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超真实（Hyperreality），或过度真实、超现实，是符号学和后现代主义中的一个术语，描述了人类意识无法区分现实和模拟现实的情况。此现象在技术高度发达的后现代社会尤甚。现实和虚构的无缝连接使得两者之间没有明显的界线；当人们无法区别两者时，就是一种超真实的情形，[1] 例如物理现实和虚拟现实的结合，或者人类智慧和人工智能的结合[1]。一些有名的超真实主义理论家包括让·鲍德里亚、阿尔伯特·伯格曼（英语：Albert Borgmann）、丹尼尔·布尔斯廷、尼尔·波兹曼和翁贝托·艾柯。

起源与用法

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在后现代主义符号学中的“超真实”是由法国社会学家尚·布希亞在《擬像和模擬（Simulacra and Simulation）》一书中提出的具有争议性的概念。鲍德里亚将“超真实”定义为“根据现实模型生成的，却没有根源或真实性的东西”[注 1]；超真实是缺失了原有所指对象的一种表示或一个符号。鲍德里亚相信超真实不仅仅会令人困惑地混淆“现实”与用于代表同一现实的标志；对于不存在于现实中的东西，还会进一步创造出一个标志或一系列能指来表示，例如圣诞老人。 Baudrillard borrows, from Jorge Luis Borges' "On Exactitude in Science" (already borrowed from Lewis Carroll),the example of a society whose cartographers create a map so detailed that it covers the very things it was designed to represent. When the empire declines, the map fades into the landscape. He says that, in such a case, neither the representation nor the real remains, just the hyperreal. Baudrillard's idea of hyperreality was heavily influenced by phenomenology, semiotics, and Marshall McLuhan. Baudrillard challenges McLuhan's famous statement that the 'medium is the message', by suggesting that information devours its own content. Hyperreality is the inability of consciousness to distinguish reality from a simulation of reality, especially in technologically advanced societies.[3] However, Baudrillard's hyperreality theory goes a step further than McLuhan's medium theory: "There is not only an implosion of the message in the medium, there is, in the same movement, the implosion of the medium itself in the real, the implosion of the medium and of the real in a sort of hyperreal nebula, in which even the definition and distinct action of the medium can no longer be determined".[4]

Italian author Umberto Eco explores the notion of hyperreality further by suggesting that the action of hyperreality is to desire reality and in the attempt to achieve that desire, to fabricate a false reality that is to be consumed as real.[5] Linked to contemporary western culture Umberto Eco and post-structuralists would argue, that in current cultures fundamental ideals are built on desire and particular sign-systems.

特殊性

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Hyperreality is significant as a paradigm to explain current cultural conditions. Consumerism, because of its reliance on sign exchange value (e.g. brand X shows that one is fashionable, car Y indicates one's wealth), could be seen as a contributing factor in the creation of hyperreality or the hyperreal condition. Hyperreality tricks consciousness into detaching from any real emotional engagement, instead opting for artificial simulation, and endless reproductions of fundamentally empty appearance. Essentially (although Baudrillard himself may balk at the use of this word), fulfillment or happiness is found through simulation and imitation of a transient simulacrum of reality, rather than any interaction with any "real" reality.

While hyperreality is not a relatively new concept, its effects are more relevant today than when it was first conceptualized. [citation needed] This is attributed to the way it effectively captured the postmodern condition, particularly how people in the postmodern world seek stimulation by creating unreal worlds of spectacle and seduction and nothing more.[6] There are dangers to the use of hyperreality within our culture; individuals may observe and accept hyperreal images as role models when the images don't necessarily represent real physical people. This can result in a desire to strive for an unobtainable ideal, or it may lead to a lack of unimpaired role models. Daniel J. Boorstin cautions against confusing celebrity worship with hero worship, "we come dangerously close to depriving ourselves of all real models. We lose sight of the men and women who do not simply seem great because they are famous but who are famous because they are great".[7] He bemoans the loss of old heroes like Moses, Ulysses S. Grant, Aeneas, Jesus, Julius Caesar, Muhammed, Joan of Arc, William Shakespeare, George Washington, Napoleon, and Abraham Lincoln, who did not have public relations (PR) agencies to construct hyperreal images of themselves. [8] The dangers of hyperreality are also facilitated by information technologies, which provide tools to dominant powers that seek to encourage it to drive consumption and materialism.[9] The danger in the pursuit of stimulation and seduction emerge not in the lack of meaning but, as Baudrillard maintained, "we are gorged with meaning and it is killing us."[10]

Hyperreality, some sources point out, may provide insights into the postmodern moment by analyzing how simulations disrupt the binary opposition between reality and illusion but it does not address or resolve the contradictions inherent in this tension.[11]

关键概念

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拟像和模拟：关于超真实，最基本的概念源自尚·布希亞在他《拟像和模拟》一书中提出的拟像和模拟。它们是两个分立的术语，从不同的层面上和鲍德里亚的超真实理论产生关联。

Simulation

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Simulation is characterized by a blending of 'reality' and representation, where there is no clear indication of where the former stops and the latter begins. Simulation is no longer that of a territory, a referential being, or a substance; "It is the generation by models of a real without origin or reality: a hyperreal."[12] Baudrillard suggests that simulation no longer takes place in a physical realm; it takes place within a space not categorized by physical limits i.e., within ourselves, technological simulations, etc.

