草稿:民族旗

提示：此草稿的主题不是旗 (行政区划)。

民族旗（英语：Ethnic flag）是象征特定族裔共同体的一种旗帜，通常是经过各自的民族文化或政治运动引进族群社区。民族旗在流散侨民、少数民族和部分多数民族中很常见，尤其是在多元族群国家。

历史

民族旗是于19世纪末期出现的近代概念，与国家政府使用的国旗（state's national flag）概念相同。严格来说，民族国家的国旗本身就是一种民族旗帜，其在别国的少数族裔侨胞经常如此使用，特别是在牵涉到领土收复主义的情况下，例如：阿尔巴尼亚国旗被用作为科索沃阿尔巴尼亚人的“阿尔巴尼亚民族旗”。

民族旗被用于领土收复主义，是代表拟议或未被承认国家的“国旗”（national flag）。首批类似的旗帜出现于19世纪末期，例如：巴斯克旗帜（1894年）、世界犹太复国主义组织的“锡安旗”（1898年，50年后成为以色列国旗）。大多数早期出现的民族旗帜，都暗示著与各自民族声称拥有的历史国家或历史上未被承认国家有关，例如：库尔德斯坦旗帜起源于亚拉腊共和国（1927年）的旗帜；1932年设计的西班牙裔旗帜，其紫红色代表西班牙语，是源自古代莱昂王国国旗绘制紫红色狮子的象征意义。 或者，“民族旗”可能代表泛民族主义，例如：第一次世界大战期间，源自阿拉伯起义旗的泛阿拉伯颜色、泛斯拉夫主义（1848年）、泛伊朗主义或泛突厥主义的拟议旗帜。

20世纪后期，使用民族旗象征多民族国家内的族群概念开始流行，例如：澳大利亚土著旗（1971年）、亚述人旗帜（1971年）、罗姆人之旗（1971年）、柏柏尔旗（1970年代）、萨米旗（1986年）或毛利人旗帜（1990年）。1990年代以来，设计民族或部落旗变得非常流行，尤其是在虚拟网路上使用，而且大多没有任何官方地位，必须根据实际使用情况来判断。许多情况下，主权国家的国旗经常被其海外公民视为事实上的民族旗。

用途

更多信息：民族主义、民族统一主义、分离主义、无国家民族和无代表国家和民族组织

民族旗作为族群共同体的一种象征符号，无疑会间接地牵涉到相当复杂的国家认同、国族建构、民族自决和政治前途问题。各种不同的因素在环境互动下，可能造成国家、民族与族群的矛盾关系，引起不满的民族主义情绪或族群冲突。

没有明确国家的民族

近代，这种民族地位的典型例子是犹太人和罗姆人。犹太人于第一次锡安主义代表大会表决通过象征犹太复国主义的锡安旗，1948年以色列建国后成为其国旗。罗姆人于1971年在伦敦举行首次世界罗姆人大会，之后开始采用罗姆人之旗。

拥有居住领土，但没有自己国家或自治实体的民族

这些通常是已经失去国家独立或自治地位，或从未独立建国的民族，他们使用的旗帜可以分为两种类型。第一种被国家政府认为是分裂主义的表现，在其居住领土被禁止，例如：历史上奥匈帝国领土的摩拉维亚和其他斯拉夫旗帜、2003年以前伊拉克和土耳其的库尔德斯坦旗帜、西班牙佛朗哥政权下的巴斯克旗帜和加泰罗尼亚旗帜、中华人民共和国的东突厥斯坦和雪山狮子旗。

第二种是被民间团体活动使用的旗帜，与名义上的国家相比较，其民族的社会文化活动不被视为对国家主权的威胁，例如：拉脱维亚立窝尼亚人使用的立窝尼亚旗、芬兰和挪威萨米人使用的萨米旗。

不同于国旗的民用旗帜

有些国家的国民（national）使用的国旗，完全不同于国家政体的官方旗（state flag），这些旗帜可以分为两种类型。第一种是政府刻意区分不同用途的旗帜，例如：所有德国公民都有权使用没有国徽的联邦旗，但同样旗帜加上联邦政府徽章仅限政府机构使用，这种民用旗帜在旗帜学中被称为民旗（civil flag）。第二种是出于政治原因，反对当前政权使用的国旗，例如：2006年黑山国旗独立公投之前所采用的国旗与塞尔维亚国旗极为相似，选择保留其作为黑山国旗的地位，实际上仅有塞尔维亚族群的支持者，一些塞尔维亚民族政党和其他民族组织，至今仍然提倡将这面旗帜作为国旗。

