等离子体团

等离子体团是一种将等离子和磁场连接在一起的结构，并曾经被用来解释像是球闪电的自然现象^[1]、在磁层内的磁泡 ^[2]，和彗尾内的物体,^[3]、在太阳风^[4]^[5]、在太阳的大气层^[6]，和在太阳圈电流片。在实验室内制造的等离子体团包括逆转磁场配置、Spheromaks、和密集等离子焦点。

等离子体团这个词汇是在1956年由Winston H. Bostick (1916-1991)创造的，它的意思是"等离子-磁场个体"^[7]：

等离子的散发不是无定形的一团，而是一种环形曲面的形式，我们将这个超环面结构称为等离子体团，它的意思是等离子-磁场个体。等离子体团这个词汇将使用于所有的等离子-磁场个体。

等离子体团的特征

Bostick写道^[7]：

等离子体团看起来是朝着磁场方向被延长的等离子圆柱体，等离子体团拥有可以测量的磁矩、可以测量的平均速度、一个横断的电场和可以测量的大小。等离子体团彼此之间可以有交互作用，它们的轨道可能也被互相的扭曲。等离子体团如果被抛出进入10⁻³mm汞柱压力的气体时，可以被做成螺旋状和停止。等离子体团也可能会互相摧毁成为碎片。但没有足够的证据支持它们会分裂和旋转的假说。

宇宙论的应用

Bostick尝试将它的等离子体团理论应用在天文物理的现象上。他在1958年发表的论文^[8]，应用等离子相似的转换使用等离子枪（密集等离子焦点装置）让一对等离子体团枪互射，以这样的交互作用模拟星系形成的一种早期模型^[9]^[10]。

注解

^ Silberg, Paul A., "Ball Lightning and Plasmoids", (1962) Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 67, p.4941
^ Hones, E. W., Jr., "The magnetotail - Its generation and dissipation", (1976) Physics of solar planetary environments; Proceedings of the International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Boulder, Colo., June 7-18, 1976. Volume 2.
^ Roosen, R. G.; Brandt, J. C., "Possible Detection of Colliding Plasmoids in the Tail of Comet Kohoutek" (1976), Study of Comets, Proceedings of IAU Colloq. 25, held in Greenbelt, MD, 28 October - 1 November, 1974. Edited by B. D. Donn, M. Mumma, W. Jackson, M. A'Hearn, and R. Harrington. National Aeronautics and Space Administration SP 393, 1976., p.378
^ Lemaire, J.; Roth, M., Differences between solar wind plasmoids and ideal magnetohydrodynamic filaments （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Planetary and Space Science, Volume 29, Issue 8, p. 843-849
^ Wang, S.; Lee, L. C.; Wei, C. Q.; Akasofu, S.-I., A mechanism for the formation of plasmoids and kink waves in the heliospheric current sheet (1988) Solar Physics (ISSN 0038-0938), vol. 117, no. 1, 1988, p. 157-169.
^ Cargill, P. J.; Pneuman, G. W., "The energy balance of plasmoids in the solar atmosphere" (1986), Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X), vol. 307, Aug. 15, 1986, p. 820-825.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Bostick, Winston H., "Experimental Study of Ionized Matter Projected across a Magnetic Field （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）", (1956) Physical Review, vol. 104, Issue 2, pp. 292-299
^ Bostick, Winston H., "Possible Hydromagnetic Simulation of Cosmical Phenomena in the Laboratory （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）" (1958) Cosmical Gas Dynamics, Proceedings from IAU Symposium no. 8. Edited by Johannes Martinus Burgers and Richard Nelson Thomas. International Astronomical Union. Symposium no. 8, p. 1090
^ W. L. Laurence, "Physicist creates universe in a test tube," New York Times, p. 1, Dec. 12, 1956.
^ Bostick, W. H., "What laboratory-produced plasma structures can contribute to the understanding of cosmic structures both large and small" (1986) IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (ISSN 0093-3813), vol. PS-14, Dec. 1986, p. 703-717.

参考资料

Bostick, W. H., "Experimental Study of Plasmoids （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）", Electromagnetic Phenomena in Cosmical Physics, Proceedings from IAU Symposium no. 6. Edited by Bo Lehnert. International Astronomical Union. Symposium no. 6, Cambridge University Press, p.87

参阅

ADS Abstract references

[1] Silberg, Paul A., "Ball Lightning and Plasmoids", (1962) Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 67, p.4941

[2] Hones, E. W., Jr., "The magnetotail - Its generation and dissipation", (1976) Physics of solar planetary environments; Proceedings of the International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Boulder, Colo., June 7-18, 1976. Volume 2.

[3] Roosen, R. G.; Brandt, J. C., "Possible Detection of Colliding Plasmoids in the Tail of Comet Kohoutek" (1976), Study of Comets, Proceedings of IAU Colloq. 25, held in Greenbelt, MD, 28 October - 1 November, 1974. Edited by B. D. Donn, M. Mumma, W. Jackson, M. A'Hearn, and R. Harrington. National Aeronautics and Space Administration SP 393, 1976., p.378

[4] Lemaire, J.; Roth, M., Differences between solar wind plasmoids and ideal magnetohydrodynamic filaments （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Planetary and Space Science, Volume 29, Issue 8, p. 843-849

[5] Wang, S.; Lee, L. C.; Wei, C. Q.; Akasofu, S.-I., A mechanism for the formation of plasmoids and kink waves in the heliospheric current sheet (1988) Solar Physics (ISSN 0038-0938), vol. 117, no. 1, 1988, p. 157-169.

[6] Cargill, P. J.; Pneuman, G. W., "The energy balance of plasmoids in the solar atmosphere" (1986), Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X), vol. 307, Aug. 15, 1986, p. 820-825.

[bostick1956-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Bostick, Winston H., "Experimental Study of Ionized Matter Projected across a Magnetic Field （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）", (1956) Physical Review, vol. 104, Issue 2, pp. 292-299

[8] Bostick, Winston H., "Possible Hydromagnetic Simulation of Cosmical Phenomena in the Laboratory （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）" (1958) Cosmical Gas Dynamics, Proceedings from IAU Symposium no. 8. Edited by Johannes Martinus Burgers and Richard Nelson Thomas. International Astronomical Union. Symposium no. 8, p. 1090

[9] W. L. Laurence, "Physicist creates universe in a test tube," New York Times, p. 1, Dec. 12, 1956.

[10] Bostick, W. H., "What laboratory-produced plasma structures can contribute to the understanding of cosmic structures both large and small" (1986) IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (ISSN 0093-3813), vol. PS-14, Dec. 1986, p. 703-717.

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