Simulacrum

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The simulacrum is often defined as a copy with no original, or as Gilles Deleuze (1990) describes it, "the simulacrum is an image without resemblance". [13] Baudrillard argues that a simulacrum is not a copy of the real, but becomes truth in its own right. He created four steps of reproduction: (1) basic reflection of reality, (2) perversion of reality; (3) pretense of reality (where there is no model); and (4) simulacrum, which "bears no relation to any reality whatsoever".[14]

定义

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相关名言

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例子

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迪士尼乐园

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Both Umberto Eco and Jean Baudrillard refer to Disneyland as an example of hyperreality. Eco believes that Disneyland with its settings such as Main Street and full sized houses has been created to look "absolutely realistic", taking visitors' imagination to a "fantastic past".[19] This false reality creates an illusion and makes it more desirable for people to buy this reality. Disneyland works in a system that enables visitors to feel that technology and the created atmosphere "can give us more reality than nature can".[20] The "fake nature" of Disneyland satisfies our imagination and daydream fantasies in real life.The idea is that nothing in this world is real. Nothing is original, but all are endless copies of reality. Since we do not imagine the reality of simulations, both imagined and real are equally hyperreal, for example, the numerous simulated rides, including the submarine ride and the Mississippi boat tour.[4] When entering Disneyland, consumers form into lines to gain access to each attraction. Then they are ordered by people with special uniforms to follow the rules, such as where to stand or where to sit. If the consumers follow each rule correctly, they can enjoy "the real thing" and see things that are not available to them outside of Disneyland's doors.[21]

In his work Simulacra and Simulation, Baudrillard argues the "imaginary world" of Disneyland magnetizes people inside and has been presented as "imaginary" to make people believe that all its surroundings are "real". But he believes that the Los Angeles area is not real; thus it is hyperreal. Disneyland is a set of apparatuses which tries to bring imagination and fiction to what is called "real". This concerns the American values and way of life in a sense and "concealing the fact that the real is no longer real, and thus of saving the reality principle."[22]

"The Disneyland imaginary is neither true or false: it is a deterrence machine set up in order to rejuvenate in reverse the fiction of the real. Whence the debility, the infantile degeneration of this imaginary. It's meant to be an infantile world, in order to make us believe that the adults are elsewhere, in the "real" world, and to conceal the fact that real childishness is everywhere, particularly among those adults who go there to act the child in order to foster illusions of their real childishness."[23]

电影

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  • Existenz. Dir. David Cronenberg. Jennifer Jason Leigh, Jude Law. Miramax, 1999. Film.
  • The 2008 film Synecdoche, New York in which the life of the main character Caden Cotard is lived in the confines of a warehouse made to be the set of a play which is about his life, blurring all distinction between what is real and the simulation.

其他例子

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  • Films in which characters and settings are either digitally enhanced or created entirely from CGI (e.g.: 300, where the entire film was shot in front of a blue/green screen, with all settings super-imposed).
  • In A Clockwork Orange when Alex says, "It's funny how the colors of the real world only seem really real when you viddy them on the screen" when he undergoes Ludovico's Technique.
  • A well manicured garden (nature as hyperreal).
  • Any massively promoted versions of historical or present "facts" (e.g. "General Ignorance" from QI, where the questions have seemingly obvious answers, which are actually wrong).
  • Professional sports athletes as super, invincible versions of human beings.
  • Many world cities and places which did not evolve as functional places with some basis in reality, as if they were creatio ex nihilo (literally 'creation out of nothing'): Black Rock City; Disney World; Dubai; Celebration, Florida; and Las Vegas.
  • TV and film in general (especially "reality" TV), due to its creation of a world of fantasy and its dependence that the viewer will engage with these fantasy worlds. The current trend is to glamorize the mundane using histrionics.
  • A retail store that looks completely stocked and perfect due to facing, creating an illusion of more merchandise than there actually is.
  • A high end sex doll used as a simulacrum of an unattainable partner.[24]
  • A newly made building or item designed to look old, or to recreate or reproduce an older artifact, by simulating the feel of age or aging. Such as Reborn Dolls.
  • Constructed languages (such as E-Prime) or "reconstructed" extinct dialects.
  • Second Life: The distinction becomes blurred when it becomes the platform for RL (Real Life) courses and conferences, Alcoholics Anonymous meetings or leads to real world interactions behind the scenes.
  • Weak virtual reality..[25]
  • The superfictional airline company Ingold Airlines.
  • Works within the spectrum of the Vaporwave musical genre often encompass themes of hyperreality through parody of the information revolution.[26]
  • Plastic surgery: the constructed face that effaces the distinction between "natural" and "artificial" in the syntax of beauty.
  • Airbrushed images of men and women. For example, Dove's Campaign for Real Beauty.