更多的例子包括，民族主义者否定当前国家政权的统治合法性，采用与官方旗帜对立的“真正的国旗”，例如：苏联加盟共和国前身国家的旗帜，在苏联时代被严格禁止，但被民族独立的支持者使用；魏玛共和国期间，德意志民族主义者将黑-红-金三色旗视为“占领旗帜”，并采用对立的黑-白-红三色旗。现存的这类实例，包括流离海外白俄罗斯人使用的白红白旗、海外车臣人组织使用的前车臣伊奇克里亚共和国国旗。

提倡俄罗斯民族主义运动的代表组织，经常使用1858年俄罗斯帝国批准黑-黄-白三色的帝国旗，并加上纹章作为俄罗斯民族旗，部分地与白-蓝-红三色的俄罗斯国旗形成对比。

使用其他国家的国旗作为民族旗帜

这些民族旗帜可能被合法或不合法使用，取决于其居住领土的最高统治国家，如何看待这种民族政治运动，例如：科索沃阿尔巴尼亚人采用的阿尔巴尼亚国旗、爱沙尼亚和拉脱维亚俄罗斯人采用的俄罗斯国旗、塞族共和国（波黑）塞尔维亚人采用的塞尔维亚国旗、纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫亚美尼亚人采用的亚美尼亚国旗、塞浦路斯共和国土耳其人采用的土耳其国旗和北塞浦路斯土耳其共和国希腊人采用的希腊国旗。

原住民族的特殊地位

有些国家的原住民族有法定地位，他们使用的旗帜具有官方或半官方的意义，例如：1995年澳大利亚通过土著旗与托雷斯海峡岛民旗有相同于澳大利亚国旗的宪法地位、玻利维亚通过科利亚苏尤与红-黄-绿三色旗并列为双国旗、纽西兰毛利人旗帜可以在正式场合悬挂、俄罗斯联邦为某些少数民族而设的自治共和国旗帜、美洲原住民的部落旗帜（tribal flag）。

旗帜列表

• 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：文化旗
• 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：北美洲法语族群旗
• 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：无国家民族旗
• 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：突厥民族旗
• 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：民族分离主义旗
• 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：加拿大原住民旗
• 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：美国原住民旗
• 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：拉丁美洲原住民旗

