勞斯萊斯壓水反應堆

勞斯萊斯壓水反應堆（Rolls-Royce pressurised water reactor；簡稱：Rolls-Royce PWR）是英國皇家海軍委託勞斯萊斯為該國核潛艇設計的壓水反應堆，最初使用於勇士級攻擊核潛艇^[1]。現共開發三代，即PWR1、PWR2、PWR3。

PWR1

1958年美英共同防禦協定下的技術轉讓最終使勞斯萊斯在反應堆設計方面完全自給自足^[2]。PWR1採用純英國設計的堆芯和反應堆裝置，1965年達到臨界質量，比計劃晚了四年^[3]。

反應堆燃料是濃縮度在93%到97%之間的高濃縮鈾。每個核芯的壽命約為10年，因此在潛艇的使用壽命期間必須進行兩次左右的燃料補給。^[4]^[5]

潛艇

Core A^[1]
- 勇士級
  - Valiant
  - Warspite
- 決心級
  - Resolution
  - Repulse
  - Renown
  - Revenge
Core B^[1]
- 丘吉爾級
  - Churchill
  - Conqueror
  - Courageous
Core Z^[1]
- 快速級
  - Swiftsure
  - Sovereign
  - Superb
  - Sceptre
  - Spartan
  - Splendid
- 特拉法爾加級
  - Trafalgar
  - Turbulent
  - Tireless
  - Torbay
  - Trenchant
  - Talent
  - Triumph

PWR2

PWR2是為前衛級核潛艇開發的，第一座PWR2反應堆於1985年完成，並於1987年8月在伏爾甘核反應堆測試中心（Vulcan Naval Reactor Test Establishment）開始測試。

反應堆燃料是濃縮度在93%到97%之間的濃縮鈾。PWR2反應堆堆芯「Core H」的使用壽命約為30年，無需更換燃料^[4]^[5] 。

2009年11月，國防核安全監管機構（Defence Nuclear Safety Regulator）對PWR2進行安全評估，2011年3月報告發佈^[6]^[7]。報告認為該反應堆在即冷卻劑流失事故和應急反應堆關閉後的潛艇深度控制這兩個方面做得不好^[8]^[7]，PWR2「可能容易受到主電路結構故障的影響」，會對船員和公眾造成重大安全隱患^[7]^[9]。

2012年1月，PWR2試驗反應堆的冷卻水中檢測到輻射，這是由燃料包殼的微小裂口引起的。這一發現導致了前衛號潛艇不得不提前補充燃料。應急措施耗資2.7億英鎊。此事直到2014年才向公眾披露^[10]^[11]。

潛艇

Core H^[1]
- 無畏級
  - Vanguard
  - Victorious
  - Vigilant
  - Vengeance
- 機敏級
  - Astute
  - Ambush
  - Artful
  - Audacious
  - Anson
  - Agamemnon
  - Agincourt

PWR3

PWR3「基於美國設計但使用英國反應堆技術」^[12]^[13]。皇家海軍建築師學會報告稱，英國很可能獲得了美國海軍在其弗吉尼亞級核潛艇中使用的S9G反應堆設計^[14]。與PWR2相比，其使用壽命更長，維護需求更低，成本與PWR2b（PWR2的改進版）大致相同^[15]。與PWR2相比，PWR3的零件數量也減少了30%^[16]。

2011年3月，國防部長霍理林對PWR3表示認可^[17]^[18] 。2011年5月，國防部宣佈PWR3將用於繼承者級潛艇（2016年改名為無畏級）^[15]。與PWR2相比，PWR3每艘船的購買和運營成本高出約5000萬英鎊，但這些成本可以被PWR3更長的壽命抵消^[15]。PWR3使用了計算建模測試，不需要建造測試反應堆^[19]^[20]。因此，勞斯萊斯運營的伏爾甘反應堆測試中心於2015年關閉。

潛艇

無畏級
- HMS Dreadnought
- HMS Valiant
- HMS Warspite
- HMS King George VI
SSN(R)級（設計中）

