選舉墨水
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政治主題頁 |
選舉墨水(英語:Election ink),是一種半永久性墨水或染料,選民在投票所完成投票後,由選務人員塗在選民的手指(通常為食指)上,以防止重複投票。對於公民身分證件沒有標準化或制度化的國家來說,這是一種有效防止選舉舞弊的方法。
這種墨水大多含有硝酸銀成份,會滲入皮膚角質層,難以用溶劑或界面活性劑等化學的方式清除,但通常在皮膚上停留72-96小時,在指甲和角質層區域會持續2至4週,之後逐漸消失[1]。
使用國家
[編輯]下列國家在投票時,使用選舉墨水:
- 阿富汗[2](直到2021年)[3]
- 阿爾巴尼亞[4]
- 阿爾及利亞[5]
- 巴哈馬[6]
- 柬埔寨[7][8][9]
- 智利(直到2012年)[10]
- 多米尼克
- 埃及[11]
- 瓜地馬拉[6]
- 宏都拉斯
- 印度[12]
- 印度尼西亞[13]
- 伊拉克[14]
- 肯亞
- 黎巴嫩[15]
- 利比亞
- 馬來西亞[16][17]
- 馬爾地夫[6]
- 墨西哥
- 緬甸[18]
- 尼泊爾[19]
- 尼加拉瓜[20]
- 奈及利亞
- 巴基斯坦[21]
- 秘魯(直到2011年)[22][23]
- 菲律賓[24]
- 聖基茨和尼維斯[25]
- 所羅門群島[26]
- 南非[27]
- 斯里蘭卡[28]
- 蘇丹[29]
- 敘利亞[30]
- 千里達及托巴哥
- 突尼西亞[31]
- 土耳其(直到2009年)[32]
- 委內瑞拉[33](直到2017年)[34]
- 辛巴威[35]
參考資料
[編輯]- ^ Lok Sabha elections 2024: Sole supplier of indelible ink says 70% production complete. Hindustan Times. 2024-03-06 [2024-04-03]. (原始內容存檔於2024-07-14) (英語).
- ^ Boone, Jon. Afghanistan election ink safeguard fails detergent test. the Guardian. 20 August 2009 [2024-11-13]. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-07).
- ^ Taliban, US hold first official talks since Afghanistan takeover. Al Jazeera. [2024-06-06]. (原始內容存檔於2024-06-18) (英語).
- ^ Skopje interested on the indedible ink used by Albania in the elections. www.balkaneu.com. 6 August 2024 [2024-11-13]. (原始內容存檔於2021-05-10).
- ^ An Algerian man, with ink applied on his forefinger, prepares to vote a polling station in the Chanot Park on April 12, 2014 in Marseille, southern France. 12 April 2014 [2024-11-13]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-18).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Anne-Sofie Holm Gerhard, Melika Atic, Panto Letic and Peter Erben. Indelible Ink in Elections (PDF). International Foundation for Electoral Systems: 20–22. 2019. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2019-11-08).
- ^ Khmer Times. (2023, July 7). The Ink To Prevent Double Voting. https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501320642/video-the-ink-to-prevent-double-voting/
- ^ Khmer Times. (2023, July 6). Gov't Spends Nearly $1m On Indelible Ink for National Elections. https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501320035/govt-spends-nearly-1m-on-indelible-ink-for-national-elections/
- ^ Carmichael, R. (2013, July 27). Cambodia Poll Monitors Report Problem With Indelible Ink. https://www.voanews.com/a/cambodia-poll-monitors-report-problem-with-indelible-ink/1711199.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20230326221328/https://www.voanews.com/a/cambodia-poll-monitors-report-problem-with-indelible-ink/1711199.html - ^ Municipales 2016: ¿Por qué ya no se entinta el dedo a la hora de votar?. T13. 23 October 2016 [26 June 2023]. (原始內容存檔於2023-06-27) (西班牙語).
- ^ Egypt elections in pictures. 24 May 2012 [2024-11-13]. (原始內容存檔於2019-03-30) –透過www.telegraph.co.uk.
- ^ Anand, Anu. Indian elections: voters united by anti-fraud ink mark. the Guardian. 17 April 2014 [2024-11-13]. (原始內容存檔於2019-03-30).
- ^ Key facts: the Indonesian Legislative Election. 8 April 2014 [2024-11-13]. (原始內容存檔於2019-03-30).
- ^ As Iraq moves on with vote, Falluja trapped by sins of the past. The Indian Express. 2018-05-13 [2018-05-17]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-18) (美國英語).
- ^ Perry, Tom. Sunni hawk wins Lebanon vote, risking new tensions. Reuters. 30 May 2016 [2024-11-13]. (原始內容存檔於2019-03-30).
- ^ Remove Election Ink From Finger After Voting. www.miricitysharing.com. 7 May 2016 [2024-11-13]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-05).
- ^ Ahead of GE14, EC orders 100,000 bottles of indelible ink from India - Malay Mail. www.malaymail.com. [2024-11-13]. (原始內容存檔於2018-06-22).
- ^ UNDP Provided Indelible Ink in Myanmar Elections: A Powerful Integrity Tool. UNDP in Myanmar. [2016-06-23]. (原始內容存檔於2019-03-30).
- ^ Observing Nepal's 2013 Constituent Assembly Election - Election Standards at The Carter Center. electionstandards.cartercenter.org. 26 December 2014 [2024-11-13]. (原始內容存檔於2019-03-30).
- ^ Nicaragua election observers report problems - CBC News. [2024-11-13]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-18).
- ^ Election fraud: The curious case of magnetic ink - The Express Tribune. 10 October 2013 [2024-11-13]. (原始內容存檔於2021-12-03).
- ^ Living in Peru » News » Congress eliminates use of ink in Peruvian elections. [2016-06-23]. (原始內容存檔於2016-08-16).
- ^ Agencia Andina de Noticias. Tinta indeleble se utilizará por última vez en elecciones municipales complementarias de mañana. andina.pe. 2 July 2011 [2021-03-20]. (原始內容存檔於2023-06-27) (西班牙語).
- ^ Hardliner claims Philippine election win. BBC News. 9 May 2016 [2024-11-13]. (原始內容存檔於2019-02-18).
- ^ Final report of the OAS electoral observation mission (PDF). Secretariat for Political Affairs. [2023-02-16]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-10-23).
- ^ "Solomon Islands Electoral Act 2018 (PDF). [2024-11-13]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2024-08-03).
- ^ A South African woman gets ink on her fi. 22 April 2009.
- ^ Sri Lankan Voters Go To The Polls. 2 April 2004 [2024-11-13]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-18).
- ^ Sudan voting extended; ink washing off voters' fingers | Radio Tamazuj. [2016-05-11]. (原始內容存檔於2016-06-02).
- ^ Syria holds parliamentary polls in regime-held areas. The Times of Israel. [2024-11-13]. (原始內容存檔於2019-04-27).
- ^ Tunisia veteran claims election win. BBC News. 22 December 2014 [2024-11-13]. (原始內容存檔於2014-12-22).
- ^ The brief history of elections in Turkey. Daily Sabah. 30 October 2015 [2024-11-13]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-18).
- ^ Venezuela's Socialists trounced in vote. BBC News. 7 December 2015 [2024-11-13]. (原始內容存檔於2019-03-01).
- ^ CNE anunció que no usará tinta indeleble para la elección de la ANC. El Nacional. 10 July 2017 [27 May 2018]. (原始內容存檔於27 May 2018).
- ^ Indelible ink: The mark of democracy. 25 January 2023 [2024-11-13]. (原始內容存檔於2024-05-08).