旗帜	名称	族群	区域	语言	始于	简述
	阿尔巴尼亚国旗	阿尔巴尼亚人	巴尔干半岛	阿尔巴尼亚语
	阿罗马尼亚旗帜	阿罗马尼亚人	巴尔干半岛	阿罗马尼亚语		根据阿罗马尼亚人所居的国家地区，这面旗帜会有些不同。
	叙利亚土耳其曼旗帜	叙利亚土耳其曼人	西亚	突厥语		叙利亚土耳其曼旗帜是在乔班贝（Çobanbey）举行叙利亚土耳其曼代表大会上通过的民族旗，蓝色象征著突厥血统、红色象征著烈士的鲜血和白色象征著普世价值。
	圣马可旗帜	威尼斯人	南欧	威尼斯语	1997年	威尼斯人首次使用圣马可飞狮，可以追溯到13世纪后期，热那亚档案管理员雅各布·达·瓦拉泽（Jacopo da Varazze）将其作为威尼斯的官方标志。
	苏格兰国旗	苏格兰人	欧洲	苏格兰语、盖尔语、英语	1385年	苏格兰议会于1385年批准士兵佩戴白色十字作为战场上的区别标志时，该旗帜实际上已经成为苏格兰国旗。
	马普切旗帜	马普切人	南美洲	Araucanian, 马普切语	1991年	Original adopted during the Arauco War between the Mapuche and the Spaniards; a simple blue field with a white Guñelve (Mapudungun: Wünelfe) star centered, representing the Morning Star. The modern rendition approved by Aukiñ Wallmapu Ngulam, also known as Council of All Lands, in 1991. It was chosen in a contest of 500 entries, and is called Wenufoye (in Mapudungun "The Heaven's Winter's Bark"); however, instead of the Guñelve star, a Kultrum (Mapuche drum) is centered.
	Bhagwa Dhwaj	Hindu Nationalism/Hindutva and Marathi	Indian subcontinent	Indo-Aryan, Dravidian	17th century	Specific design was first used by the Maratha Empire, and currently used by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. Similar saffron-coloured designs also used by the Sikh Khalsa.
	Senyera	Catalans	Europe, West	Indo-European, Romance, Catalan
	A bandera Corsa	Corsicans	Europe, West	Indo-European, Romance, Corsican	1755	From an older tradition, but with uncertain origins, this banner was officially adopted by the Corsican Republic of Pasquale Paoli.
	Métis flag	Métis people	America, North	mixed; Michif	1814	Received from Alexander Macdonnell of the North West Company in 1814 and used by the Canadian Métis resistance in the Battle of Seven Oaks (1816).
	Circassian Flag	Circassians	Europe, Caucasus	Northwest Caucasian, Adyghe	1830; 1992	Used by Circassians since the 19th century and Adygea since 1992.
	Flag of Hawaii	Native Hawaiians	Polynesia	Austronesian, Hawaiian	1845	Adopted by the Kingdom of Hawaii, and continued to be used by the protectorate, republic, and territory before statehood. The flag was last modified in 1898, and is noteworthy as still being used after the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom.
	Flag of Ireland	Irish	Europe, North	Indo-European, Celtic	1848	Thomas Francis Meagher commented in 1848: "The white in the centre signifies a lasting truce between Orange and Green and I trust that beneath its folds the hands of Irish Protestants and Irish Catholics may be clasped in generous and heroic brotherhood." It was confirmed as the National Flag in 1937.
	Pan-Slavic colours	Slavs	Europe, Eastern	Indo-European, Slavic	1848	Adopted by the Prague Slavic Congress, 1848, used as the ethnic flag of Sorbs, Moravians, and other Slavic-speaking minorities.
	Flag of the Choctaw Nation	Choctaw people	America, North	Muskogean, Western	1860; 1970s	First flag adopted in 1860 before the United States Civil War, becoming the first Native American Tribe to adopt a flag; the second form was approved by the Tribal Council in the 1970s and altered in the late 1980s to present form.
	Flag of Tonga	Tongans	Polynesia	Austronesian, Tongan	1875	The only ethnically Polynesian nation to never relinquish its sovereignty to any foreign power. The constitution states the flag can never be changed.
	Flag of Acadia	Acadians	America, North	Indo-European, Romance, French	1884	Adopted at the Second Acadian National Convention held in Miscouche, Prince Edward Island, on 15 August 1884.
	Ikurriña	Basque people	Europe, West	Basque	1895	Designed in 1894 for the province of Biscay, adopted in 1895 by "Euzkeldun Batzokija" (predecessor of the Basque Nationalist Party), adopted it as the flag of the Basque Autonomous Region in 1936, prohibited in Francoist Spain 1938–1977, official adoption as the flag of the Basque Country in 1978.
	Flag of Zion	Jews	Asia, Western	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Hebrew	1898	Introduced as the flag of Zionism at the Second Zionist Congress held in Switzerland in 1898; adopted as the state flag of Israel in 1948.
	Flag of Tibet	Tibetans	Asia	Tibetic	1916
	Flag of the Arab Revolt	Arabs	Asia, Western Africa, Northern	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Arabic	1917	Introduced as the flag of the Arab nationalist revolt against the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Hejaz in 1917. It became the basis of a number of flags using the Pan-Arab colors later in the 20th century.
	Crimean Tatar flag	Crimean Tatars	Europe, Eastern	Turkic, Crimean Tatar	1917	Introduced under the Crimean People's Republic (November 1917), now used as ethnic flag.
	Flag of Armenia	Armenians	Europe, Western Asia	Indo-European	1918	The Armenian Supreme Soviet adopted the current flag on 24 August 1990. On 15 June 2006, the Law on the National Flag of Armenia, governing its usage, was passed by the National Assembly of Armenia.
	Flag of Upper Silesia	Silesians	Europe, Central	Silesian	1919	Similar to the former flag of the Province of Upper Silesia. A popular symbol of the Movement for Silesian Autonomy.