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Asst Chief Engineer - Astute Christopher Palmer. Management of Key Technologies in the UK Naval Nuclear Propulsion Programme (PDF). Rolls-Royce Submarines. [29 September 2021]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2022-02-15）.
^ Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen; Budzbon, Przemysław. Conway's all the world's fighting ships, 1947-1995. Annapolis, Md: Naval Institute Press. 1995: 529. ISBN 1557501327.
^ Daniels, R.J. The End Of An Era: The Memoirs Of a Naval Constructor. Periscope Publishing. 2004: 135–136, 153 [25 April 2017]. ISBN 1-904381-18-9. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-08）.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Ritchie 2015，第3-6頁.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 King, S J; Putte, D Vande. Identification and Description of UK Radioactive Wastes and Materials Potentially Requiring Long-term Management. Nirex Report N/085. UK Nirex Ltd: Didcot. July 2003: 17–19 [21 September 2021]. ISBN 1840293306. （原始內容存檔於2021-10-09）.
^ Rob Edwards. Flaws in nuclear submarine reactors could be fatal, secret report warns. The Guardian. 10 March 2011 [28 March 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-10）.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 McFarlane, Head of the Defence Nuclear Safety Regulator Cdre Andrew. Annex B: Successor SSBN - Safety Regulator's advice on the selection of the propulsion plant in support of the future deterrent (4 November 2009) DNSR/22/11/2 (PDF). (09)62. Defence Board. 2009 [29 September 2021]. Released under FOI. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2011-04-17）.
^ Joseph Watts. Expert warned MoD on safety of Rolls-Royce nuclear sub reactors. Derby Telegraph. 11 March 2011 [28 March 2011]. （原始內容存檔於18 September 2012）.
^ PWR3 Reactor chosen for Trident. defencemanagement.com. 18 May 2011. （原始內容存檔於22 July 2011）.
^ Nuclear submarine to get new core after test reactor problem. BBC. 6 March 2014 [8 March 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-07）.
^ David Maddox. MoD accused of Dounreay radiation leak cover-up. The Scotsman. 8 March 2014 [8 March 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2019-06-09）.
^ Hollinshead, Dr P; MacKinder, A P. Annex A: Successor Submarine Project Review Note (24 November 2009) (PDF). (09)62. Defence Board. 2009 [29 September 2021]. Released under FOI. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2011-04-17）.
^ Safety paramount for RN nuclear submarine reactors (PDF). Defence Codex: The Magazine for Defence Engineering and Science (Ministry of Defence). Autumn 2011, (9): 15. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於13 October 2011）.
^ Turner, Julian. Deep impact: inside the UK's new Successor-Class nuclear submarine. Naval Technology. 29 July 2013 [29 September 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-03）.
^ ^15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 The United Kingdom's Future Nuclear Deterrent: The Submarine Initial Gate Parliamentary Report (PDF) (報告). Ministry of Defence: 5. May 2011 [2013-10-12]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-10-28）.
^ Nuclear – Engineering Excellence (PDF). Rolls-Royce. 2016 [1 October 2021]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-04-24）.
^ Severin Carrell. Navy to axe 'Fukushima type' nuclear reactors from submarines. The Guardian. 23 March 2011 [28 March 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-14）.
^ Trident Replacement Programme. UK Parliament. House of Commons. 14 March 2011 [29 September 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-10）.
^ Grimes, Professor Robin; Ion, Professor Dame Sue; Sherry, Professor Andrew. Royal Navy Nuclear Reactor Test Facility Review (PDF) (報告). 28 October 2014 [29 September 2021]. Released under FOI. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2022-01-25）.
^ Submarine reactor testing to end at Vulcan (PDF). Desider: The Magazine for Defence Equipment and Support (Ministry of Defence). December 2011, (43): 10. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於6 December 2011）.

擴展閱讀

Jones, Gareth. The Development of Nuclear Propulsion in the Royal Navy, 1946-1975 (PDF) (學位論文). University of Plymouth. September 2019 [29 September 2021]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2022-04-08）.

