile: a new breeding site for black-browed albatrosses. Polar Biology. 2003, (26): 687–90.
- ^ Weimerskirch, H.; Jouventin, P. Changes in population sizes and demographic parameters of six albatross species breeding on the French sub-antarctic islands. Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (编). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty and Sons. 1998: 84–91.
- ^ Schlatter, R. P. The status and conservation of seabirds in Chile. Croxall, J. P.; Evans, P. G. H.; Schreiber, R. W. (编). Status and conservation of the world's seabirds. Cambridge, U.K.: International Council for Bird Preservation (Techn. Publ.). 1984: 261–9.
- ^ Arata, J.; Moreno, C. A. Progress report of Chilean research on albatross ecology and conservation. Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources Working Group on Fish Stock Assessment. 2002.
- ^ Gales, R. Albatross populations: status and threats. Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (编). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons. 1998.
- ^ Thompson, K. R.; Riddy, M. D. Utilisation of offal discards from finfish trawlers around the Falkland Islands by the Black-browed Albatross Diomedea melanophris. Ibis. 1995, (137): 198–206.
- ^ Prince, P. A.; Croxall, J. P.; Trathan, P. N.; Wood, A. G. The pelagic distribtuion of South Georgia albatrosses and their relationships with fisheries. Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (编). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons. 1998.
- ^ 23.0 23.1 Schiavini, A.; Frere, E.; Gandini, P.; Garcia, N.; Crespo, E. Albatross-fisheries interactions in Patagonian shelf waters. Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (编). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons. 1998: 208–13.
- ^ 24.0 24.1 Stagi, A.; Vaz-Ferreira, R.; Marin, Y.; Joseph, L. The conservation of albatrosses in Uruguayan waters. Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (编). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons. 1998: 220–4.
- ^ Tuck, G.; Polacheck, T. Trends in tuna long-line fisheries in the Southern Oceans and implications for seabird by-catch: 1997 update (CCSBT-ERS/97). Hobart, Australia: Division of Marine Research. 1997.
- ^ Gales, R.; Brothers, N.; Reid, T. Seabird mortality in the Japanese tuna longline fishery around Australia, 1988-1995. Biological Conservation. 1998, (86): 37–56.
- ^ Murray, T. E.; Bartle, J. A.; Kalish, S. R.; Taylor, P. R. Incidental capture of seabirds by Japenese southern bluefin tuna longline vessels in New Zealand waters, 1988-1992. bird conservationalist internationalbird conservationalist international. 1993, (3): 181–210.
- ^ Ryan, P.G.; Boix-Hinzen, C. Tuna long-line fisheries off southern Africa: the need to limit seabird bycatch. South African Journal of Science. 1998, (94): 179–182.
- ^ Ryan, P. G.; Keith, D.G.; Kroese, M. Seabird bycatch by tuna longline fisheries off southern Africa, 1998-2000. South African Journal of Science. 2002, (24): 103.
- ^ Reid, T. A.; Sullivan, B. J. Longliners, black-browed albatross mortality and bait scavenging in Falkland Island waters: what is the relationship?. Polar Biology. 2004, (27): 131–9.
- ^ Sullivan, B.; Reid, T. Seabird interactions/mortality with longliners and trawlers in the Falkland/Malvinas Island waters. Unpublished report. CCAMLR-WG-FSA-02/36. 2002.
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