	Pan-African flag	Black People	As it represents multiple groups of people within the black diaspora, there cannot be one singular country that it stands for.	—	1920	Adopted in 1920 by the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League, now used in black nationalism and Pan-Africanism.
	Flag of the Swedish-speaking Finns	Finland-Swedes	Europe, Northern	Indo-European, Germanic, Swedish	1922	Used by the Swedish People's Party of Finland from 1922, based on a 1917 design.
	Flag of Livonians	Livonians	Europe, Northern	Finnic, Livonian	1923	Used by Livonian Society (Līvõd Īt) in 1923.
	Flag of the Kurds	Kurds, Kurdish nationalism	Asia, Western	Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Kurdish	1927	Used by the Republic of Ararat in 1927, based on earlier designs used in the 1890s revolt.
	Flag of New Mexico	Neomexicanos	America, North	Indo-European, Romance, Spanish	1925
	Flag of Oklahoma	Okies	America, North	Indo-European, Germanic, English	1925
	Flag of the Korean National Association	Koreans	Asia, Eastern	Korean	1928	Designed by Yong-man Park. Due to the inherently ethnic nature of Korean nationalism, the South Korean flag is also seen and used as a de facto pan-Korean ethnic flag by many South Koreans.
	Hispanic flag	Hispanidad, La Raza	Americas	Indo-European, Romance, Spanish	1932	Winning entry in a contest organized by Juana de Ibarbourou in 1932.
	Flag of the Romani people	Romani people	Europe	Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Romani	1933	Introduced by the General Union of the Roma of Romania in 1933, adopted at the First World Romani Congress in 1971.
	Flag of East Turkestan	Uyghurs	Asia	Turkic	1934
	Malay tricolour	Malay people, Malayness	Asia, Southeast	Austronesian, Malay	1946	Introduced by the United Malays National Organisation (1946).
	Fleurdelisé	Québécois people	America, North	Indo-European, Romance, French, Quebec French	1948	Adopted by the government of Quebec during the administration of Maurice Duplessis.
	Druze flag	Druze	Levant, West Asia	Semitic	1948	Adopted by the Druze Mental Chiefdom based on "Five Limits Star Druze Star.
	Flag of the Danube Swabians	Danube Swabian	Europe	Germanic	1950	A coat of arms designed in 1950 by Hans Diplich has been adopted by many Danube Swabian cultural organizations. Its blazon is "Parti per fess wavy 1 Or, an eagle displayed couped Sable langued Gules; 2 parti per fess Argent and Vert, a fortress Argent roofed and turreted Gules surmounted with Sun and Crescent waning Or; chief wavy Azure".
	Flag of Somalia	Somalis	Africa, Horn	Somali	1954	Used by the Somali Republic after independence from the UK and Italy, Blue field with the Star of Unity
	Naga National Flag	Nagas	Asia, South	Sino-Tibetan	1956	The flag was first hoisted on 22 March 1956 at Parashen, Rengma Region by proclaiming the Federal Government of Nagaland (FGN).
	Flag of Occitania	Occitans	Europe, West	Indo-European, Romance, Occitan	1959	Inspired by the historic flag of the County of Toulouse, the modern rendition which included the seven-point star was designed by the Occitan Nationalist Party.
	Flag of the Oglala Sioux Nation	Oglala Lakota	America, North	Siouan, Teton Sioux	1961	The circle of eight teepees on the flag represent the nine districts of the reservation: Porcupine, Wakpamni, Medicine Root, Pass Creek, Eagle Nest, White Clay, LaCreek, Wounded Knee, and Pine Ridge. The red field represents the blood shed by the tribe in defense of their lands.
	Flag of Tsėhéstáno	Notameohmésêhese	America, North	Algic, Plains Algonquian	1964	The decorative glyph of the Morning Star, a traditional icon of Cheyenne art, centered on a light blue field, represents the Northern Cheyenne.
	African American Heritage Flag	African-Americans	United States of America.	Germanic	1967	The flag was created in 1967 by Melvin Charles and Gleason T. Jackson. The idea to create the flag came about when Charles realized that every other group of people had a flag at parades except Black Americans. He designed the flag alongside Jackson and they would later travel the country to visit various churches, schools, and public events to promote the flag. The color red represents the blood shed by African Americans for freedom and equality in America. The color black represents pride in the black race. The color gold represents intellect, prosperity, and peace.
	Flag of Biafra	Igbo people	Africa, West	Niger-Congo, Igbo	1967	Flag of the irredentist Republic of Biafra, after 1970 used as ethnic flag.
	Flag of the Navajo Nation	Navajo people	America, North	Southern Athabaskan	1968	The black, white, turquoise, and yellow colors of the four sacred mountains come from the Navajo creation story, while the overall flag recalls sand painting, and a rainbow symbolizing Navajo sovereignty. In 1995 the Navajo flag became the first Native American tribal flag in space when Bernard Harris carried it aboard the space shuttle Discovery.