外部連結

Rolls-Royce Marine Products - Nuclear Plant （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[Palmerslide-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Asst Chief Engineer - Astute Christopher Palmer. Management of Key Technologies in the UK Naval Nuclear Propulsion Programme (PDF). Rolls-Royce Submarines. [29 September 2021]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2022-02-15）.

[2] Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen; Budzbon, Przemysław. Conway's all the world's fighting ships, 1947-1995. Annapolis, Md: Naval Institute Press. 1995: 529. ISBN 1557501327.

[daniels-2004-3] Daniels, R.J. The End Of An Era: The Memoirs Of a Naval Constructor. Periscope Publishing. 2004: 135–136, 153 [25 April 2017]. ISBN 1-904381-18-9. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-08）.

[FOOTNOTERitchie20153-6-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Ritchie 2015，第3-6頁.

[nirex-200307-5] 5.0 ^5.1 King, S J; Putte, D Vande. Identification and Description of UK Radioactive Wastes and Materials Potentially Requiring Long-term Management. Nirex Report N/085. UK Nirex Ltd: Didcot. July 2003: 17–19 [21 September 2021]. ISBN 1840293306. （原始內容存檔於2021-10-09）.

[6] Rob Edwards. Flaws in nuclear submarine reactors could be fatal, secret report warns. The Guardian. 10 March 2011 [28 March 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-10）.

[RegulatorFOI2009-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 McFarlane, Head of the Defence Nuclear Safety Regulator Cdre Andrew. Annex B: Successor SSBN - Safety Regulator's advice on the selection of the propulsion plant in support of the future deterrent (4 November 2009) DNSR/22/11/2 (PDF). (09)62. Defence Board. 2009 [29 September 2021]. Released under FOI. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2011-04-17）.

[8] Joseph Watts. Expert warned MoD on safety of Rolls-Royce nuclear sub reactors. Derby Telegraph. 11 March 2011 [28 March 2011]. （原始內容存檔於18 September 2012）.

[dm-20110518-9] PWR3 Reactor chosen for Trident. defencemanagement.com. 18 May 2011. （原始內容存檔於22 July 2011）.

[bbc-20140306-10] Nuclear submarine to get new core after test reactor problem. BBC. 6 March 2014 [8 March 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-07）.

[scotsman-20140308-11] David Maddox. MoD accused of Dounreay radiation leak cover-up. The Scotsman. 8 March 2014 [8 March 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2019-06-09）.

[12] Hollinshead, Dr P; MacKinder, A P. Annex A: Successor Submarine Project Review Note (24 November 2009) (PDF). (09)62. Defence Board. 2009 [29 September 2021]. Released under FOI. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2011-04-17）.

[13] Safety paramount for RN nuclear submarine reactors (PDF). Defence Codex: The Magazine for Defence Engineering and Science (Ministry of Defence). Autumn 2011, (9): 15. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於13 October 2011）.

[14] Turner, Julian. Deep impact: inside the UK's new Successor-Class nuclear submarine. Naval Technology. 29 July 2013 [29 September 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-03）.

[initialgate-15] 15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 The United Kingdom's Future Nuclear Deterrent: The Submarine Initial Gate Parliamentary Report (PDF) (報告). Ministry of Defence: 5. May 2011 [2013-10-12]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-10-28）.

[16] Nuclear – Engineering Excellence (PDF). Rolls-Royce. 2016 [1 October 2021]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-04-24）.

[17] Severin Carrell. Navy to axe 'Fukushima type' nuclear reactors from submarines. The Guardian. 23 March 2011 [28 March 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-14）.

[18] Trident Replacement Programme. UK Parliament. House of Commons. 14 March 2011 [29 September 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-10）.

[19] Grimes, Professor Robin; Ion, Professor Dame Sue; Sherry, Professor Andrew. Royal Navy Nuclear Reactor Test Facility Review (PDF) (報告). 28 October 2014 [29 September 2021]. Released under FOI. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2022-01-25）.

[20] Submarine reactor testing to end at Vulcan (PDF). Desider: The Magazine for Defence Equipment and Support (Ministry of Defence). December 2011, (43): 10. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於6 December 2011）.

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