眾議院非美活動調查委員會
外觀
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眾議院非美活動調查委員會(英語:The House Un-American Activities Committee)(簡稱:HUAC)是美國眾議院的調查委員會,於1975年1月14日終止。
歷史
[編輯]在1938年創立時也稱作戴斯特別委員會,以監察美國納粹地下活動。1945年3月,美國眾議院以207票贊成、186票反對,將其改為常設委員會。該委員會負責調查與共產主義活動有關的嫌疑個人、公共雇員和組織,調查不忠與顛覆行為。
1947年12月17日,開始對聯邦政府、武裝部隊和國防訂貨承包商實行「忠誠調查」。其調查對象的範圍甚至擴大到總共有2,000多萬美國人受到了不同程度的審查。
1953年4月,開始對美國的大使館藏書目錄進行清查,美國共產黨的威廉·福斯特、記者白勞德、史沫特萊等75位的書籍被列為禁書,甚至連著名歷史學家小亞瑟·史列辛格和幽默作家馬克·吐溫的作品也被列入「危險書籍」之列。在此影響下,美國國內城市和學校的圖書館也紛紛查禁甚至焚毀「任何可疑的書籍和雜誌」,據估計約200萬冊。
1969年,眾議院將委員會更名為「眾議院內部安全委員會」。當眾議院在1975年廢除該委員會時[1],委員會的職能由眾議院司法委員會接任。 委員會反共調查常常與美國參議員約瑟夫·麥卡錫有關[2]。麥卡錫是參議員,並沒有直接參與眾議院委員會活動[3]。麥卡錫是政府行動委員會主席,也是其參議院調查常委主席,不是眾議院的成員。
歷任美國眾議院非美活動調查委員會主席
[編輯]參考資料
[編輯]- ^ Frum, David. How We Got Here: The '70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. 2000: 265. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
- ^ For example, see Brown, Sarah. Pleading the Fifth. BBC News. 2002-02-05 [2015-03-14]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-09).
McCarthy's House Un-American Activities Committee
- ^ Patrick Doherty, Thomas. Cold War, Cool Medium: Television, McCarthyism, and American Culture. 2003, page 15-6.
- ^ 尼克松生平概览. Richard Nixon Foundation. [2024-05-17]. (原始內容存檔於2024-05-17) (美國英語).
更多閱讀
[編輯]文檔
[編輯]- Investigation of un-American propaganda activities in the United States. Hearings before a Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives (1938-1944), Volumes 1-17 with Appendices. (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) University of Pennsylvania online gateway to Internet Archive and Hathi Trust.
- Schamel, Gharles E. Inventory of records of the Special Committee on Un-American activities, 1938-1944 (the Dies committee). Center for Legislative Archives, National Archives and Records Administration. Washington, D.C., July 1995.
- Schamel, Gharles E. Records of the House Un-American Activities committee, 1945-1969, renamed the House Internal Security committee, 1969-1976. Center for Legislative Archives, National Archives and Records Administration. Washington, D.C., July 1995.
- Ship, Reuben. From the Archives: The Investigator (1954): A Radio Play by Reuben Ship. The Journal for MultiMedia History. 2000, 3 [2015-03-14]. (原始內容存檔於2020-09-17).
圖書
[編輯]- Bentley, Eric (編). Thirty Years of Treason: Excerpts from Hearings Before the House Committee on Un-American Activities, 1938–1968. Nation Books. 2002 [1971, Viking Press]. ISBN 1-56025-368-1.
- Buckley, William F. The Committee and Its Critics; a Calm Review of the House Committee on Un-American Activities. Putnam Books. 1962.
- Chambers, Whittaker. Witness. Random House. 1952. ISBN 0-89526-571-0.
- Donner, Frank J. The Un-Americans. Ballantine Books. 1967.
- Gladchuk, John Joseph. Hollywood and Anticommunism: HUAC and the Evolution of the Red Menace, 1935-1950. Routledge. 2006. ISBN 0-415-95568-8.
- Goodman, Walter. The Committee: The Extraordinary Career of the House Committee on Un-American Activities. Farrar Straus & Giroux. 1968. ISBN 0-374-12688-7.
- Newton, Michael. The Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi: a history. McFarland. 2010 [2015-03-14]. ISBN 978-0-7864-4653-7. (原始內容存檔於2020-08-03).
- O'Reilly, Kenneth. Hoover and the Unamericans: The FBI, HUAC, and the Red Menace. Temple University Press. 1983. ISBN 0-87722-301-7.
- Schmidt, Regin. Red Scare: FBI and the Origins of Anticommunism in the United States, 1919–1943. Museum Tusculanum Press. 2000. ISBN 9788772895819.
- U.S. 86th Congress - House Committee on Un-American Activities, Facts on Communism - Volume I, The Communist Ideology, 75 Stat. 965, House Document No. 336 (Internet Archive - Archive.org), December 1959: 166 [6 October 2013], OCLC 630998985
- U.S. 87th Congress - House Committee on Un-American Activities, Facts on Communism - Volume II, The Soviet Union, from Lenin to Khrushchev, 75 Stat. 961, House Document No. 139 (Internet Archive - Archive.org), December 1960: 408 [6 October 2013], OCLC 80262328
檔案
[編輯]- Bogart, Humphrey. I am no communist. Photoplay. March 1948 [28 August 2013]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-24).
- "Operation Abolition", Time Magazine, March 17, 1961 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Seidel, Robert W. The National Laboratories and the Atomic Energy Commission in the Early Cold War. Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences. 2001, 32 (1): 145–162. doi:10.1525/hsps.2001.32.1.145.
外部連結
[編輯]- History.House.gov HUAC - permanent standing House Committee on Un-American Activities
- History.House.gov HUAC - 1948 Alger Hiss–Whittaker Chambers hearing before HUAC
- Un-American Activities Committee The Spartacus Educational website, UK
- House Unamerican Activities Committee (HUAC) Collection: Pamphlets collected by HUAC, many of which the committee deemed "un-American." (4,000 pamphlets). From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)