另见

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注释

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  1. ^ 原文："the generation by models of a real without origin or reality"[2]
  2. ^ 原文："A real without origin or reality"[2]
  3. ^ 原文："The authentic fake."[15][16][17]
  4. ^ 原文："Henceforth, it is the map that precedes the territory—precession of simulacra—it is the map that engenders the territory and if we were to revive the fable today, it would be the territory whose shreds are slowly rotting across the map."[18]

参考资料

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Tiffin, John; Nobuyoshi Terashima. Paradigm for the third millennium. Hyperreality. 2005: 1. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Baudrillard, Jean. Simulacra & Simulation (PDF). The Precession of Simulacra: University of Michigan Press. 1994: 1. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-03-09）. 
  3. ^ Zompetti, J. P., & Moffitt, M. A. (2008). Revisiting Concepts of Public Relations Audience Through Postmodern Concepts of Metanarrative, Decentered Subject, and Reality/Hyperreality. Journal of Promotion Management, 14(3/4), 275-291. doi:10.1080/10496490802623762.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Laughey, D. (2010). Key themes in media theory. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
  5. ^ Eco, Umberto. Travels in Hyperreality (PDF). The fortress of Solitude. [16 March 2013]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于21 May 2013）. 
  6. ^ Allan, Kenneth. Contemporary Social and Sociological Theory: Visualizing Social Worlds. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. 2010: 311. ISBN 9781412978200. 
  7. ^ Boorstin, Daniel J. The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America. New York, NY: Random House. 1992: 48. 
  8. ^ Boorstin, Daniel J. The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America. New York, NY: Random House. 1992: 49. 
  9. ^ Kincheloe, Joe. Knowledge and Critical Pedagogy: An Introduction. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. 2008: 206. ISBN 9781402082238. 
  10. ^ Pile, Steve; Thrift, Nigel. Mapping the Subject: Geographies of Cultural Transformation. London: Routledge. 1995: 241. ISBN 0415102251. 
  11. ^ Taylor, Victor; Winquist, Charles. Encyclopedia of Postmodernism, Page 2. London: Routledge. 2001: 183. ISBN 0415152941. 
  12. ^ Baudrillard, Jean. Simulacra & Simulation (PDF). The Precession of Simulacra: University of Michigan Press. 1994: 1. 
  13. ^ Boundas, Gilles Deleuze ; translated by Mark Lester with Charles Stivale ; edited by Constantin V. The logic of sense. New York: Columbia University Press. 1990: 295. ISBN 978-0231059831. 
  14. ^ Mann, Doug. Jean Baudrillard. A Very Short Introduction. [16 March 2013]. 
  15. ^ Hyper-needs: the things you just can't live without?!. [December 22, 2012]. 
  16. ^ Reflection for the 6th week.. [December 22, 2012]. 
  17. ^ Eco Next: The Mechanics of Hyperpraxis. [December 22, 2012]. 
  18. ^ Jean Baudrillard. "The Precession of Simulacra", in Media and Cultural Studies : Keyworks. Durham & Kellner. ISBN 0-631-22096-8. 
  19. ^ Umberto Eco, Travels In Hyperreality, New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1986, p. 43.
  20. ^ Eco, Travels In Hyperreality, p. 44.
  21. ^ Eco, Travels In Hyperreality, p. 48.
  22. ^ Jean Baudrillard, "Simulacra and Simulations," in Selected Writings, Mark Poster, ed. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988, pp. 166-184.
  23. ^ Baudrillard, "Simulacra and Simulations," pp. 166-184
  24. ^ Burr-Miller, Allison. Idollators and the Real Girl(s): Males Performing Traditional Femininity for Heterosexuality's Sake. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the NCA 94th Annual Convention, TBA, San Diego, CA. Allacademic.com. [2009-05-23]. 
  25. ^ Andreas Martin Lisewski (2006), "The concept of strong and weak virtual reality", Minds and Machines, 16(2), pp. 201-219.
  26. ^ Harper, Adam. Comment: Vaporwave and the pop-art of the virtual plaza. Dummy. December 7, 2012 [July 9, 2014]. 

相关著作

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  • Jean Baudrillard, "The Precession of Simulacra", in Media and Cultural Studies : Keyworks, Durham & Kellner, eds. ISBN 0-631-22096-8
  • D.M. Boje (1995), "Stories of the storytelling organization: a postmodern analysis of Disney as 'Tamara-land'", Academy of Management Journal, 38(4), pp. 997–1035.
  • Daniel Boorstin, The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America (1992). ISBN 978-0-679-74180-0
  • Albert Borgmann, Crossing the Postmodern Divide (1992).
  • George Ritzer, The McDonaldization of Society (2004). ISBN 978-0-7619-8812-0
  • Charles Arthur Willard Liberalism and the Problem of Knowledge: A New Rhetoric for Modern Democracy. University of Chicago Press. 1996.
  • Andreas Martin Lisewski (2006), "The concept of strong and weak virtual reality", Minds and Machines, 16(2), pp. 201–219.

外部链接

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[[Category:各類現實]] [[Category:後現代理論]] [[Category:技术哲学]]

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