	Assyrian flag	Assyrian people (Syriac Christians)	Asia, Western	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Aramaic	1971	A 1968 design adopted by the Assyrian Universal Alliance in 1971.
	Australian Aboriginal Flag	Aboriginal Australians	Australia	Australian	1971	Designed in 1971, given official recognition by the Australian authorities in 1995.
	Dáayaangwaa Haida Gwaii	Haida people	America, North	Haida	1974	Adopted in 1974 by the Council of the Haida Nation. A red field with an eagle and raven headed bird, surrounded by a circlet, charged in the centre, all in traditional Northwest Coast artform.
	Flag of the Pawnee Nation	Pawnee people	America, North	Caddoan, Pawnee	1977	The central symbol, a wolf's head, appears above a crossed tomahawk and peace pipe, and recalls the Tribe's Plains name, while the other images represent peace and war. Below are six white arrowheads for the six wars in which Pawnee have fought in the service of the United States: the Indian Wars, the Spanish-American War, both World Wars, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War.
	Flag of the Cherokee Nation	Cherokee people	America, North	Iroquoian	1978	Approved by the Tribal Council in 1978, altered in 1989 (addition of a black star). The seven-pointed stars represent the seven clans of the Cherokees, while the black star represents those lost on the Trail of Tears.
	Flag of Haudenosaunee	Iroquois	America, North	Iroquoian	1980s	The flag's design is based on the Hiawatha Belt, a symbol of unity between the five (and later six) tribes for hundreds of years prior to its adaptation for use as a flag. The four squares and one tree each represent one of the original five nations of the Haudenosaunee, and the eastern white pine tree also represents the Tree of Peace within the Onondaga nation, where the five nations united to form the Confederacy.
	Aramean-Syriac flag	Aramaeans (Syriac Christians)	Asia, Western	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Aramaic	1980	Used by the Bahro Suryoyo journal in 1980.
	Sami flag	Sami people	Europe, Northern	Finnic, Sami	1986	Adopted by the 13th Nordic Sami Conference on 15 August 1986.
	Flag of Greenland	Greenlandic Inuit	Arctic	Greenlandic	1989	The only national flag of a Nordic country or territory without a Nordic Cross.
	national Māori flag	Māori people	Oceania, New Zealand	Austronesian, Maori	1990	Designed in 1990 and made the subject of an activist campaign until its official recognition by New Zealand authorities in 2009.
	Bosanski Ljiljan	Bosniaks	Europe, South	Serbo-Croatian	1992	Formerly the national flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina until 1998.
	Torres Strait Islander flag	Torres Strait Islanders	Australia	Creole, Torres Strait Island	1992	Recognised by the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission in June 1992, granted official status Australia in 1995.
	Flag of the West Herzegovina Canton	Bosnian Croats	Europe, South	Serbo-Croatian	1992	Formerly the flag of the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia from 1992 to 1996.
	Flag of Merina people	Merina people	Africa, Madagascar	Austronesian, Malagasy	1997	Since 1997.
	Berber flag	Berbers	Africa, North	Afro-Asiatic, Berber	1998	Adopted by the World Amazigh Congress based on 1970s proposals by the Berber Academy.
	Chaldean Flag	Chaldean Christians	Asia, Western	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Aramaic	1999	Approved by the International Chaldean Association of Professional Visual Artists and various other Chaldean organisations. Designed by Amer Fatuhi.
	Flag of the Hopi Nation	Hopi people	America, North	Uto-Aztecan	2002
	Flag of Serbs of Croatia	Serbs of Croatia	Europe	Serbo-Croatian	2005 (1997 in eastern Croatia)	Adopted by the Serb National Council (2005) and the Joint Council of Municipalities (1997)
	Flag of Rapa Nui	Rapa Nui people	Polynesia	Austronesian, Rapanui	2006	A similar flag was used from the 13th century until 1899 during its period of independence.
	Tornedalians Flag	Tornedalians	Europe, Northern	Finnic	2007
	Flag of the Iraqi Turkmen	Iraqi Turkmen/Turkmeneli	Asia	Turkic	2007	This flag, with a white star and crescent and two white horizontal stripes on a light blue background, was first adopted as Flag of Iraqi National Turkmen Party in 2007, a constituent political party of the Iraqi Turkmen Front.
	Andean Wiphala	Aymara people (Indigenous Bolivians)	America, South	Aymaran Quechuan	2009	Article 6, section II of the Constitution of Bolivia established the southern Qullasuyu Wiphala as the dual flag of Bolivia.
	Louisiana Creole flag	Louisiana Creoles	United States		1987
	Flag of Acadiana	Cajuns	United States		1974

另见

• 民族与文化旗帜列表
• 已不存在国家列表
• 国家行政区旗帜列表
• 国旗列表
• 私人国家旗帜列表

参考资料

参考书目

• Znamierowski, Alfred. The World Encyclopedia of Flags. London, UK: Hermes House. 2001. ISBN 9781843090427.  含有内容需登入查看的页面 (link)

外部链接

• 世界旗帜网（FOTW）的Flags of the World

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